民法的人文关怀

比照近代民法以财产法为中心,现代民法强化了人文关怀,主要表现为从以财产法为中心到人法地位的提升,并广泛体现于民法中主体制度的发展、人格权的勃兴、合同制度的发展、物权法的发展、侵权法的发展、婚姻家庭法的发展等各个方面。中国未来的民法典应当以人文关怀构建价值理念,注重对人的自由和尊严的充分保障以及对弱势群体的特殊关爱。基于这一理念,在中国未来民法典中有必要增加人格权法和侵权责任法编。在中国民法的适用等方面更应强化人文关怀。     

A Historical Perspective on the Unification of Private Law and the Future of the Civil Code

China has a long tradition of legal codification. In looking at the unification of private law, we need to follow three historical threads: the historicity of law, the rationality of private law and the rules governing the growth of private rights. Following on from and amending the Draft Civil Law of 2002, we can use restorative methods to formulate a nine-part civil code suited to China’s national circumstances. The nine parts comprise the General Principles of Civil Law; Marriage and Family Law; the Law of Succession; Real Rights Law; Intellectual Property Law; Contract Law; Employment Contract Law; Tort Liability Law; and the Law of the Application of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relations. With this goal in mind, we can adopt a four-step legislative process: firstly, integrate the Marriage Law and the Adoption Law to form a unified Marriage and Family Law; secondly, include Employment Contract Law as a separate section of the civil code; thirdly, include Intellectual Property Rights Law as a separate section of the civil code; and fourthly, amend the General Principles of Civil Law so as to integrate Personal Rights, the General Principles of Property Rights (the General Principles of Obligation), the General Principles of Commercial Law, etc. The civil code formed on this basis possesses historicity, flexibility and contemporaneity, and would become an important constituent in the restatement of Chinese civil life and the remolding of the Chinese system of law.     

State Policies as a Source of Civil Law*

State policies exert a great influence over Chinese civil justice. Article 6 of the General Principles of Civil Law stipulates that state policies are a source of civil law, but the path by which they enter civil justice is not a rational one and may lead to adjudication difficulties with state policies. State policies are integrated with state law, and the laws and legal interpretations formulated by the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee, judicial interpretations, administrative regulations, autonomous regulations and special regulations, administrative rules and other regulatory documents are forms of expression of state policies. Different rules for adjudication apply depending on the different vehicles of state policy. The Supreme People’s Court can play a role in making public policy and guiding state policy into civil adjudication through “open” and “unseen” channels.     

我国民法基本制度生态化探究

生态文明时代要求法律制度进行不同程度的生态化.在各种法律制度生态化历程中,民法制度的生态化起着相当重要的作用.民法基本制度的生态化是民法生态化的重要内容,它包括人格权制度的生态化、物权制度的生态化、合同制度的生态化、侵权责任制度的生态化.这其中,环境人格权是人格权制度生态化的主要内容；生态性用益物权是物权制度生态化的重要组成部分；环境物权交易合同是合同制度生态化的主要方面.以损害风险预防、现实损害救济赔偿、恢复责任承担为切入点,采用无过错责任与过错加重责任并用的原则,贯彻环境损害全程监管与责任追究的理念,对环境污染与生态破坏的源头与过程实行全面的控制与追责是侵权责任制度生态化的基本要素.     

社会基础变迁与民法双重体系建构(英文)

民法体系分为内在体系与外在体系,内在体系的价值取向导引外在体系,而外在体系的各个要素——概念、规范与制度构成内在体系的载体。随着社会基础的变迁,现代民法内在体系形成了意思自治、保护弱者、信赖保护与自己责任的基本原则脉络,并渗透到外在体系的概念、规范与制度中。中国民法典的制定,应结合中国社会基础,遵循民法双重体系的建构。通过定位民法中的“人”,梳理现代民法的内在体系与外在体系在物权法与债法中的体现,检讨中国民法各个具体部门法的瑕疵,以此推动中国民法典的制定。     

关于俄联邦新民法典的一点思考

编纂于20世纪90年代的《俄联邦民法典》是俄罗斯十几年政治、经济改革的经验总结,在私法领域中标志着计划经济向市场经济的过渡,标志着私法自治精神在民法上的回归,为俄罗斯经济和社会的全面发展提供了必要的法律基础和制度保障。但由于传统与现代因素的综合作用,新民法典在未来的朝向中任重道远。我国制定21世纪的新民法典必须崇扬私法自治精神,但如何克服俄联邦新民法典中残留的公法因素,培育和发展作为私法自治基础的市民社会,以及如何协调强制性规范和任意性规范的设置,实现私法自治目标也是我国制定民法典时应当审慎思考的问题。     

信托财产权的性质及其在民法典中的地位

信托财产权是信托法的核心概念之一,也是我国民事权利体系中的一名新成员,它无法也不应该以传统大陆法系民法中的任何概念来解释。就本质而言,信托财产权不是物权,不是债权,也不是法律关系的主体,同样也不是物权和债权的变形或组合,而是一种新型的、独立的民事权利,我国未来的民法典应当对其有所“反映”。由于信托法与民法典之间存在着许多难以调和的制度冲突,民法典并不必将信托法的全部内容都纳入到民法典之中。     

俄罗斯的市民社会诉求与"法治国家"定位

俄罗斯"法治国家"的理论路径是与俄罗斯社会结构转型进程相回应的,并以市民社会为其逻辑起点,即认为市民社会构成了法治国家的社会基础;市民社会的自由、权利和秩序诉求提供了法治国家的价值原则;公民法律意识是法治国家的重要条件和保证.这不仅反映了俄罗斯社会结构转型条件下的法治要求和特有关怀,也反映了俄罗斯国家控制能力衰弱和市民社会"畸变"背景下的法律秩序要求.文章指出,要推进法治,不仅要推进国家和市民社会二元化进程,更重要的是确立二者良性互动关系,而不可简单移植和照搬西方.     

信息社会下的民法典——兼论法典化之时代使命

一如两百年前一样,人们似乎依旧习惯于仰仗国家来统筹整理法律,并借助综合性法典来展现法律。文章将探讨这种信赖在法典编纂中的合理性。文章着力论证,在信息化时代,法典编纂的法律信息供给功能可以借由比依赖国家创设法律体系更好的方式予以实现。信息化社会使得法律渊源具有多元性,并赋予了市民选择法律来经营生活的可能性。从传统来说,大陆法系以及普通法系国家在编纂法典以实现法律信息的系统化供给方面的经验表明,这些法典化活动能够满足当时的法律信息管理需要,但是传统的法律编纂方式却难以应对信息化社会的挑战。这促使法律需要以不同的姿态面向大众——在国家编纂法典或法律科学的形式之外,借助多元的可供受众选择的法律信息管理模式。     

现代社会人本伦理诉求下的生活价值体验

生活作为人生命活动的展开方式，是人根据自己的意志和目的进行的生命活动，是人全面本质的展开，本真生活是属人的，以人为本。现代社会实质是以资本市场逻辑和技术理性为主导逻辑建构而成的物化社会，置身其中的现代人的现实生活实质上趋向物，处于异质生活境遇，怎样在现代生活境遇里获得生存的意义，过有价值的生活，回归“人本”生活状态，关键在于对“物本”异化力量主导所形成的现代人的异质生活境遇的超越，即对生活的价值体验。     

对民法"物"的再认识

以罗马法、法国法为代表的采广义“物”的概念和以德国法、日本法为代表的采“物必有体”的看法各有利弊。随着现代社会的发展 ,“物”的概念已呈明显的扩张趋势。因而现代民法上的物应采广义之概念而物权法上的“物”特别是所有权应以有体物为原则 ,无体物为例外     

Charity Law in England An Overview

Charities have existed as a legal form of organization in England for over 400 years. This paper provides an overview of charity law and regulation in England from a non-legal perspective. It examines the principles underpinning charity law; the role of the charity regulator; and some of the recent changes contained in the Charities Act 2006.     

国家公务员立法的缺陷与完善

我国的国家公务员立法起步较晚,其所确定的国家公务员制度继承了新中国干部人事制度的某些内容,而不是对过去干部人事制度的全面否定,在科学管理国家公务员以及推进政治体制改革方面起到了积极的作用.但是,我国的国家公务员立法也存在着不足,主要表现在立法形式低下,体系不完善.对此,需要进一步完善,加强国家公务员的立法.     

论民事证据法上的诚信原则

诚信原则在民法与民事诉讼法上具有十分重要的地位,其在民事证据法领域的适用在最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》中有所体现。现行立法关于举证时限与证据失权、证人真实义务、举证责任分配与证据审查判断的相关规则在一定程度上体现了诚信原则之精神,但远非完善。为了促进民事司法公正与效率的实现,不仅应该确立诚信原则在立法上的原则地位,而且要将其转化为可以操作的具体规范,以建立完善的诚信规则体系。     

法治运行的理性思考

文章以政治国家与市民社会二元化社会结构为切入点分析我国法治理论、实践应由强调法治的治国制度特性和管理、强制功能,向法治对公民个体权利的保护功能转变。通过权利主体由抽象转向具体,实现权利的物化,使法治得以实现全社会的普遍遵守。     

根本法、市民法、公民法和社会法--社会与国家关系视野中的法体系初探

宪法不是公法,而是高于私法也高于公法的根本法.市民社会与政治国家的分立,产生了公私法的划分,也就是市民法和公民法.现代社会,公私法的融合造成全新的社会法.社会主义国家应当自觉地把社会法视为政治国家回归市民社会的一条通途.     

中国农村市民社会发展的路径选择

中国农村社会传统上是乡土社会,但是在当代中国社会变迁的历史进程中,它已经展现出向现代市民社会转型的必然趋势。本文结合农村社会发展的现实状况,运用市民社会理论从社会自治、政府职能和法治秩序三个方面分析了中国农村市民社会发育、发展的道路。     

Challenges of Dealing with Financial Concerns during Life-Threatening Illness: Perspectives of Health Care Practitioners

ABSTRACT

The costs of serious medical illness and end of life care are often a heavy burden for patients and families (Collins, Stepanczuk, Williams, & Rich, 2016 Collins, A., Stepanczuk, C., Williams, N., & Rich, E. (2016). Supporting better patient decisions at the point of care: What payers and delivery systems can do (Mathematica Policy Research Issue Brief). Retrieved from http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/mprmprres/6c6a86e28d7149c993713352eeceaa18.htm [Google Scholar]; Kim, 2007 Kim, P. (2007). Cost of cancer care: The patient perspective. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25(2), 228–232. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.07.9111[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; May et al., 2014 May, C. R., Eton, D. T., Boehmer, K., Gallacher, K., Hunt, K., MacDonald, S.,?… &?Rogers, A. E. (2014). Rethinking the patient: Using burden of treatment theory to understand the changing dynamics of illness. BMC health services research, 14(1), 1–11. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-281[Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]; Zarit, 2004 Zarit, S. H. (2004). Family care and burden at the end of life. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 170(12), 1811–1812. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1040196[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Twenty-six practitioners, including social workers, managers/administrators, supervisors, and case managers from five health care settings, participated in qualitative semistructured interviews about financial challenges patients encountered. Seven practitioners took part in a focus group. Practitioners were recruited from hospice (n?=?5), long-term care (n?=?5), intensive care (n?=?5), dialysis (n?=?6), and oncology (n?=?5). Interview and focus group questions focused on financial challenges patients encountered when facing life-threatening illness. Interview data were transcribed and thematically coded and trustworthiness of data was established with peer debriefing, member checking, and agreement on themes among the authors. Practitioners described interacting micro, meso, and macroinfluences on the financial well-being and challenges patients encountered. Microlevel influences involved patient characteristics, such as their demographic profile and/or health status that set them up for financial aptitude or challenges. Macrolevel influences involved the larger health care/safety net system, which provided valuable resources for some patients but not others. Practitioners also discussed the mesolevel of influence, the local setting where they worked to match available resources with patients’ individual needs given the constraints emerging from the micro and macrolevels. Practitioners described how they navigated the interplay of these three areas to meet patients’ needs and cope with financial challenges. Implications for practice point to directly addressing the kind of financial concerns that patients and families facing financial burden from serious medical illness have, and identifying ways to bridge knowledge and resource access gaps at the individual, organizational, and societal levels.     

中国国际私法的发展取向

国际私法趋同化是当代国际私法进一步发展的基本走向。中国的国际私法应顺应潮流 ,尽量与国际社会的普遍实践保持一致。同时 ,我们不能忽略中国国际私法应具有中国特色 ,要加快中国国际私法法典化进程 ,使国际私法更好地为我国社会主义经济建设服务。     

日本中央政府高级公务员考核研究及其启示

日本中央政府高级公务员考核制度作为其公务员制度的重要组成部分,很大程度上保证了日本公务员队伍的廉洁与高效。本文以日本中央政府高级公务员管理方面的法律法规和制度等为依据,以考核内容、考核主体、考核周期、考核方法和结果应用为框架,梳理了其在高级公务员绩效考核具体做法和晋升考核的内容与程序,并在此基础上提炼出了对我国党政领导干部绩效考核和晋升考核的借鉴与启示。