《劳动合同法》之错的社会法学解析——个别劳动法的局限与集体劳动法的倚重

我国以《劳动合同法》为代表的个别劳动法具有特别私法的本质属性,它主要将劳动关系当做用人单位与劳动者之间的个体利益冲突来处理,进而以劳动者个体向用人单位主张权益以及权益遭受侵害后寻求司法救济的机制来运行。个别劳动法并不能强制用人单位履行劳动法为保护劳动者权益而设定的义务,劳动者个体大多选择放弃维权导致法律保护不能直接辐射到劳动者集体（特别是无法给予劳动者积极、有效的预防性保护）,鼓励劳动者个体积极实施＂私人执法＂,特别是主张劳动合同无效带有很强的悖论色彩。故此,倚重集体劳动法调整劳动关系是未来我国劳动法的必由之路。     

The regulatory challenge of occupational safety and health in the online platform economy

The online platform economy raises a range of intricate legal questions connected to labour law and social security protection. In particular, the atypical forms of labour relationships used by many online platforms (e.g. multilateral, hyper‐temporary, off‐site, autonomous), often contractually defined as independent contracting, have challenged the application of labour and occupational health and safety law in many countries across the world, as the application of these norms tends to be dependent on the existence of an “employment relationship”. These developments are compounding the general increase in atypical employment, especially as a result of the 2007–08 financial and economic crisis. It has mostly fallen to courts to resolve the disputes between online platforms and their online platform workers, but some European Union (EU) Member States (such as France) have taken specific legal measures in response to these difficulties. Also, the EU‐level as such is becoming increasingly involved, with the Court of Justice’s ruling in the case of Uber providing some guidance on the “employment question”, and a pending legislative initiative on a Directive for Transparent and Predictable Working Conditions which may provide minimum labour protection for online platform workers in the EU. This article analyzes the problem of labour law in the online platform economy and surveys the various responses by courts and policy‐makers across the EU, which may furthermore set the tone for developments outside the EU in this area.     

The Labor Law and the Preferential Treatment for Small Businesses

Tens of millions of small businesses, including countless individually run businesses, are operating in China. Hampered by their scale and limited job creation capacity, China’s small businesses need a more flexible approach to employment. In fact, their small size and their lack of technical expertise and standardized management mean that these small businesses find it hard to operate in strict compliance with labor laws in the way larger businesses do. Some other countries and regions tend to give preferential treatment to small businesses, exempting them from some of the provisions of labor law. China could consider changing the “one size fits all” provisions of its labor law to give preferential treatment to small businesses with regard to terminating employment contracts, drawing up regulations, signing contracts, and anti-discrimination in employment requirements.     

The Collective Transformation of Labor Relations and Improvement of the Government＇s Labor Policy

中国的劳动关系正由个别劳动关系调整向集体劳动关系调整转型。《劳动合同法》的颁布实施，标志着中国劳动关系的个别调整在法律建构上已经初步完成，同时也开启了劳动关系集体调整的新起点。现实中的个别劳动关系建构和调整，已经无法解决劳资矛盾和维系劳动关系的稳定。在劳动关系集体化转型的过程中，有两种互补的力量和途径：一是政府主导的自上而下的建构过程，二是劳动者自发的自下而上的促进过程。从权利争议到利益争议，是劳动关系集体化转型的重要特点。中国的劳工政策亟待调整和完善，内容包括劳动关系理论指导和调整模式的选择、集体劳动法的健全、劳动者集体权利的确认以及两种劳工力量的关系处理等。     

The Collective Transformation of Labor Relations and Improvement of the Government’s Labor Policy

China is currently undergoing a transition from individual to collective labor relations. The enactment of the Labor Contract Law marks the initial completion of adjustments to individual labor relations in terms of legal construction, as well as the starting point for the adjustment of collective labor relations. The construction and regulation of individual labor relations is not sufficient to resolve the conflict between labor and capital or to maintain industrial peace. In the shift toward collective labor relations there are two complementary forces and paths: the government-led top-down construction process, and the workers’ spontaneous bottom-up mobilization. The shift from disputes over rights to disputes over interests is an important characteristic of the transition toward collective labor relations. Chinese labor policy urgently needs to be reconstructed and refined. Its content should include the guiding role of labor relations theory and choice of adjustment models, sound collective labor law, recognition of the collective rights of workers, handling of the relationship of labor’s two forces, etc.     

The difficulties of extending social security in Tunisia's agricultural sector

The development of social security in the agricultural sector in Tunisia faces obstacles due to the particular social and economic conditions that apply. The desire of the public authorities to extend social protection to the rural population as a whole runs up against both technical and financial problems. The exact number of people employed in the agricultural sector is not known and it is difficult to define precisely the range of persons to be protected. The changes that have been made in the legal framework in order to adapt social security to the composition and the working conditions of the agricultural population have not achieved their objective. The lack of a coherent system is reflected in particular in the variety of legal provisions and schemes which may be applicable to employees engaged in the same work or working in the same firm. The precarious nature of agricultural employment, the low incomes and thus the low contributory capacity of the workers, the level of benefits offered — in the agricultural schemes sometimes very much below those in the general scheme — all these make social security appear impossible to achieve or not worth while. The resistance encountered by the social security institution may also be due in part to the failure of the Social Security Fund to make people sufficiently aware of the position in the face of some of the traditional structures of solidarity.     

On the Value Reconstruction and System Innovation of the Labor Contract Law

Since its very release in March 2006, the opinion-soliciting draft of the Labor Contract Law has sparked considerable controversy. Indeed, the whole process of its consideration, promulgation, implementation and amendment has been accompanied by complex questioning and a diversity of views. This has to some extent reduced appreciation of the value of the Labor Contract Law itself. In the economy and society, rational legal construction can minimize the damage done by the failure of private negotiations. The Labor Contract Law is dedicated to changing the action space of workers and enterprises in order to promote efficiency in production and equity in distribution. With the aim of constructing and developing harmonious and stable labor relations, the law seeks to encourage workers and enterprises to forge communities of shared interests, shared undertakings, a common destiny and a joint mission; it is here that the true value of the law lies. In terms of institutional design, in building a system that categorizes workplace employment, the Labor Contract Law makes a breakthrough in workplace labor relations management and sets up an innovative labor relations management system with Chinese characteristics. Faced with the new normal in labor relations, we should make further progress in strengthening democratic enterprise management, optimizing the developmental environment of business, etc.     

The Institutional Construction of Collective Contracts under the Labor Contract Law: Dilemma and Solution

The Labor Contract Law classifies collective contracts as special labor contracts, ignoring the fundamental differences between collective contracts and labor contracts. This has plunged it into jurisprudential obstacles and institutional difficulties. In terms of the main entities, efficacy, dispute settlement mechanisms, etc. collective contracts have their own institutional characteristics. They should be incorporated into the legislative framework for collective labor relations in future legislation, and should link up with trade unions, collective consultation and collective dispute settlement to form a complete system of collective labor law.     

多边贸易体制下中国发展中国家地位问题研究——基于历史、现实与规范的多维考察

当前,发展中国家地位问题受到国际社会的高度关注,已成为世界贸易组织改革中的主要讨论议题。然而,现行世界贸易组织多边规则体系中并没有关于“发展中国家地位”的清晰界定,“自我认定”的方式正遭受一些国家的挑战。发展中国家地位和特殊与差别待遇条款密切相关,世界贸易组织规则体系中涵盖的155项特殊与差别待遇条款为发展中国家的国内政策提供了一定的灵活性,尽管多数为“最佳努力条款”。中国的发展中国家地位兼具身份和契约的双重属性,部分发达国家迫使中国放弃发展中国家地位,本质上旨在继续维持其在国际经济秩序中的主导地位。虽然中国的发展正处于“强起来”的第三阶段,但仍须坚持发展中国家地位不动摇。放弃发展中国家地位并不等于将获得发达国家的自动接纳,相反,还会影响到在其他国际组织和国际事务中的角色扮演,中国的发展离不开广大发展中国家的支持。当然,坚持发展中国家地位并不等于需要和其他发展中成员享受完全一致的差别待遇,在后续谈判中,中国可以保持一定的灵活性。在国际治理中,中国也将继续为国际社会的发展提供解决方案,树立负责任大国形象。     

"法制不统一国家法律的适用"的立法设计与论证

法院在审理涉外民事案件时,经常会面临法制不统一国家法律的适用问题.在这方面,我国立法无明确规定,存在立法上的空白.为配合我国正在进行"涉外民事关系的法律适用法"的立法,文章对其中的"法制不统一国家法律的适用"条文进行了设计,并从立法和实践的角度,对"法制不统一国家"的内涵、法制不统一国家法律的适用方法等问题作了说明和论证.     

构建我国顶岗实习工伤保险制度的法律思考

我国有关顶岗实习工伤的立法存在诸多缺陷,导致实践中的困惑,且对顶岗实习各方的权益保护不足,不利于社会和谐。工伤保险模式是必然的选择,在将顶岗实习工伤纳入工伤保险制度时,应考虑其特殊性,做出变通性规定。     

Sonic air-conditioning: muzak as affect management for office workers in Japan

Muzak is what musique concrète composer Pierre Schaeffer referred to as “acousmatic sound” – sound we hear without seeing its source. Muzak’s presence in public space is particularly relevant in Japan, a country often critiqued or celebrated as a “sound saturated society” where background music is engineered to a spectacular degree. BGM, as Muzak is referred to in Japanese, is simultaneously unnoticed, dismissed, ironically appreciated, and, more recently, used to heal, calm, and manage white-collar office workers at a time in which mental health issues, work-life balance, and the negative effects of overwork on office workers are increasingly on the rise. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with background music employees in Tokyo and analysis of the company’s print media literature concerning their music for office workers program, this essay explores the relationship between background music and the affective management of worker stress in contemporary Japan. I argue that BGM in Japan is emerging as a form of ambient labor control that exploits a particular mode of sonic engagement. The essay focuses in particular on the culture industry surrounding the use of BGM as a means to effectively manage office workers and their environments in post-economic bubble Japan.     

菲律宾政府对南沙群岛“主权诉求”的因由演变

从"国家安全"到"国家主权",从一般国际法原则到国际海洋法制度,综观菲律宾政府对南沙群岛主权主张的演变,其所提出的"证据"与"理由"均属其历史发展及民族主义情绪下行政或立法的产物。随着国际政治现实变化及国际法发展,菲律宾政府的法律主张从单方面依据国内主张或立法,逐步转变为寻求国际法支持,并向《联合国海洋法公约》所确立的制度靠近。未来随着国际法发展、菲律宾国内行政实践以及立法的变化,仍有进一步整合的可能性。     

北京中小企业和谐劳动关系的构建

本文在调查的基础上,分析了北京中小企业劳动关系的现状及存在的问题,提出了适应北京中小企业劳动关系的系统化调整模式,即在宏观层面以政府为主导进行宏观调控,以维持劳动关系的基本稳定;在中观层面建立行业集体谈判机制,以保持劳动关系的相对稳定;在微观层面建立以参与为核心的人力资源管理调整机制,以确保劳动关系在组织层面得到不断改善。     

State Policies as a Source of Civil Law*

State policies exert a great influence over Chinese civil justice. Article 6 of the General Principles of Civil Law stipulates that state policies are a source of civil law, but the path by which they enter civil justice is not a rational one and may lead to adjudication difficulties with state policies. State policies are integrated with state law, and the laws and legal interpretations formulated by the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee, judicial interpretations, administrative regulations, autonomous regulations and special regulations, administrative rules and other regulatory documents are forms of expression of state policies. Different rules for adjudication apply depending on the different vehicles of state policy. The Supreme People’s Court can play a role in making public policy and guiding state policy into civil adjudication through “open” and “unseen” channels.     

我国涉外产品责任法律适用制度的立法完善

随着世界经济的进一步发展 ,涉外产品责任案件日益增多。伴随这一发展趋势 ,有关确定涉外产品责任的法律适用逐渐成为国际私法研究的热点问题。目前我国还尚未建立有关确定涉外产品责任的专门法律制度 ,而是笼统地采用适用侵权行为地法。这一做法使原本复杂的法律问题变得过于简单化。文章是在对传统法律制度进行分析的基础上 ,提出确定涉外产品责任法律适用制度的发展趋势及我国在这一领域内的立法完善 ,以促进我国涉外产品责任专门法律制度的尽快建立。     

The Failure of Labor Dispatch Regulation and Its Remedy

In the course of the drafting, enactment and amendment of the Labor Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China, the legal provisions regulating labor dispatch have been tightened up. In practice, however, the labor dispatch system is flourishing in a way that defies market trends. The ultimate reason for this is that much of the system goes under the name of human resource outsourcing to bamboozle the public and evade the law, in effect making the legal provisions a dead letter. The result is that the more the industry is regulated, the more it multiplies and the more chaotic it becomes. Based on comparative law research methodology, this article reviews the legal systems relating to labor dispatch in Germany, the US and other countries. It demonstrates and affirms the institutional value of the labor dispatch system, and categorizes its different types. The fundamental cause of the phenomenon of labor dispatch’s assumption of the guise of human resource outsourcing is the absence of substantive review. We suggest introducing and perfecting such investigation to stem the industry’s deep-seated abuses.     

当前我国社会法若干问题的思考

在刚刚启动的以经济建设为中心转向以经济社会发展为中心的转型与国际金融危机碰撞后,危机前的民生问题在危机后更加严重,转型更加紧迫,更需要以劳动法和社会保障法为中心的社会法作为阻隔经济危机引发社会危机的防火墙发挥作用。为此,需要对社会法的若干问题重新思考,例如,对用工成本应当作广义理解,并对以不正当转嫁为特点用工成本负担结构做出调整;劳动关系协调机制建设不宜单项突进,而应当整体进化;土地承包经营权流转应当与农民的非农就业和社会保障同步联动。     

北京市家政工研究

家政工是北京市非正规就业的重要组成部分,90%以上均为女性。这一职业存在法律真空、就业不稳定、情感劳动、性骚扰等多重困境。建议加快制定相关法规,由政府采取统一的扶持政策,深化北京市服务领域改革,优化服务业发展环境。     

China’s Choice of Analytical Models for Its Anti-Monopoly Law

Modern analytical models for anti-monopoly laws are a core element of the application of those laws. Since the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China was promulgated in 2008, law enforcement and judicial authorities have applied different analytical models, leading to divergent legal and regulatory outcomes as similar cases receive different verdicts. To select a suitable analytical model for China’s Anti-Monopoly Law, we need to consider the possible contribution of both economic analysis and legal formalism and to learn from the mature systems and experience of foreign countries. It is also necessary to take into account such binding constraints as the current composition of China’s anti-monopoly legal system, the ability of implementing agencies and the supply of economic analysis, in order to ensure complementarity between the analytical model chosen and the complexity of economic analysis and between the professionalism of implementing agencies and the cost of compliance for participants in economic activities. In terms of institutional design, the models should provide a considered explanation of the legislative aims of the law’s provisions. It is necessary, therefore, to establish a processing model of behavioral classification that is based on China’s national conditions, applies analytical models using normative comprehensive analysis, makes use of the distribution rule of burden of proof, improves supporting systems related to analytical models and enhances the ability of public authorities to implement the law.