SPECIAL ISSUE： NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE COURSE OF GLOBALIZATION National Identity in the Era of Globalization： Crisis and Reconstruction

全球化时代的到来,对国家认同产生了诸多的挑战。要应对这一挑战,需要我们从理论的层面加以科学阐释。考察国家认同的概念可以看到,国家认同实质上是包含制度、利益、文化、非国家共同体认同的“四位一体”,其基本特征包含生成机制的原生性和构建性、表现形式的意识性和行动性、内容体系的政治性和行动性、维持机制的情感性和利益性,以及发展状态的稳定性和发展性。全球化时代国家认同危机包含着政治、经济、文化三个层面,民族国家认同危机产生的根源是国家治理的失效。要在全球化背景下推动国家认同的构建,着力点在于：推动政治体制改革,探索治理民主模式,构建国家认同的制度性前提;促进经济发展,维护公平正义,构建国家认同的利益性保障;发展民族文化,加强价值整合,丰富国家认同的文化内涵;正视不同层次共同体的发展,促进国家认同的共同体整合。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE COURSE OF GLOBALIZATION China＇s National Identity in Transition： Domestic and International Perspectives （1982-2012）

对全球化时代的中国而言,国家认同与民族认同、文化认同密切互动,面临着挑战与重塑的双重压力。从国内、国际两个大局密切结合的角度,就制度、经济、文化、政治、战略等五个维度深入剖析中国国家认同,有助于梳理改革开放以来中国国家认同变迁的轨迹。通过凝聚国内共识、提升国际认可来强化中国国家认同,中国应进一步培育公民意识,加强国家软实力建设,强化国家认同、地区认同与全球认同的关联,积极担当发展中国家和发达国家的桥梁。     

China’s National Identity in Transition: Domestic and International Perspectives (1982-2012)

In the era of globalization, China’s national identity is in close interaction with ethno- cultural and cultural identity, and is facing great challenges and is under pressure to reshape itself. An in-depth analysis of the Chinese national identity in its institutional, economic, cultural, political and strategic dimensions from both domestic and international perspectives can help us grasp the transition that has taken place in China’s national identity since 1978. In order to strengthen China’s national identity by building domestic consensus and increasing international recognition, China needs to further foster its civic consciousness, increase its soft power, enhance the ties between its national, regional and global identities and actively assume the role of a bridge between the developing and the developed countries.     

Political Identity: A Perspective from Cultural Identity

Identity is the “sameness” and belonging of identification. In a real sense, cultural identity is often related to ethno-cultural identity, while political identity and national identity are more often inseparable. Cultural identity lays particular stress on the group destiny of a people or ethnic group from which its members cannot withdraw. Political identity, on the other hand, highlights the subjective values and intentions chosen, judged and assessed by the members of society. Since modern times, politics, as the surface of the social structure, has demonstrated increasingly serious conflict and perplexity, and the decline of the political identity has gradually developed into a common social phenomenon. Considering the high complementarity and the mutual stimulation between cultural identity and political identity, we should take cultural identity as the pivot for our entry into the actual practice of community politics, with a view to promoting institutional innovations, making interest adjustments, and intensifying the community members’ sense of belonging. These are exceptionally meaningful for strengthening the political identity of a community.     

SPECIAL ISSUE： NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE COURSE OF GLOBALIZATION Political Identity： A Perspective from Cultural Identity

认同是“同一性”及身份的归属。在现实性上,文化认同往往与民族认同联系在一起,政治认同则与国家认同如影随形。文化认同侧重的是民族成员不可退出的族属命运,政治认同则凸显了社会成员选择和判断的主观意旨。近代以降,悬浮在社会结构表层的政治因时代特征的变化而显现出不断加深的矛盾和困惑,政治认同的现实式微已经成为普遍的社会现象。鉴于文化认同与政治认同之间高度的互补性和相互促进性,以文化认同为支点切入共同体政治的实际,带动制度创新、进行利益调适、强化身份归属,对共同体政治认同的强化格外具有现实意义。     

POLITICAL DECENTRALISATION AND THE RESURGENCE OF REGIONAL IDENTITIES IN THAILAND

This article looks at the cultural resurgence that is taking place in Thailand's regions and amongst its ethnic minorities after a century of assimilationist policies carried out by the central Thai government in the interests of national integration. The article argues that the cultural resurgence is a result of three decades of economic development and a parallel process of democratisation of the political system. This has not only given different cultural groups new political rights to express their culture openly, but has also resulted in the government no longer regarding such expressions of cultural identity as posing a threat to Thai national unity.     

National Identity in the Context of Globalization: A Structural Perspective

In this era of “liquid modernity,” China faces the dual pressures of external globalization and internal social transformation. Within these dual space-time coordinates, academic research should address the question of what makes national identity possible by moving away from its fixation on macro-narratives and concrete micro-analysis of civic or ethnic identity, etc., to focus on meso-analysis. To do this, it is important to allay individuals’ ontological anxiety so that they return to ontological security; to realize the production and reproduction of a national centripetal force; and to highlight the functional power of national identity. Both theoretical studies and real-world experience show that national identity cannot play a stable and coherent role on its own, but needs the structural support of three fundamental systems: economic incentives, political values, and institutional organization. The functional cohesion of these systems provides an effective path to the realization of national identity.     

论东盟一体化中效忠转移的困境——从认同政治的视角考察

在东盟一体化进程中,主导性认同归属的转换以及基于此的效忠转移,并非像新功能主义所设想的那样可以轻易实现。地区认同与民族认同之间的内在矛盾和冲突,使新功能主义所预期的效忠转移陷入理论上的困境。东盟一体化既建构了地区认同,又建构了东盟各国内部的民族认同,某种程度上强化了两种认同之间的矛盾。随着一体化的深入发展,东南亚地区结构会不断演进,民族国家的政治权威也会逐渐开始转移,使认同之间的冲突逐渐弱化,进而使效忠转移在东盟未来的一体化进程中最终成为可能。     

National Identity Crisis in Developing Countries in the Global Age and Its Causes

After the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, great changes have occurred in the world scenario, with ethnic clashes and national conflicts becoming all the more salient, making national identity a hot topic in reality and the academia. To address the issue of national identity in the age of globalization, a deep-going theoretical discussion of the logic behind it is necessary, a discussion that covers the nature of both ethno-cultural identity and national identity, the superiority of national identity to ethno-cultural identity and the logic behind national identity crisis. In terms of the need for social identity, globalization, while changing the power structure of the world, weakens the autonomy of developing countries, especially that of those which are still in the process of modernization and are confronted with risks inherent in social transformation and where a resultant structural imbalance undermines the state’s integrity and control, making national identity less appealing to ethnic groups. As a result, regional ethnic identity comes to the fore, leading to national identity crises in developing countries.     

SPECIAL ISSUE： NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE COURSE OF GLOBALIZATION National Identity Crisis in Developing Countries in the Global Age and Its Causes

20世纪90年代以后,随着冷战的结束,世界图景发生了巨大变化,全球性族裔冲突和民族矛盾更加凸显,这使得国家认同成为现实和学术关注的重点M题。在全球化时代,要较好地处理国家认同问题,需要在基础理论层面对国家认同发生的逻辑,即民族认同的性质、国家认同的性质、陶家认同对地方民族认同以及国家认同危机发生的逻辑等进行彻底的分析。从社会认同需求的角度分析,全球化对现代世界权力结构的改变削弱了发展中国家的自主性,特别是发展中国家的现代化尚未完成,面临着社会转型的风险,呈现出结构性失衡,从而降低了国家整合治理能力,使得国家认问对民族成员的意义进一步被削弱,并引起了地方民族认同的兴起,进而导致了发展中因家的国家认同危机的发生。     

论全球文化与民族文化

经济全球化必定推动文化全球化的到来。全球文化是在全球范围内流传广泛和深远的、先进的、占主导地位的文化。民族文化是一个民族国家在长期的历史发展过程中所积淀的民族精神和民族观念。全球文化不是同质和一元文化 ,而是由各民族的先进文化所组成的多元的和异质文化。文化全球化是由西方发达国家所主导的文化扩张 ,从而 ,全球文化和民族文化会发生冲突。要建立全球文化新秩序 ,西方发达国家必须以平等的方式对待世界各民族文化 ,同时 ,发展中国家必须不断创新本民族文化 ,把本民族文化融入全球文化之中     

全球化：超越民族国家，还是超越民族文化?

全球化的实质并不在于超越民族国家 ,而在于超越民族文化。因为民族国家既是一个政治意识形态共同体 ,又是一个民族文化共同体。全球化进程在消除了民族国家之间政治意识形态上的对立之后 ,各民族文化上的对立就成为全球化进程中的核心问题。只有在各民族文化的基础上 ,建立一种全球文化 ,才能真正超越各民族文化上的对立     

SPECIAL ISSUE： GLOBALIZATION AND CONTEMPORARY CHINESE CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION：Logic and trends in cultural globalization and the reconstruction of modern Chinese culture

文化全球化存在着由一国推行的全球化文化与多国平等商量而确定的全球化文化之双重逻辑,由于当今世界经济与政治秩序的不平等,前者成为文化全球化过程的强音。要建立自由平等的全球化文化,就必须以社会主义意识形态为指导,改变不公正的世界经济与政治秩序。全球化文化不是单一的,更不是异质的,它是一体中的多样化或多样中的一体化。     

帝都，国都，故都--近代北京的空间政治与文化表征（1898-1937）

近代北京的空间变迁与当时政治、文化背景密切相关。从帝都到国都再到故都,在城市现代化的历史进程中,北京政治地位、城市身份的变化与文化传统影响了城市空间变迁的路径。帝都空间结构的解构,国都的空间开放、公共空间的开辟、消费和娱乐空间的转型,故都的文化游览中心建设,都受北京特定政治环境与文化传统影响。北京保守的政治观念与地域文化传统抑制了其现代化改造,使近代北京呈现出传统与现代相交叠的空间形态。     

纽埃的社会变迁及其民族、文化的迷失

纽埃从前殖民时期封闭、独立的民族主体,正一步一步向以新西兰为代表的西方国家文化价值延伸。随着文化价值取向的演变,大量的纽埃人移居海外,留守本土的纽埃居民数量急剧减少,但无论留守居民还是海外移民,都经历着前所未有的文化失落与身份困惑,从而产生了深刻的自卑感。本文认为,纽埃的自然资源严重匮乏、地理位置孤立、自然灾害频发,它的生存与发展亟需国际社会各方面的援助,而这些援助又不可避免地加重了纽埃民族的失落与困惑。     

从全球生态危机看发达国家与发展中国家的合作

生态危机的全球性迫使各国认识到跨国合作的必要性 ,各国追求自身利益的强烈冲动与国际社会的根本特征决定了这种合作关系自始至终与其对立面———冲突交织在一起 ,合作是在冲突中实现的。国家间的能力差异对国际合作具有特别重要的意义 ,发达国家与发展中国家的合作关系是全球生态领域合作的焦点。伴随着冲突的合作关系表现在道德的价值取向、经济问题、政治问题和公平问题四个方面。     

Governance Change and Political Identity in the Internet Age

The advent of the Internet era has triggered profound changes in national governance, and the profound complexity and highly uncertain nature of governance have imposed new requirements on political identification in the new era. Whether seen environmentally from the point of view of the governance environment or from the point of view of the subjects and structures of governance, the changes brought about by the Internet to national governance have challenged political identity. Therefore, in response to the challenges to political identification posed by changes in Internet governance in the context of the new era, it is necessary to reconstruct new bonds for the political identity of the mass of the people by promoting the modernization of Internet governance on the basis of maintaining a firm grip on domination of cyberspace ideology: implementing integrated governance to achieve developmental identity; strengthening service-oriented governance to build subject identification; and promoting responsive governance to enhance sustainable identity.     

公共物品的生产与社区整合机制

在《黄河边的中国》一书中,曹锦清(2000:114、624-626)教授讨论 了改革以后农村地区一种颇为典型的现象:人民公社时期调集千万名 劳动力建成的水利系统,由于分田单干的小生产方式及农户的自私短 见,却是屡修屡毁。曹由此感慨再三:中国村落农民,历来善分不善合     

民族节日与道德记忆

节日是民族文化的个性化和集中化表达,展现不同民族的文化风貌是民族节日活动的精神性特征。民族节日t的文化展演强化了共同体成员对民族价值观的道德记忆,民族的道德记忆不仅有利于共同体伦理关系的延续和扩展,激发共同体内部的团结与和谐等道德力量,而且是民族身份认同的伦理基础。道德记忆是民族的道德知识,在将道德知识转化为道德实践的过程中,道德濡化是一个必不可少的重要环节。     

重构中国现实主体的现代文化意识

从哲学思维的角度分析,任何民族文化都是历史性与时代性、继承与创新、开放与重构的统一.继承而无批判,就会导致复古主义;批判若无继承,就会导致历史虚无主义;开放若不重构,就会导致全盘西化或者全盘洋化.当前重构中国现实主体现代文化意识的主旨,就在于继承优秀传统文化的同时,赋予或注入现时代的新内容,主动吸取异质文化的积极因素来补充和发展自己,获得自我发展的新形态.