The Institutional Environment of "Mutual Interpenetration of Scholars and Merchants" after the Mid-Ming: From the Perspective of Changes in Government Policy

The "mutual interpenetration of scholars and merchants" was a noticeable social phenomenon after the mid Ming. The appearance of this phenomenon had complex and deep-rooted social causes, among which in-     

The Process of Urbanization and the Protection of Peasants'''' Rights and Interests

The concern of the Chinese world of learning over the existing problems of urbanization is concentrated at present on environmental pollution, traffic jams, tight accommodation, increasing unemployment and social disorder, and little attention is given to the damage to peasants' rights and interests as a matter of overriding importance for the development of urbanization. This phenomenon is rooted in the theoretical hypoth-     

The Administrative Impact of Smallpox in the Early Years of the Qing Dynasty and Measures Adopted by the Qing Court

History is a theatrical stage fraught withhuman activities. The formation of a histori-cal phenomenon not only comes from thepeople’s social activities, but also results fromthe interaction of various factors, includingnatural factors such as plagues. In the earlyQing, a smallpox epidemic had become asevere annoyance to the Qing government.During winter and spring when epidemicsran out of control, the Manchu emperorssuch as Huangtaiji (reigned 1627-1644) andShunzhi (reigned 1644-1662) had t…     

Reconstituting China''''s Social Security System——A Survey of the Seminaron Theory and Practice of Social Welfare

As China's market-oriented economic reforms deepen, an urgent task lying ahead of us is to develop, standardize and improve the system of social security. What, however, is meant by a unified, standardized and perfect social security system? How can we institute such a system? These questions remain urgently in need of study.This then was the setting of a national seminar on "The Theory and Practice of Social     

A Microsimulation of the Old-age Pension Policy

The old-age pension system is an important constituent part of the social security system in China, but in this respect revenue and expenditure are increasingly out of balance and the pressure in financial expenditure is increasing. At present, old-age pension institutional restructuring has become a hot topic in society and in academic circles,     

Social Situation of the Unemployed: A Noticeable Problem

The economic situation of the unemployed attracts much attention from the government, media and society, while their social situation is little thought of. Social situation includes the psychological health,     

Social Transformation and the Reformation of the Working Class

Eyal, Szelenyi and Townsley discussed in Making Capitalism without Capitalists:The New Ruling Elites in Eastern Europe one of the basic social issues in market transformation: with the elimination in the socialist revolution of the industrial capitalist class embracing the Protestant ethic on which Max Weber set such store,     

An Ethical Consideration of the Institutional Arrangement

If viewed from the angle of sociological ethics, a social system is a standard institution of social relations and social behavior. Once coming into being, the institutional norms of a social system must impose a certain     

The Role and Functions of the Subconscious in Cognition

The subconscious, of which man is not directly aware, always playsa role, together with consciousness, in the formation and development ofthought. It is a special element in the entire process of thought since itreflects both the biological and social attributes of man. There have beena large number of studies on the subconscious, but most of them haveapproached it from a psychological angle in terms of instinct, sexualdeterminism and irrationality, and the field is confused and problematic.I …     

Abstracts of Liaoning''''s Economic & Social Development in 2005

The due economic guideline in 2005 is as follows. The total production value of the province increases above 10%. The retail total volume of social consumable increases 11 %, and the investment for social fixed assets increases above 20%. The export volume in foreign trade increases 15%, and the foreign businesspersons' investment used practically increases 20%. The common budget income of local finance increases 11%. The per dweller's income in     

Report on the Program of National Economy and Social Development in Liaoning in 2003

The mainly prospective target of Liaoning Province in the year 2003 has been fulfilled and therefore the increase of national economy and social advance has been retained. According to elementary summation for the year 2003, the total production value got to     

Disequilibrium in the Changing Relationships between Chinese Social Strata

The issue of changes in the rules gov-erning the operation of the relations be-tween the social strata and their recon-structionAnother change in the relations betweenthe social strata since the inception of re-form is the change in their operating rules.Before the start of the reform,the relationsbetween social strata were basically deter-mined and controlled by the state throughcoercion.Hence policy and institutional ruleshad decisive effects on the relations betweensocial strata.Such operat…     

An Investigation of the Practice of Respecting Civil and Commercial Customs in the Early Republican Period

In spite of frequent changes in political power and social unrest in the early Republican period, state organs and social organizations showed great concern and respect for the popular customs.     

Introduction: Reform of the Public Health System Requires That the Public Share Responsibilities

The contributors to this special issue,“Reform of the Public Health Care Systemin China: Challenges and Responses,” comefrom varying organizations — from academicinstitutions to policy research institutes —with varying research backgrounds — fromhealth policy research to social policy re-search and sociology, and to agriculturaleconomics. They have observed the publichealth care system and express their viewsfrom different perspectives: Gong Sen fromthe perspective of health resource a…     

Chinese Women''''s Studies against the Background of Globalization

The position of globalization in the Chinese social context is quite different from that which it holds in Western society and academic circles, where it is called into question and subject to criticism. In China, it is a concept with basically positive significance and is linked with the Chinese undertaking of going out into the world, as if serving as proof that China is being admitted by the outside world.     

Political Characteristics,Efficiency Errors and Development Space:A Realistic and Rational Assessment of NGOs

The study in China of newly emerging social groups generally follows the idea of governance prevalent in the West and pro- vides an optimistic interpretation of relevant theories. However, studies proceeding from the perspective of such fixed value judgments overlook social groups’ uncertainty in a par- ticular political environment and efficiency errors in their organizational operation. The political nature and organizational efficiency errors of NGOs When people talk about the nature and…     

Special Issue: preservation and Operation of Cul-tural Heritage

The undertaking of cultural heritage has received increasing attention from all social strata in contemporary China due to both positive and negative factors. Among the positive factors, large-scale land development projects amidst the rapid economic and social advances in China led to the discovery of large quantities of cultural relics     

An Analysis of Social Security under the Planned Economy

When Chinese researchers discuss reform of social security policies,they often focus on restructuring old-age pensions and medical insurancefor workers in state-owned enterprises. This has become the onlyperspective from which they review the emergence and drawbacks of theexisting system when redesigning the social security programs for China'surban areas, with reference to the developed and other developingnations. In fact, the social security system under the planned economywas established w…     

The Effective Prevention and Cure of HIV/AIDS Must Be Fulfilled through the Common Advance-ment of Modern Civilized Social Systems at the Communal,Regional, National and Global Levels

At present more and more innovativemodels have appeared on the basis of pastpractice in HIV/AIDS social theories, e.g.,the “model of social movement,” the “modelof health-improving social ecology,” the“model of behavior-changing policy” and the“model of social action.” However, in its re-view of the experience of empirical studieson HIV/AIDS the Joint United Nations Pro-gram on HIV/AIDS points out that most ofthe existent behavior-changing theories andmodels for prevention and…