战略国际人力资源管理与企业绩效关系研究——基于在华跨国企业的经验证据

企业国际化中人力资源实践如何影响绩效,既是一个国际企业管理问题,更是人力资源管理领域的中心问题;因为任何一种国际化战略的成功都离不开恰当的人力资源管理方式,而成功的跨国公司对人力资源管理的导向选择也主要取决于它能否更好地支撑其国际化战略的实施.本文以100家在华跨国企业为研究样本,在战略国际人力资源管理(SIHRM)的框架下,将人力资源管理系统和国际化程度对企业绩效的影响作为主要研究问题,构建层级回归模型,通过实证检验考察人力资源管理与企业绩效的关系.研究结果表明,企业绩效不仅同人力资源管理与企业战略的整合程度有关,而且同人力资源管理系统与国际化程度之间存在积极的联系.该研究结论为中国企业在国际化过程中如何实施有效的战略国际人力资源管理以提升组织绩效并获取持续竞争优势提供借鉴与参考.     

The U.S. Forest Service and Its Responsibilities under the National Environmental Policy Act: A Work Design Problem

The U.S. Forest Service’s responsibilities under the National Environmental Policy Act entail a wide range of activities including scoping, scientific analysis, social and economic analysis, managing public input and involvement, media relations, regulatory analysis, and litigation. These myriad duties raise several important organizational and management questions. First, is the U.S. Forest Service capable of discharging these widely varying tasks with high levels of effectiveness and efficiency? To what extent should these activities be outsourced to private contractors or other providers? For those responsibilities retained in-house, what organizational structure best supports their effective and efficient execution? To address these questions, this article draws on concepts from new institutional economics and insights from the privatization and strategic organizational design literatures.     

面向中国管理实践的组织与人力资源管理:反思与探索——首届“中国人力资源管理论坛(2012)”观点评述

全球化和知识经济时代动荡复杂的环境,对中国企业的组织形态和人力资源管理模式形成了严峻挑战。同时,近年来主流西方管理理论在中国遭遇的"水土不服",也需要中国管理学界在深刻反思的基础上积极探索中国式管理之路。基于对组织和人力资源管理领域回应现实课题和理论创新的双重要求,2012年5月26～27日在南开大学商学院召开的首届"中国人力资源管理论坛(2012):组织创新与人力资源管理变革"学术研讨会上,与会学者就中国人力资源管理的挑战和学科建设方向、人力资源管理研究的方法论、战略人力资源管理、组织行为与领导力、组织学习与变革等专题进行了深入研讨。鉴于此,在介绍诸多学术观点的基础上,对相关问题进行简要评述。     

人力资源经理职业化的发展

职业化是一个行业发展成熟的重要标志,市场环境的变化使得我国的人力资源经理面临着职业化的挑战。人力资源经理职业化的关键在于建立职业化的人力资源经理市场。通过人力资源经理市场,人力资源经理拥有的专业技能能够进行认证、定价、交易和发展。人力资源经理职业化具体表现在:严格的职业资格认定机制、规范化的人力资源管理教育、专业性协会和专业化培训、专业化的人力资源管理人员配置、较高的人力资源管理专业人员薪酬等方面。人力资源管理从业人员的职业资格认证是人力资源职业化发展的重要环节。论文首先探讨人力资源管理职业化的发展及其重要性;进而介绍美国和英国主要的人力资源资格认证制度;最后,作者提出了人力资源经理的职业化对人力资源管理从业人员在教育、技能和职业道德方面一些基本标准要求。     

企业的发展演化与人力资源管理

人力资源是企业重要而稀缺的资源。从企业演化过程来看,企业在其发展的不同阶段对人力资源的要求是不同的。因此,相应的人力资源管理与开发工作也应有所区别。本文首先介绍企业演化的一般规律,接着从企业发展演化不同阶段的管理特点出发,讨论企业发展演化处于不同阶段对人力资源的要求以及人力资源管理与开发的差异,从而强调人力资源战略管理对于企业持续发展的重要作用。     

Utilization management in Alberta's new funding environment

Although physicians have the greatest influence on the resource utilization of hospital patients, Canadian hospitals have not been too successful in bringing physicians into the resource planning and decision-making processes. This is because most hospitals have been unable to provide the information needed by physicians to participate in resource management in a meaningful way. With the introduction of a new system in the Canadian Province of Alberta that fundamentally changes the way hospitals are funded, it has become even more important to involve medical staffs in the utilization management process. This article describes the new funding system and highlights some of the ways in which Wetaskiwin Health Care Centre has leveraged information technology to support the utilization management process in this new environment.     

Green Human Resource Management: A Review and Research Agenda*

The paper makes a case for the integration of the largely separate literatures of environmental management (EM) and human resource management (HRM) research. The paper categorizes the existing literature on the basis of Ability–Motivation–Opportunity (AMO) theory, revealing the role that Green human resource management (GHRM) processes play in people‐management practice. The contributions of the paper lie in drawing together the extant literature in the area, mapping the terrain of the field, identifying some gaps in the existing literature and suggesting some potentially fruitful future research agendas. The findings of the review suggest that understanding of how GHRM practices influence employee motivation to become involved in environmental activities lags behind that of how organizations develop Green abilities and provide employees with opportunities to be involved in EM organizational efforts. Organizations are not using the full range of GHRM practices, and this may limit their effectiveness in efforts to improve EM.     

Capital Mobilization of Skilled Migrants: A Relational Perspective

A central issue for understanding skilled migration in the management literature is human capital. This emphasis ignores other important forms of capital mobilization that skilled migrants from developing countries deploy in dealing with the barriers to their international career mobility. There is therefore a need to develop a holistic understanding of capital mobilization of skilled migrants. In order to develop a more holistic picture, we deploy a relational and multilevel perspective to explore how skilled migrants from developing countries mobilize capital in their efforts to undertake an international career. Career is a central construct in this study. Drawing on a qualitative study of skilled Lebanese in Paris, the paper offers two main contributions to the research on human resource management, in particular to the literatures on skilled migration and self‐initiated expatriation. First it extends our understanding of the strategies that skilled migrants use to relocate from a developing country to an industrialized country. Beyond the traditional human capital perspective, it offers insights about migrants' capital mobilization experiences of undertaking international mobility. Second, using Bourdieu's theory of capital, it offers a relational explanation of their capital mobilization in a way to encompass micro‐individual, meso‐organizational and macro‐contextual influences that affect their career choices.     

Attracting and retaining talent: exploring human resources development trends in Australia

Drawing from the resource based view of the firm (RBV) the argument developed in the paper is that in an environment characterized by increasing levels of skilled labour shortages organisations need to design employment systems that prioritize human resource development to enable competitive advantage. The literature review examines the issues associated with the attraction, retention and development of human resources, and the major contextual issues and debates underpinning skill and labour shortages. A research question is then framed to capture the HR priorities of Australian organisations. We examine responses from 1372 Australian human resources (HR) professionals who participated in an online survey of a national HR professional association and results are interpreted with respect to HR efforts to attract, develop and retain talent.

Our findings suggest that employers are addressing issues related to attraction - recruitment and selection. However, in critical HR development areas associated with retention such as training, job design, skill development, careers management and team building, results indicate a lower level of resource allocation. We conclude that this lack of resource allocation is of concern for Australian organisations that are struggling to compete both domestically and internationally for skilled workers.     

Manufacturing flexibility and advanced human resource management practices

This article analyses the connection between the use of advanced human resource management (HRM) practices, individually and as a system, with manufacturing flexibility. The results show a positive relationship between the implementation of advanced HRM practices and manufacturing flexibility. While most of the advanced HRM practices analysed show higher levels of implementation in flexible firms, no differences are observed in training efforts. Flexible firms are more prone to implement systems of advanced HRM practices.     

The management of managers: A review and conceptual framework

The management of managers is an important contemporary concern, but the literature on the issue is not well integrated. This paper reviews key sources on the topic across organizational economics, human resource development and strategic human resource management. It presents a novel interdisciplinary framework for analysing how firms manage senior managers and for guiding future research, arguing that firms adopt different styles to attract–defend, develop–renew and motivate–harvest their senior managerial resource, depending on their contexts and choices that are made in the firm over time. The notion that some styles draw on early identification of élites while others treat management identification as more of an emergent problem is central to the typology. Within each of the styles identified, effectiveness in the management of managers hinges on recognizing and handling certain strategic tensions and problems.     

Perceptions of the effectiveness of training and development of ‘grey-collar’ workers in the People's Republic of China

An important human resource development (HRD) implication of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) rapidly expanding economy has been the emergence of a critical shortage of grey-collar workers (GCW). Although ‘grey-collar’ has been commonly used in the West to describe an aging population within the workforce, in China it refers to people who are neither white nor blue collar workers but technicians. The shortage of GCW constrains the PRC's economic and developmental sustainability, and has been recognized in central and provincial government initiatives to increase training and development of employees within these fields. While acknowledged as a policy and organizational problem, there has been no research investigating what organizations are doing to develop these employees. Drawing upon a survey of 310 semi-skilled and skilled employees in Beijing, our findings suggest that while the surveyed organizations are investing heavily in both on- and off-the-job training, employees' perceived value of such differs markedly according to age and position. The research has important implications for China's HRD strategy in suggesting links between training and other human resource management (HRM) functions are yet to be evidenced.     

日本人力资源管理模式：挑战与回应

日本管理模式的最基本特征都体现在其独特的人力资源管理上。日本人力资源管理模式曾经对人力资源管理理论和实践的发展作出过十分重要的贡献。但是由于日本新一代劳动者的许多变化，传统模式的适用基础已经动摇，日本人力资源管理模式面临严峻挑战。在新的世纪，日本模式的改革步伐并不大，它在维持东方传统和适应新环境方面艰难地探索，这一模式的希望寄托在新一代劳动者身上。     

Ben & Jerry's: A case study in Catholic Social Teaching?

For more than a century, Popes have spoken to the issue of proper treatment of employees. Through several encyclicals, they have collectively constructed a framework that offers specific guidance for the management of human resources. Ben & Jerry's Homemade, Inc. is a successful producer of super-premium ice cream. Although it in no way professes to practice Catholic Social Teaching in its management, the parallels between its approach and the Catholic model are striking. This article explores those parallels to contemplate to what extent an organization can realistically implement Catholic Social Teaching in a competitive environment.     

人力资源管理系统影响企业绩效的复杂性机理——基于高新技术企业的实证研究

破解人力资源管理系统影响企业绩效的机理是战略人力资源管理研究领域的核心问题。基于164家高新技术企业的调查数据,采用层级回归模型检验了人力资源管理系统与企业绩效间的复杂性机理。结果显示,人力资源管理系统对企业绩效的正向直接效应显著,影响二者关系的外生变量是创新战略非高管价值观;人力资本在二者关系间的中介效应不显著,但以组织氛围为控制变量时中介效应有了显著提高;"组织氛围调节下的人力资本中介作用模型"很好地刻画人力资本发挥中介效应的机理。研究结果强化了我们对人力资源管理系统与企业绩效关系机理的认知,同时为高新技术企业管理者在实践中管理员工提供了有益启示。     

Citizen Support for Hospital Privatization: A Hierarchical Cross-National Analysis

The movement for a new public management (NPM) holds that citizens will put aside partisan and ideological differences to support more efficient service delivery. Focusing on hospital privatization, a multi-national sample is utilized to investigate this assertion. Generalized hierarchical linear modeling (GHLM) is employed as the method of statistical analysis. The findings with regard to privatizing hospitals reveal that citizens develop their policy position by reference to a combination of symbolic political variables, service demand, self-interest, information levels, and political efficacy. The results cast doubt on the assertion that partisan differences will be set aside as citizens consider privatization reforms.

Support for diversity practices in Norway: Depends on who you are and whom you have met

An increasingly diverse workforce is a reality for today's organisations in Norway, and a variety of human resource practices are being introduced in order to manage this diversity effectively. However, little is known about what leads to the successful implementation of these diversity practices. Thus, we need to find out more about what affects the willingness to implement that is held by those responsible for the process. In this study we examine how contact with minority groups, values, orientation, and individual differences relate to their perceptions and support for diversity practices. In a survey conducted with 385 Norwegian individuals employed in different organisations and business sectors across the country, we observed a relationship between positive contact experiences with individuals from immigrant backgrounds, diversity values, other-orientation, age, and gender on the extent to which the respondents were willing to support a diversity practice. Theoretical and practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

中、美、欧企业人力资源管理差异与中国本土企业人力资源管理应用研究

通过对中、美、欧企业人力资源管理特征及各自优劣势的分析,对中、美、欧企业人力资源管理存在的文化差异性、理念差异性、制度差异性、标准差异性进行比较,并结合我国经济转型时期本土企业人力资源管理现状,对中国本土企业人力资源管理应用与水平提高进行探讨,以期为我国转型经济时期人力资源管理理论研究和具体实践提供借鉴。     

From zero-sum to win-win - Organisational conditions for successful shared value strategy implementation

The number of publications on shared value strategies (SVSs) is continuously increasing. Literature does not answer the question which organisational conditions are necessary and which conjunctions of conditions are sufficient for the successful implementation of SVSs. This research aims at filling the gap by condensing empirical evidence found in the literature on successful SVSs, stakeholder management, corporate social responsibility, and positive social change. The article synthesises the findings of these streams of research into a set-theoretical framework and proposes five complex conditions necessary for successful SVS implementation: shared value-oriented entrepreneurial vision, strategic alignment (STA), shared value-oriented innovation (SVI), networking capabilities (NCs), and impact monitoring. Additional empirical evidence from cases claiming successful implementation of SVS allows the suggestion of several simple conditions constituting the complex conditions. Qualitative comparative analysis can be used for empirically testing the necessity of the suggested conditions and the sufficiency of conjunctions of complex conditions for SVS implementation success. The proposed framework enhances theoretical knowledge concerning successful SVS implementation and is an important step to support management efforts in reorienting their companies from zero-sum strategies to win-win SVSs.     

人员管理的经济方法：过去的成就与未来的方向

人事经济学是最近不到20年在经济学和人力资源管理的交接地带兴起的一个新领域,它将经济学用于考察企业内部组织和人力资源管理问题,对现代人力资源管理产生了深远影响.本文对该领域过去的主要成就和未来的研究方向和国内研究动态进行综述.