相对收入与主观幸福感:检验农民工的多重参照群体

尽管社会经济地位低于城市居民，农民工的主观幸福感却更高。这种客观经济地位与主观福利评判的不一致有两种解释：同质性参照群体假设和向上流动期望假设，暗示农民工在进行社会比较时会选择不同的参照群体。基于一项大规模全国代表性的调查数据，本文通过建构农民工的多个参照群体检验了上述假设，结果验证了同质性参照群体假设：控制个人收入后，同省其他农民的平均收入越高，农民工的生活满意度越低；加入农民的平均收入后，农民工相对于城市就业居民的生活满意度优势消失，甚至转为劣势。向上流动期望假设未获支持：城市就业居民的平均收入对农民工的生活满意度没有显著影响，而且这样的“零效应”可能并非由于向上流动期望的压抑影响造成的。     

社会流动与政治信任：基于CGSS2006数据的实证研究

本文通过中国综合社会调查（CGSS2006）数据,详细分析了中国的社会流动对民众政治信任的影响。研究表明,中国30年的改革开放和经济发展为民众提供了大量向上流动的机会,并给他们带来改善生活的希望。人们所经历的向上代际流动和代内流动,以及对向上流动的感知与预期都显著增强了他们的政治信任。结果显示,社会经济发展为人们带来的向上流动的经历与期望有助于维护社会政治稳定。     

谁主认同？转型时期中国女性阶层地位认同的多重建构及其世代变迁

女性的阶层地位认同研究近年来受到广泛关注，但缺乏多重建构视角下基于长期转型背景的世代变迁分析。本文旨在回答两个重要问题：第一，已婚女性的阶层地位认同是否受到婚姻匹配与代际流动的影响，丈夫、父亲与女性自身的客观阶层及其差异如何影响女性的主观地位认同；第二，上述影响模式如何随出生世代发生变化。在使用对角线参照模型分析中国综合社会调查（CGSS）2010—2017年的合并数据后发现：相较于自身的客观阶层，中国已婚女性整体上倾向于以丈夫的客观阶层来建构自身的阶层认同，但越年轻的世代这一倾向越弱；父亲客观阶层的影响则与自身客观阶层的影响并重，甚至随世代变迁略有增强。上述结果体现了中国特色的家庭现代化模式，即已婚女性虽愈少依赖于配偶，但依然与原生家庭保持着紧密连结。     

中国中产阶级的规模、认同和社会态度

本文基于中国社会科学院社会学研究所2006年3月5月进行的 “中国社会状况调查”（CGSS2006）的数据,以收入、职业和教育作为三个基本维度,对中国当前发展阶段的中产阶级规模以及中等收入者的规模进行了测算,并比较了“客观中产”和“认同中产”在社会态度一致性上的差异。根据本文的研究结果,我国目前的中产阶级在全国占12.1%,在城市社会中占25.4%,但这个所谓中产阶级,目前并不是一个具有统一的社会态度和行为取向的“阶级”。     

文化资本与社会地位获得(英文)

文化资本是影响个人教育获得和社会地位获得的重要因素。基于2008年上海市社会结构调查数据,从广义文化资本出发,分别测量父母和子女文化资本对地位获得的作用。研究发现：父母和子女文化资本存量越高,子女受教育年限越长;子女文化资本对地位获得具有显著影响;在控制性别、父亲职业等变量后,文化资本越多,越有可能进入更高阶层;教育、家庭文化氛围和文化投资对地位获得具有持续且稳定的作用;文化资本是社会下层实现向上流动的有效手段。     

论社会公平的主观认定

近年来,收入分配不公已成为学术圈与媒体热议的话题。但收入分配结果是否公平只是基于人们伦理和价值观基础上的一种主观判断,基尼系数既不能回答社会公平的主观认定问题,也无法预言哪些群体将会影响社会的稳定。本文通过对北京居民公平感的实证研究说明20年来北京市居民的公平观发生了根本性的转变,人们对收入分配差距的承受力有所增强也有所区别。在贯彻党中央"提低,扩中,调高"的公平目标时,政府的主要工作既包括规范和整顿市场分配秩序,同时也应在调节贫富差距时防止产生新的分配不公。     

Decoding the Miss Daisy Syndrome: An Examination of Subjective Responses to Mobility Change

The subjective responses associated with personal life space and mobility status were explored. Thirty individuals participated in focus groups based on self-rated disability status, current places visited, and availability. Qualitative analyses revealed that most participants equated personal mobility with driving a vehicle. Attitudes concerning mobility status and preparedness for change varied based on disability level and personal experience. Fear of dependence from future mobility loss was prominent in all groups. Few participants acknowledged significant planning for future retirement from driving or other mobility challenges. An understanding of common attitudes, perceptions and meanings can inform professionals who intervene and support older adults experiencing mobility changes.     

Labor Market Segmentation,Job Mobility and the Two-track Model of Chinese Urban Workers＇ Acquisition of Economic Status

使用“2009年中国社会网络与职业经历调查”（JSNET2009）广州、上海、厦门、济南和西安五城市数据,检验了改革以后影响中国城市劳动者职业流动模式以及经济地位获得的因素。研究结果表明,高学历劳动者与低学历劳动者群体处于两个分割的劳动力市场中,他们的经济地位获得路径完全不同。对于低学历劳动者,职业流动是提升他们收入水平的最重要因素,而人力资本因素（受教育年限和工作经验）对他们的收入没有影响。高学历劳动者的情况刚好相反,职业流动对收入获得没有任何作用,影响他们收入分层的最重要因素是人力资本。本研究揭示了转型期中国城市地区不同劳动力市场劳动者的经济地位获得的二元路径模式。     

社会地位、生活境遇与焦虑

本文运用定量研究方法,探讨了人们的社会地位和遭受不公正对待的生活境遇在焦虑形成中的作用。研究表明,社会地位（包括客观地位和主观地位）和生活境遇对焦虑的产生具有明显的影响,社会地位低的群体和生活境遇中遭受过不公正对待的人,更易产生焦虑。这些由社会地位和生活境遇等因素导致的焦虑对于个体的影响是偏向消极的;在社会因素的持续作用下,具有焦虑特征的个体增多,焦虑有可能从个体的心理问题转化为社会的心理问题。     

Your position in society matters for how happy you are

This article shows that people's perception of their position in society is strongly correlated with their level of happiness, and thus that differences in happiness levels among countries in different welfare state clusters are influenced by people's perceptions of their relative position in society (subjective position). The study drew on data from the European Social Survey. Two important findings emerged from the analysis. First, an individual's subjective position in society is a more important predictor of happiness than objective measures such as income, education and labour market position. Second, the link between individuals’ perceived position in society and their level of happiness is moderated by the welfare state. In the Nordic countries, people's perceptions of their position in society have less influence on happiness whereas in Eastern European countries we found a strong connection between subjective position and happiness.     

多代流动效应：来自中国的证据

多代流动是社会流动中的重要议题。本文利用中国劳动力调查2012年数据,检验了不同世代社会流动的多代效应模式。研究发现,1980年以前出生的世代累积性的优势或劣势主要表现在两代之间,多代的效应并不明显;但随着市场经济的确立,累积性不平等的效应从两代之间扩展到三代之间,即在控制了父代的阶层地位后,祖代-孙代的影响效应仍显著存在,祖代职业阶层越高,孙代进入高职业阶层的可能性越大。此外,研究发现教育是个体实现向上流动的重要变量,但教育获得本身受家庭背景的影响。文章从实证和理论两方面的论述有助于加深对中国社会流动与代际不平等的理解。     

教育扩招促进了代际流动?

本文基于中国综合社会调查的数据,以改革开放后参加工作的群体为研究对象,实证分析了中国高等教育扩招对代际流动的影响。研究发现,没有充足证据证明教育扩招促进了代际流动。一方面,尽管教育在扩张前后始终是决定个人社会经济地位高低的最重要因素,但教育扩招没有显著改善教育机会不均等问题,从而也无法减弱家庭背景以教育为中介对子女初职社会经济地位的间接影响,带来代际流动的改善。另一方面,教育扩招的结构化效应不显著,大学毕业生面临的劳动力市场并非完全遵循绩效原则,因此,即便教育扩招提高了他们在社会总人口中的相对比例,也无法带来社会整体代际流动的改善。因此,发挥教育扩招促进代际流动的功能,不仅要强调教育机会的分配公平问题,同时也要努力完善劳动力市场建设,促进就业机会均等。     

中国民众主观社会地位的地域差异:基于对CFPS2012成人问卷数据的“虚拟情境锚定法”分析

本文基于“中国家庭动态跟踪调查”的2012年成人问卷数据,通过“虚拟情境锚定法”研究中国民众的主观社会地位差异,探讨当前中国社会的分层现状。研究显示,当前中国社会居民的主观社会地位存在地区差异。在中国现代化发展程度较高的地区,个体的后致性因素（如教育、职业等）对社会地位认同具有更加显著的影响,而在欠发达地区,还没有形成稳定的评价标准。本研究体现了“虚拟情境锚定法”善于处理主观抽象概念的特征,这种方法在未来的社会科学研究中将会有很广泛的应用空间。     

Social Status,Perceived Social Reputations,and Perceived Dyadic Relationships in Early Adolescence

This investigation examined social acceptance and popularity as correlates of perceived social reputations and perceived dyadic relationships in a cross‐sectional sample of 418 6th and 7th grade students (approximate average age of 12 years). We assessed early adolescents' social status using peer nominations and measured their perceptions of their social status, behavioral reputations, and friendships from a combination of self‐ratings and peer nominations. Social acceptance was positively related to perceptions of social acceptance and friendships and negatively related to perceptions of rejection and a victimized reputation. Popularity was positively associated with perceptions of popularity, rejection, and an aggressive reputation and negatively associated with perceptions of unpopularity and a socially withdrawn reputation. Our results were, in general, consistent with the suggestion that social acceptance is related to perceiving facets of reputations and relationships relevant to forming and maintaining friendships whereas popularity is related to perceiving facets pertinent to gaining social power.     

The Inequality Effect of Urbanization and Social Integration

On the basis of the China Social Survey (CSS2011) and related urban statistics, this article conducts an analysis of the “unequal” effects of urbanization and of problems in rural migrants’ social integration with urban residents in the course of their urbanization. We found that although the increased rate of population urbanization did not produce a significant difference between “rural migrants” and “city people” in terms of income, migrants fare considerably worse than city people with regard to social security, cultural life, psychological acceptance and status identification. This kind of inequality transforms the original urban/rural dual structure into a new dichotomy that divides urban dwellers into the migrant population and residents with urban household registration, thereby impeding social integration. This finding will help us understand the causes of the social barriers in current urbanization and may provide theoretical and empirical reference material for “new-type urbanization,” particularly as it relates to the transformation of the rural migrant population into urban citizens.     

代际流动与外群体歧视——基于2005年全国综合社会调查数据的实证分析

本文基于CGSS2005的调查数据,以对角线参照模型为分析工具,考察了阶层代际流动对城市居民歧视性态度的影响。研究发现,在工作歧视和邻里居住歧视上,代际流动本身能够产生独立于流动者出身阶层与现处阶层的影响;随着年龄的增长,相对于出身阶层,流动者现处阶层对其歧视态度影响程度明显增强;进入社会歧视氛围更低的阶层能够显著降低流动者的歧视态度;相比向上流动,地位下降者对外来人口的歧视程度更高。研究指出,分层与流动研究不仅要考察客观社会结构及其开放状况,也要重视分层及流动对个体行为与态度所带来的主观层面影响。     

Is religion a health resource for the poor?

This paper uses data from the 2004 General Social Survey to examine the relationship between religious belief and practice (religiosity), spirituality, social support, and health status. Health status is conceptualized first in terms of a subjective assessment and, second, as two objective indicators of physical problems. These relationships were examined first within the total GSS sample, and then separately for respondents who reported below or above the median annual income. Results indicate that spirituality is a positive predictor of respondents’ subjective assessment of their health in the overall sample, but not in either separate income group. Social support does not predict positive subjective or objective health outcomes in the entire sample or for any income group. However, religiosity is a positive predictor of physical health, but only for the most severe of the physical health problems measured, and only for respondents whose annual income is below the national median. Thus, it appears that religiosity is a health resource for those below average income.     

文化资本与地位获得——对浙江某市私营企业主子女上向流动的个案分析

本文通过个案，分析探索转型期的私营企业主是如何看待“向上流动”的。被访的私营企业主依据文化资本把自己归入社会中下层，他们期望并力图使子代通过教育进入体制，从而实现向上流动。而他们的子代在进入体制失败后无奈地“子承父业”，没有实现他们所认同的向上流动。文中重点分析了文化资本在私营企业主自我定位和其子代谋求向上流动过程中的影响。正是这些源于制度与文化的影响使私营企业主认同积累文化资本才是实现向上流动的唯一途径。     

由心至身:阶层影响身体的社会心理机制

本研究应用2010年中国综合社会调查(CGSS2010)数据分析身体健康与社会阶层的关系及其社会心理机制。在区分身体健康和心理健康的基础上,整合社会学和心理学相关理智资源,将在社会科学领域中越来越具有理论意义的身体研究延伸至经验研究层面。研究表明,个体身体的健康程度在某种程度上是社会阶层在个体身上印刻的结果,而这种印刻过程是通过阶层认同、群际伤害、习得性无助和情感支持等心理过程得以达成。     

Intergenerational Mobility Modes and Changes in Social Class in Contemporary China

Using data from three China General Social Surveys, this paper analyzes changes in the basic situation of intergenerational mobility among social classes in China over the past 60 years. General social mobility was found to have increased, but social openness tended to show a wave-like pattern of change. Despite this, intergenerational inheritance was the main form of intergenerational mobility in every period. With the transformation of the socioeconomic system, the main mechanism of social exclusion changed from “systemic exclusion” to “market exclusion,” leading to changes in the structure of social opportunity. As a result, the form taken by intergenerational mobility varied significantly. This is chiefly evident in the gradual decline in the dominance of intergenerational inheritance among particular strata, with cross-class cyclical mobility becoming more difficult. On the one hand, changes in the social exclusion mechanism may increase social openness, making society more dynamic and strengthening social legitimacy. On the other hand, as the dominant class learns how to use market exclusion to achieve class reproduction, class solidification may still be possible in a future Chinese society.