An Analysis of the Social Costs of State-owned Enterprises—Results of a Survey of 50 8 Enterprises Conducted in TenLarge Cities

Ａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔｏｆａｄｉａｃｈｒｏｎｉｃｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｔａｔｅ ｏｗｎｅｄｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓ (ＳＯＥｓ)ｗｅｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｅｄａｐｅｒｐｌｅｘｉｎｇｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎ :ｓｉｎｃｅ 1 978,ＳＯＥｓｈａｖｅｕｎｄｅｒｇｏｎｅａｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆｍａｒｋｅｔ ｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄｒｅｆｏｒｍｓｉｎｗｈｉｃｈ ｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙｗａｓｇｉｖｅｎｔｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ;ａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｓｅｒｅｆｏｒｍｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｈａｖｅｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄ…     

Does the Privatization of Social security Make Sense for Developing Nations?

We discuss the privatization schemes of Chile and Argentina following a review of three alternatives to privatization. Our major conclusions are as follows: (1) the Chilean scheme has performed very well during much of the past 15 years, but it is not yet clear what will happen during an extended period of economic stagnation and declining financial markets; (2) for many countries it would make more sense to reform existing public pension schemes than to replace them with privatized schemes, at least until one has a better idea how privatized schemes perform in adverse financial environments; (3) privatized schemes have important distributional effects that deserve more attention.     

The Mechanism of Social Mobility in Large Cities—An Empirical Analysis of a Questionnaire Survey of Tianjin Residents

Ｉ.Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　ＭａｒｋｅｄｃｈａｎｇｅｓｈａｖｅｔａｋｅｎｐｌａｃｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａ ｓｓｏｃｉｏ ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｍａｎｄｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ ｕｐａｓｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ :ｔｈｅｇｒａｄｕａｌｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｏｆａｍａｒｋｅｔｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｆｏｒｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｌｙｃｅｎｔｒａｌｉｚｅｄｐｌａｎｎｅｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｙ ;ａｒａｐｉｄｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｓａｃｃｏｕｎｔｅｄｆｏｒｂｙｔ…     

Are Equity and Efficiency Irreconcilable Goals in Education?——A General Equilibrium Analysis of Basic Education Finance

由于缺乏一般均衡经济学的理论指导和适当的机制设计,中国出现了教育投入区域间差距和贫困地区教育投入不足,以及地区内部居民受教育机会不均等和群分等现象。对这些现象与基础教育财政的分权体制之间的关系,人们存在着许多误解。本文将说明,基础教育财政的分权体制不失为提高地方政府提高教育供给质量和效率的有效机制,但是,应设计适当的补充机制,适度引入中央政府干预,缓解教育机会不均等和群分现象对低收入家庭人力资本积累的负面影响,促进基础教育的机会均等,为劳动密集型制造业的可持续增长提供人力资本基础。     

Social Workers' Implementation of Client Participation: What Factors Make the Difference?

ABSTRACT

Client participation is both a value and a strategy in social work, involving clients in decisions influencing their lives. Nevertheless, the factors encouraging its use by social workers in social services have received little research attention. This article reports on a study drawing on Goal Commitment Theory to examine, for the first time, four categories of variables that might predict its implementation: background variables (intervention method, age, experience, education, supervision); personal resources (self-esteem, mastery); organizational variables (superiors' support, organizational commitment); and situational factors (previous client participation, perception of client participation).

A sample of 661 Israeli social workers completed questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analysis and t-tests revealed that intervention method, mastery, superiors' support, and both situational variables contributed significantly to explaining the variance in client participation. Moreover, social workers valued client participation significantly more than they used it. The implications for researchers and professionals in social services are discussed. Proper training could increase social workers' awareness of client participation and provide tools for implementation. Policy makers should set standards for its use and evaluation, and require its inclusion in all interventions. Further research investigating clients and managers of social services could provide a broader picture of the factors impacting client participation.     

Where Does it Begin? A Comparative Perspective on the Professional Preferences of First-year Social Work Students

Correspondence to Dr John Gal, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work, The Hebrew University, Mt Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel. Summary The goal of this paper is to contribute to a better understandingof international social work by examining the professional preferencesof students at the beginning of the social work training processin the United States, Great Britain and Israel. The study, uponwhich the paper is based, examined the preferences of the studentswith regard client groups, social services, types of sectorsand of practices, and sought to identify the similarities andthe differences between these preferences in different countries.The findings indicate that the students from the United Statesand Israeli universities prefer to work with social groups andto be employed in services, that can be defined as "less stigmatic",while these trends were not identifiable in the case of theBritish students. They expressed a greater readiness to workwith more needy social groups and to find employment in thestate sector. By contrast, the students in all the universitiesstudied expressed a similar unwillingness to work the unemployed,the chronically ill and to find employment in old-aged homes.In addition, casework with individuals was the most preferredtype of social work practice. Clearly, the findings indicatethat the preferences of students in different countries reflectvariations in the nature of social work in each of the specificnational settings.     

An Analysis of Changes in the Chinese Family Structure between Urban and Rural Areas： On the Basis of the 2010 National Census Data

2000年以来中国家庭结构变动表现为：核心家庭比例明显下降,单人户显著上升,直系家庭没有降低反而略有增加。城乡家庭结构变动有别：城市核心家庭构成缩小,单人户明显增加,直系家庭稍有降低;农村核心家庭构成降幅较大,单人户提高,直系家庭上升。城乡二级家庭结构变动也不尽相同。人口流动、子女数量、人口老龄化、婚姻和住房情况对家庭结构及其变动有显著影响。在家庭结构小型化为主导的时代,政府及社会组织应加强以家庭为目标的公共服务建设;改进户籍制度,减少劳动者与其家庭成员的地域分割;为增进和改善家庭代际关系创造条件。。     

Innovation Awareness and Social Responsibility in Social Science Studies: A Survey of the Symposium on Social Sciences and Social Problems in Contemporary China

Since adopting a policy of reform and opening, Chinese society has seen tremendous changes. What opportunities does this social reality bring to social science? How may to social science serve it? Studying these     

An Intrinsic Perspective on the Rule of Law: Observations on the Movement to Modernize Chinese Law

本文作者将法治理论置于特定的历史、文化和社会情景中加以反思,提出了法治的"内在视角"。这一视角至少包含三重含义:首先它要求我们从一个社会的内部看问题,了解这个社会的发展脉络及其种种问题,探索这些问题与法治诉求之间的联系;其次,因为强调社会发展内在脉络的重要性,就不可避免地要审视传统与现代的内在关系,既不简单地将传统视为现代的对立物而抛弃,也不把名为现代化的事业都视为对传统观念、制度的全面剔除和取代;最后,这一视角还要求我们改变习惯的自上而下看问题的方式,尝试着自下而上地了解和看待这个世界。     

The Impact of Internet Use on Residents’ Subjective Well-Being: An Empirical Analysis Based on National Data

Internet use has become an indispensable part of people’s daily lives, and the relationship between Internet use and residents’ subjective well-being is receiving increasing attention from researchers. However, the existing literature on the relationship between Internet use and residents’ subjective well-being is still controversial and inconclusive, and there has been relatively little discussion of the mechanisms by which Internet use affects well-being. On the basis of data from the China General Social Survey 2015 (CGSS2015), this paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of Internet usage on residents’ subjective well-being. The study finds that while Internet use had no significant impact on the well-being of residents compared to non-use, frequency of Internet usage did significantly improve subjective well-being. On this basis, we tested the mechanisms by which Internet use affects residents’ well-being through the three channels of the personal income effect, the human capital effect and the social capital effect. The findings partially verify the hypothesis of the mediating effect of social capital between Internet use and residents’ subjective well- being, but do not verify the hypothesis of the moderating effect of personal income and human capital. Compared with previous studies, this paper is innovative in the following three ways: it uses the latest available representative national microdata, which is better able to reflect recent Internet usage and its impact on residents’ subjective well-being; on the basis of existing research on the impact of Internet usage on residents’ well-being, it analyzes the specific mechanisms through which Internet use affects well-being, using the moderating effect model and the mediating effect model to make up for the shortcomings of existing research on the impact mechanism; and it applies the Bioprobit model to deal with the potential endogeneity of key explanatory variables, using a variety of model estimation methods to obtain more robust estimation results.     

Competitive Citation?—A Survey and Analysis of Citations from External Sourcesin Contemporary Chinese Law Papers

从行为选择和学术产品的角度,可以分析预测论文引证在数量和质量方面变化的趋势。通过调查1993—2002年《中国社会科学》和《中外法学》两期刊法学论文的引证和外部引证,一方面检验了引证竞争的假说,同时显示了这个时期中国法学受到法学外学科影响的程度和特点。从整体上看,法学论文引证的数量竞争已经进行,而质量竞争尚未发展,外部引证率并没有明显提高;当代中国法学的另一面可能是更多的自我对话、甚至封闭。     

A Perspective on Genetic Modification: An Exploration from the Perspective of Social Anthropology

转基因技术既与人们的日常生活密切相关,又能从中透视社会制度、文化传统、全球化与地方化的演变过程与特性,理应成为社会人类学关注的对象。本文以转基因大豆为例,探讨了中国社会结构背景和主流话语下对转基因技术的本土反应和消费者处境。     

Perceptions of Distributive Justice of the Residents in Contemporary China’s Large Cities: An Empirical Study Based on the Survey in Shanghai〖JP〗

本文从自利理论和归因理论出发,以2006年8月-2007年1月上海大学社会学系“上海市居民的阶层地位与社会意识”调查数据为基础,分析当前中国大城市居民的分配公平感及其形成机制。研究发现,大城市居民对主要社会群体的收入分配感到明显不公平。阶层地位是否具有优势对居民分配公平感的形成没有显著影响,但社会经济地位及其对导致社会不平等的归因则与分配公平感明显相关。具有优势经济地位的群体既直接影响人们的分配公平感,又通过对社会不平等的归因偏好间接影响人们的分配公平感。归因偏好对分配公平感的影响比社会经济地位的影响更加显著：越是将社会不平等归因于个人绩效因素（内因）,其分配公平感就越强;越是将社会不平等归因于权力、政策因素（外因）,其分配不公平感就越强。     

What Can an Evaluation of the AGESW Predissertation Fellows Program Tell Us about the Mentoring Needs of Doctoral Students?

ABSTRACT

Good mentoring is a key variable for determining success in completing a doctoral program. The Association for Gerontology Education in Social Work (AGESW) provides leadership in the areas of gerontological social work education, research, and policy. In 2010, AGESW began offering the Pre-Dissertation Fellows Program (PDFP) to enhance social work doctoral students’ professional development and skillset for academia. The purpose of this study was to examine student participants’ perceptions of the PDFP in its role to providing mentorship and training for an academic position that encompasses research, teaching and professional service. This qualitative study examined eight cohorts (2010–2018) of the AGESW PDFP (N = 85). Participants identified a number of aspects of professional development gained, gratitude for the training, an appreciation for candid advice received, and areas of professional development they felt they were lacking within their doctoral training. Implications for doctoral education, doctoral mentorship programs, and the AGESW pre-dissertation program are discussed. Further, programs such as AGESW pre-dissertation fellowship program can serve as a model for other doctoral training initiatives to prepare students to work in academia.     

Who Wants to Redistribute? An Analysis of 14 Post‐Soviet Nations

We investigate population groups' attitude regarding inequality reduction in post‐Soviet transitional countries of the Baltic, Central Asia and the Caucasus, as well as the Slavic countries and Moldova. Empirical evidence presented in this article demonstrates that despite skyrocketing inequality, erosion of social provisions and efforts to introduce an individualistic market economy ideology during the last 15 years, overall support for redistribution and welfare state efforts to counterbalance rising inequality remained strongly legitimized among citizens in all post‐Soviet countries. Nevertheless, there are differences between population groups in attitude: the older, the less educated, the poor and women express more support for redistribution; while the younger, the better educated, the rich and men tend to not support redistribution. Populations in transitional countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia that face higher inequality and less effective redistribution policies expressed a strong desire for more redistribution and more active social welfare policies.     

Can Cultural Values Help Explain the Positive Aspects of Caregiving Among Chinese American Caregivers?

This study used an adaptation of the caregivers' stress model to examine the positive aspects of caregiving with 113 Chinese American family caregivers who provided care to their elderly relatives. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that combination of caregiver background characteristics, stressors, and cultural values had direct effects on positive aspects of caregiving. Unlike previous studies in which cultural values were not measured, this study found that cultural values helped explain positive aspects of caregiving. Specifically, cultural values, caregiver's health, and caregiver's age predicted positive aspects of caregiving. Service implications are discussed based upon the findings.     

Evaluation of Fertility Levels and Adjustment of Fertility Policy: Based on the Current Situation of the Chinese Mainland’s Provincial Fertility Levels

During the 11^th Five-year Plan (2006-2010), the total fertility rate of the mainland of China was 1.481 and was stable with a slight decline, exhibiting a spatial pattern of moderately low fertility in the central and western regions, very low fertility in the east and extremely low fertility in the northeast. Except for a rebound in a few provinces and regions with extremely low fertility rates, the ratio of actual fertility rates to policy fertility rates is still falling. The reduced fertility rate is mainly driven by development, notably the proportion of the total population represented by the exuberantly fertile women of child-bearing age and their greater urbanization, growing level of non-agricultural employment and outflow from rural areas, as well as the assimilative effect of urban production, lifestyles and cultural concepts upon the agricultural population. Development has catalyzed an irreversible trend of declining fertility; existing fertility policy has proven insufficient to keep fertility rates stable at reasonably low levels. Policy-based rebounds may emerge in urban areas and the east and northeast, where family planning policy has been better implemented; on the other hand, a non-policy-based rebound may have been released. In the central and western rural areas, multiple births occur on average among only 4.12 percent of the younger generation of women. As fertility policy is adjusted and improved, fertility rebounds in transitional fertility policy adjustment can be effectively regulated through a gradual strategy which will not provoke a sharp rebound. The time is ripe for China to conduct a nationally unified adjustment of the existing fertility policy.     

Evaluation of Fertility Levels and Adjustment of Fertility Policy： Based on the Current Situation of the Chinese Mainland＇s Provincial Fertility Levels

“十一五”期间我国大陆的总和生育率为1．481,呈稳中有降态势,形成了“中、西部中度低水平,东部深度低水平,东北极度低水平”的空间格局。除少数极低生育率省区回升外,实际生育率及其与政策生育率的比值仍在下降。生育率下降的主要推动力是发展,突出表现为生育旺盛期育龄妇女比总人口和育龄妇女的城镇化、非农化水平高、人口外出流动比例大,以及城镇生产、生活方式和文化观念对农业人口的同化作用。发展促使生育率下降的趋势已不可逆转。现行生育政策难以使生育率稳定在合理的低水平。有可能引起政策性反弹的重点在计划生育基础较好的城镇和东部及东北地区;有可能引起非政策性反弹的势能,已基本释放;中、西部农村年轻一代妇女多胎生育平均只有4．12％。生育政策调整完善中的生育率反弹可通过渐进式策略实施有效调控,不会引起生育率大幅强烈反弹。我国生育政策全国统一调整时机已成熟。     

Can cultural values help explain the positive aspects of caregiving among Chinese American caregivers?

This study used an adaptation of the caregivers' stress model to examine the positive aspects of caregiving with 113 Chinese American family caregivers who provided care to their elderly relatives. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that combination of caregiver background characteristics, stressors, and cultural values had direct effects on positive aspects of caregiving. Unlike previous studies in which cultural values were not measured, this study found that cultural values helped explain positive aspects of caregiving. Specifically, cultural values, caregiver's health, and caregiver's age predicted positive aspects of caregiving. Service implications are discussed based upon the findings.