Evaluation of Fertility Levels and Adjustment of Fertility Policy： Based on the Current Situation of the Chinese Mainland＇s Provincial Fertility Levels

“十一五”期间我国大陆的总和生育率为1．481,呈稳中有降态势,形成了“中、西部中度低水平,东部深度低水平,东北极度低水平”的空间格局。除少数极低生育率省区回升外,实际生育率及其与政策生育率的比值仍在下降。生育率下降的主要推动力是发展,突出表现为生育旺盛期育龄妇女比总人口和育龄妇女的城镇化、非农化水平高、人口外出流动比例大,以及城镇生产、生活方式和文化观念对农业人口的同化作用。发展促使生育率下降的趋势已不可逆转。现行生育政策难以使生育率稳定在合理的低水平。有可能引起政策性反弹的重点在计划生育基础较好的城镇和东部及东北地区;有可能引起非政策性反弹的势能,已基本释放;中、西部农村年轻一代妇女多胎生育平均只有4．12％。生育政策调整完善中的生育率反弹可通过渐进式策略实施有效调控,不会引起生育率大幅强烈反弹。我国生育政策全国统一调整时机已成熟。     

A Study on Low Fertility─Supplement to and Development of the Theory of Demographic Transition

Ⅰ.ShouldthePhenomenonofLowFertilityBeStudiedTheoreticallyandinPracticeorNot?Afteradramaticfallinfertilityinthe1970sandafluctuatingbutslowerfaIlinthe1980s,newfeaturesrelatedtothetotalbirthratehavebeennotedinthefirstfiveyearsofthe1990s,i.e.,moreandmoreprovinces,municipalitiesandautonomousregionsinChinaareapproachingorhavebeguntoexperiencenegativepopulationgrowth.Nationwide,thebirthratehasdroppedfrom2.31birthsperwomanin1990to2.00in1992(alreadyunderthereplacementlevelof2.1).In1992,twenty-onep…     

The Significance of Monitoring the Currency Supply at Various Levels in China

ThecurrencysupplyinChinaiscurrentlydividedintothreelevels:cashincirculationM,,currencyM,,andquasi-moneyM,.Sincethescopeofthesethreeindexesisdifferent,theyreactdifferentlytofinancialdevelopments.Atpresent,thecentralbanksupervisesthesupplyofcurrencyatthesethreelevelsatthesametime,andannouncesanychangesinthematfixedintervals-However,underthepresentsystem,howaretheyassociatedwithChina'soverallmacro-economicgoals?Whatdochangesinthesupplyofcurrencyatdifferentlevelsindicate?AsanimportantbasisofChi…     

China's Low Fertility

I.TheSituationandTendencyofFertilityTransitionThedrasticchangeinChinesefertilitysincethe1970sisthemostprofounddemographicchangeincontemporaryChina.Asthegoaloftheplannedchildbearingeffort,China'slowfertilityhasalreadybecomeareality.Thetransitioninfertilitynormallyundergoesfourstages:1)Thepre-transitionstage,whenthesumferti1ityisabove6.5,or,althoughthesumfertilityislowerthan6.5,itremainsatastablehighlevelforalongperiodoftimewithoutsignsofdropping,orevenshowingarisingtrend(fluctuations).2)The…     

Understanding Children and Adolescents’ Victimizations at Multiple Levels: An Ecological Review of the Literature

ABSTRACT

This article examines children and adolescent exposure to violence in various contexts. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify the definitions and types of violence reported in studies on victimization using the ecological systems framework. Sources included research studies and/or reports from scholarly journals (n = 140), books (n = 9), conferences/workshops (n = 5), and Web sources, such as Uniform Crime Reports (n = 23). The findings indicated that research differed in terminologies, conceptual and operational definitions, sample sizes, and age group classification for children and adolescents. Furthermore, studies lacked focus on the co-occurrence and interrelatedness of victimization and how these factors might affect the outcomes. Many studies employed a cross-sectional design, which limits strong conclusions about the temporal order of victimization experiences and outcomes. Future research efforts need more consistency among researchers in conceptual and operational definitions and the use of more rigorous designs. Increased holistic assessments are critical for effective prevention and intervention strategies for at-risk children and adolescents.     

Changes in the Chinese Population’s Fertility Intentions: 1980-2011

On the basis of the findings of 227 surveys of Chinese fertility intentions over the years 1980-2011, this paper investigates the longitudinal changes in fertility intentions through cross-temporal meta-analysis. It is found that the ideal number of children for the Chinese trended downwards from 1980, but since 2000 the average number has remained basically stable at 1.6 to 1.8. In the 1980s, people’s fertility levels were higher than their fertility intentions. With economic and educational progress in China, both fertility levels and fertility intentions showed a downward trend, with the former declining faster than the latter. Since 1990, people’s fertility levels have been lower than their fertility intentions; that is, their actual number of children has been less than their ideal number. This provides an empirical basis for examining the changes in China’s fertility intentions and fertility levels.     

On the Historic Evolution of the Tibetan Policy of the American Government

The Tibet policy of the American government is part of its China policy.From     

On the Theoretical Positioning of the Philosophy of Culture

The philosophy of culture became aprominent school of thought in Chinese philo-sophical circles in the 1980s and 1990s.However, one of the major problems con-fronted by studies of the philosophy of cul-ture is its indistinct theoretical boundaries,largely due to the uncertainty of the categoryof culture.     

The Effective Prevention and Cure of HIV/AIDS Must Be Fulfilled through the Common Advance-ment of Modern Civilized Social Systems at the Communal,Regional, National and Global Levels

At present more and more innovativemodels have appeared on the basis of pastpractice in HIV/AIDS social theories, e.g.,the “model of social movement,” the “modelof health-improving social ecology,” the“model of behavior-changing policy” and the“model of social action.” However, in its re-view of the experience of empirical studieson HIV/AIDS the Joint United Nations Pro-gram on HIV/AIDS points out that most ofthe existent behavior-changing theories andmodels for prevention and…     

On the Globalization of the Economy

Somepeopletracetheglobalizationoftheeconomybacktothe15thcentury,whencapitalismwasinitsembryonicstageinEuropeandEuropeanmerchantsbegantodobusinesswithothercontinents.However,thistradeofapIunderingnaturewasonlyapreludetomoderncapitalistlarge-scaleproductionandworldmarkets,apreparationforthelaterinternationalizationofproductionandtheglobalizationoftheeconomyweseetoday.Inthemid-l8thcentury,thefirstscientificandtechnologicalandindustrialrevolutionsoccurred,resultinginthetransformationofhandicraftp…     

The Formation and Main Breakthroughs of the Theory of a Socialist Market Economy-In Celebration of the Twentieth Anniversary of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

Withoutacorrectreformtheorytherewouldbenosuccessfulreformpractice.ThebasicreasonforthetremendousachievementsinChina'sreformandopening-upsincetheThirdPlenarySessionoftheEleventhCentralCommitteeinDecember1978isthattheyhavebeencarriedoutundertheguidanceofDengXiaopingtheory.DengXiaopingtheoryincorporatesextensiveknowledgeandprofoundscholarshipandconstitutesascientificsystem.DengXiaoping'seconomictheoryisaveryimportantcomponentofthisscientificsystemandthesocialistpoliticaleconomicsincontempora…     

Declaration of the Aesthetics of Comedy

当前中国的美学研究是在传统的知识论哲学的基础上进行的,因而"什么是美?"就成了美学研究的根本问题。本文认为,应当从生存论哲学的立场出发去研究美学。这样一来,美学研究的根本问题就转换成"为什么人类需要美?"在人类发展的历史上,之所以会产生美的意识,并逐步形成一门相对独立的学科,是因为美学对人类的生存是有意义的。谁都不会否认,异化、紧张和冲突构成了当代人的生存状态,因而当代人的主导性的审美需要不再是加剧这一状态的悲剧美学,而是喜剧美学。喜剧美学的核心是通过喜剧性(轻松、俏皮、滑稽和幽默)消解异化、紧张和冲突得以形成的不切实际的理想,从而激发当代人的生命力和创造性,使他们从精神上逐步摆脱并超越这一生存状态。     

On the Character of Universality:A Comparative Study on the Mor-phology of the Traditional Phi-losophies of China and the West

Since the era of Plato and Aristotle,Western philosophy has defined the pursuitof universal knowledge as its final goal, lead-ing to the rise of the absolute concept ofuniversality and the world of absolute prin-ciples composed of universal concepts. Tra-ditional philosophy in the West is a learningin search of universal knowledge while thehighest aim for traditional Chinese philoso-phy is to acquire the realm of Tao. This isthe demarcation line dividing the morphol-ogy of the traditional ph…     

A Collectionof Discourseson Philosophy of the Economy TheRise of Philosophy of the Economyin China

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The Sociology of Practice and the Analysis of the Practical Process of Market Transition

“市场转型理论”有四个特点:第一,所关心的主要是正式组织和制度等结构性特征。第二,对于结构性特征的关注,主要是通过大规模问卷调查的方式进行的。第三,基本的理论视角是自上而下的。第四,布达佩斯学派所研究的市场转型国家,主要是东欧,特别是中欧的匈牙利。在这些社会中,市场转型伴随着政体的断裂。本文以对中国市场转型的经验性研究为基础,提出一种“对市场转型实践过程的分析”的研究路径。这种研究路径强调面对市场转型的具体实践过程,通过对市场转型中的过程、机制、技术和逻辑的关注,来实现对市场转型的新的理解。这种路径在方法上更加重视深度的个案研究,并通过将“日常生活”看作是“上”“下”两种力量互动的舞台,来综合“自上而下”和“自下而上”两种互相对立的视角。     

Viewing the Socialist Market Economy in the Light of the Dual Nature of Labor

Thesocialistmarketeconomyisaneweconomicforminthehistoryofmankind.Inordertounderstandthecomplexrelationshipswithinthesocialistmarketeconomy,IbelieveonemustgraspthemostbasicandimPortantprincipleofhistoricalmaterialism,thatis,Marx'sconceptofthedualnatureoflabor.Anydiscussionofthistopicmuststartwiththesocializationofman'slabor.Inthedifferenthistoricalstagesofthedevelopmentofsocialproductionforces,thesocialnatureoflabormanifestsindifferentforms.Inanaturaleconomy,sociallaboristobefoundwithinthenar…     

The Shun Culture Is the Origin of the Moral Culture of the Chinese Nation

According to the 1atest findings of the“Xia—Shang—Zhou Dynasties Dating Project,     

A Milestone in the Development of the Philosophy of Value-Deng Xiaoping's Important Contribution to the Philosophy of Value

Thephilosophyofvalueemergedasanewbranchofphilosophyinthelate19th-early2Othcentury.Intheonehundredorsoyearsofitshistoryithashobbledalongarough,bumpyroad,andhasexertedlittleinfluenceonthedevelopmentofinternationalphilosophy.Thisisduetomanyfactors,themostimportantofwhichisthecomplexityinherentinthequestionofvalue.Noanswerswerefoundforalongtimetothefollowingquestions:1.Theessenceofvalue.Whatisvalue?Howcanitbedefined?Howshouldweunderstandtheessenceofvalue?2.Theevaluationofvalue.Howdoweevaluateva…     

Great Practice and Successful Experience──In Celebration of the Twentieth Anniversary of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China

TheThirdPlenarySessionoftheEleventhCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinawassuccessfullyheldin1978afteranationaldebateonthecriteriafortruthandrestorationoforderoutofchaos.ThissessionmadetheimportantdecisiontoshiftthefocusofthewholeParty'sworktoeconomicconstruction,andtoinitiatereformandopening-up,thusbringingaboutahistoricalturningpointinChina.ThissessionwouldgodownasagreatmilestoneinChinesehistoryforitopenedupanewsituationofcomprehensivereformandmodernizationinChina.Underthefirmleade…     

A Study of the Relationships of Education and the White-collar Stratum

教育在阶级、阶层形成过程中发挥着重要作用。本文运用历史事件方法,着重讨论了在我国体制改革的不同时期,不同类型的教育文凭资格对人们流人中高级白领职业阶层产生的影响。文章认为,在改革过程中,进入中高级白领职业阶层的教育标准经历了由中等职业技术教育向高等职业技术教育再向正规高等教育逐步强化的过程。