Revival and Development of the Criminal Reconciliation System in China

Abstract

随着和谐社会治国方针的提出与宽严相济刑事政策的深化, 中国刑事和解制度呈 现出不断拓展的态势。2012年新?刑事诉讼法?以“特别程序”编的形式, 专章规定 了“刑事和解”, 第一次在?刑事诉讼法?中全面确立了中国式的刑事和解制度。但就 目前立法来看, 刑事和解程序设置还相对粗放, 也存在诸多争议。刑事和解未来发展 方向应当强化规则性完善与制度性建设。

With the adoption of the governance policy of a harmonious society and with the further strengthening of the criminal policy of mitigating severity with leniency, China’s criminal reconciliation system is undergoing rapid development. In the 2012 Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China, criminal reconciliation is stipulated in a separate chapter under “Special Procedures,” thereby comprehensively establishing for the first time a criminal reconciliation system with Chinese characteristics in the Criminal Procedure Law. However, China’s legislation on criminal reconciliation remains relatively broad-brush and controversial. Improved regulation and system construction now point the way for future development.     

China’s System of Anti-corruption Charges: The Tightening-up Process and Future Development

伴随着中国的改革开放, 中国反腐败的罪名体系走过了一条逐步精致化、细腻化 的发展历程, 完成了多次细化和全面转型,形成了严密的反腐败刑事法网和二元制罪 名体系。二元制的反腐败罪名体系在过去30年间贡献卓著,它不仅是法律逻辑自然演 进的结果,背后也承载着复杂的社会变革因素,更体现了立法者试图在制度层面遏制 腐败的主观期待。伴随着中国改革开放力度和范围的加大,中国反腐败罪名体系的未 来走向,必然是坚决废弃二元制罪名体系和彻底恢复一元制罪名体系。

关键词: 反腐败 罪名体系 改革开放 立法模式 职务犯罪

In step with reform and opening up, the Chinese system of anti-corruption charges has been progressively refined and elaborated. Its successive refinements and comprehensive transformation have resulted in a tight-knit network of anti-corruption criminal law and a dual system of charges. This system has made a remarkable contribution to combating corruption over the last three decades. More than the outcome of the natural evolution of legal logic, it also involves complex considerations of social transformation and reflects lawmakers’ expectations of being able to prevent corruption at the institutional level. With the deepening and widening of reform and opening up, China’s system of anti-corruption charges will inevitably develop towards the thorough abolition of the dual system of charges and the complete restoration of the unitary system.     

Judicial Amendment and Lack of Thoroughness: Analysis of Provisions on Evidence in the Amendment to the Criminal Procedure Law

2012年中国?刑事诉讼法修正案?对证据制度进行了修正, 较修改前的内容有进 步之处, 也存在若干不足。例如, 立法中虽然认同反对强迫自证其罪, 但却并不认同 沉默权, 而且保留了行为人的供述义务; 对“威胁”, “引诱”和“欺骗”这些非法 取供行为发出宽容的信号; 对非法搜查、扣押的取证行为缺乏坚决遏制的立法态度; 对保证证人出庭作证来说, 虽然规定了人身安全保障, 经济补偿和司法处分措施, 却 没有规定这一制度最为重要的传闻证据规则, 等等。关键词: 刑事诉讼 司法改良 证据制度 不彻底主义

China’s Amendment to the Criminal Procedure Law of 2012 revises the provisions on rules of evidence. There are a number of positive changes compared to the original text, but some shortcomings still exist. For instance, although the legislation recognizes the right against compulsory self-incrimination, it does not acknowledge the right to silence and retains the obligation of the accused to confess; the amended provisions are more tolerant of the use of illegal tactics like “threats,” “enticement” and “deceit” to obtain confessions; the legislative approach does not resolutely deter unlawful search and seizure in the collection of evidence; and although there are provisions for protection of personal safety, financial compensation and judicial sanctions to ensure that witnesses appear before court to testify, there are no provisions on the most important rule in the evidence system, the hearsay rule.     

Thirty Years of Political Science in China: From Learning from the West to Indigenization

本文回顾了过去一个世纪政治学在中国的发展, 尤其是过去30年间的发展。其主 要观点是, 这个学科领域已经走过了两个阶段, 即“取经”与“效仿”。它正在进入 第三个阶段, 即本土化或中国化。不过, 即使对中国学者而言, 本土化也并非易事。本土化要求我们具有清晰的本土问题意识, 善于从我们独特的视角对中国和世界政治 现象进行创造性的思考, 并有意识地在思考过程中创造新关键词、新概念体系、新基 本假设、新分析框架、新研究方法, 最终把这种思考上升到一般性理 论。

关键词: 政治学 中国政治 学习 本土化

The article reviews the development of political science in China in the last century, especially in the last 30 years. It shows that the discipline has gone through two stages, namely, uncritical learning and gullible emulating. It is entering a new stage: conscious indigenization of political science. It argues that indigenization is not an easy task even for indigenous academics. Therefore a project of indigenization requires a conscious and active effort on their part. Without critical introspection, indigenization is impossible.     

The Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics: Its Structure,Features and Trends

中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成为研究中国法律体系的结构、特色和发展趋势 奠定了现实基础。可以规范性法律文件的归属和法律规范的性质两个向度作为研究法 律体系的框架。前者的目的在于描述中国立法的现状, 后者旨在分析不同性质的法律 规范在各个法律部门的分布。改革开放以来, 由于市场经济、民主政治、和谐社会、 生态文明、法制建设和全球化的影响, 使各类法律规范在不同法律部门中的分布发生 有意义的变化, 这种变化一方面反映世界各国法律体系发展的共性, 另一方面又有鲜 明的中国特色。

关键词: 法律体系 法律规范 公法与私法 实体法与程序法 国际法与国内法

The formation of the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics has laid the practical foundations for studying the structure, features and trends of China’s legal system. Our framework for such study is constructed along two dimensions: the classification of normative legal documents and the nature of legal norms. The aim of the former is to describe the current situation of China’s legislation, while the purpose of the latter is to analyze the distribution of different legal norms in different branches of law. Since reform and opening up, under the impact of the market economy, democratic politics, the harmonious society, ecological civilization, the construction of a legal system and globalization, significant changes have taken place in the distribution of various legal norms in different legal fields. On the one hand, these changes reflect shared features of the development of legal systems across the world; on the other, they are stamped with strong Chinese characteristics.     

Research on the Legal Attributes and Values of Forensic Testimony in Criminal Proceedings from the Perspective of Legal Norms∗

就法律规范层面而言, 鉴定在刑事诉讼过程中的法律属性体现为两个方面: 一 是证据的收集方式, 一是权力的行使方式。鉴定的这两种法律属性的价值追求是不 同的, 作为证据收集方式的价值追求是“公正”, 而作为权力行使方式的价值追求 是“效率”。从涉及刑事诉讼鉴定不同阶段的法律规范分析来看, 鉴定正逐步从权力 行使属性为主导向证据收集属性为主导过渡, 但要真正实现其证据收集这一本质属 性的回归, 其前提是?刑事诉讼法?的价值追求的变化, 即从“效率”到“公正” 的转变.

From the perspective of legal norms, the legal attributes of forensic testimony in the course of criminal proceedings are manifested in two forms: one is the collection of evidence; the other is the exercise of power. However, the values residing in these two legal attributes are not the same. The former emphasizes “justice,” and the latter, “efficiency.” An analysis of the legal norms governing forensic testimony in different periods shows that forensic testimony in criminal proceedings is gradually shifting from a pattern dominated by the exercise of power to one characterized by the collection of evidence. However, a genuine return to the essential character of forensic testimony as the collection of evidence must be premised on a change in the value orientation of the Criminal Procedure Law, that is, on a change from “efficiency” to “justice.”     

Reforming China's funding of compulsory education: changes and their outcomes

在1980和1990年代，中国是世界教育领域分权改革的重要组成部分。主流研究 当时都强调“低重心”、多渠道的教育经费体制的内在合理性，强调分权化是难以 逆转的趋势。可是从2001年开始，中国调整了农村义务教育管理体制。我们通过实 证分析发现，这一改革不再是分权化改革的延续和完善，而是重新确立政府责任的 一种尝试。它既导致了教育投入的快速增长，也在相当程度上促进了教育公平，尤 其是在小学教育阶段。这为世界教育改革提供了有益经验，也为主流研究的一系列 命题和假设提供了反思的机会。

关键词: 教育改革?分权?教育经费?城乡差距?地区差距

In the 1980s and 1990s, China was an important part of the worldwide decentralization of education. Mainstream research at the time highlighted the inherent rationality of a “low center of gravity” and multiple sources of educational funding and stressed decentralization as an irreversible trend. Since 2001, however, China has readjusted its system of administration of rural compulsory education. Our empirical analysis suggests that this reform is not an extension and refinement of the previous decentralization reform; rather, it represents a renewed effort to reestablish government responsibility for compulsory education. The 2001 reform has led to a rapid increase in government investment in education and a considerable improvement in educational equity, especially in primary education. It therefore provides not just a valuable reference for educational reform around the world, but also an opportunity to reflect upon a series of propositions and assumptions in mainstream research.     

Rethinking Sino-Burmese Relations, 1949-1954

1949—1954年,中缅关系实现了由疏离到改善的明显变化。由于心存疑惧,从新中国成立伊始,吴努政府就准备承认中华人民共和国。确定了英联邦国家持同样态度后,缅甸成为第一个承认新中国的非共产党国家。然而,此后一段时间内,中国的革命外交与缅甸的亲英美倾向相互抵牾,加之互为近邻的地缘政治因素的影响,两国关系处于冷淡状态。朝鲜战争爆发后,缅甸很快将“中立主义”作为外交指导原则,中国也逐步决定同“中间地带”国家发展关系。1953年,缅美因国民党残部问题交恶,中国对橡胶的需求持续上升,缅甸大米严重滞销。这一切为中缅关系的改善提供了契机。     

“Immediate Establishment Is Advisable”: Chinese Diplomacy in the Negotiations over the Establishment of Sino-French Diplomatic Relations*

从1963年12月12日到1964年1月23日，中法外交代表在瑞士首都伯尔尼进行了 四次会谈，最终达成了中法建交协议。中方对伯尔尼会谈的基本态度是’速决为 宜?，为此在宣布建交方式、建交公报内容、发表公报时间等问题上对法国作了一 定的让步，但仍坚持至少在中国的单独声明中宣布中华人民共和国为代表中国人民 的唯一合法政府、台湾是中国领土一部分等原则立场。中国采取’速决为宜?的方 针，一方面是由于发展对法关系的必要性，另一方面也是中国高层估计中法建交是 可能的。但伯尔尼会谈并未解决所有问题，其中法台关系问题将成为中法发展正常 关系的障碍之一。     

The Contemporary Construction of Chinese International Law Discourse

当代中国国际法学的话语体系, —方面, 必须准确、系统、全面表达和传递国际 法基本原则、基本制度和本质特征以及国际法研究过程中逐步确立和发展起来的核心 价值、基本概念、关键术语、主流的理论或学说、具有代表性的观点等基本要素;另 —方面, 应充分、及时体现中国对国际法、国际法学和国际法学话语体系所作出的创 造性贡献。当代中国国际法学话语体系的构建应以 “构建和谐世界”为指导理念, 应 全面顾及国际法治和中国外交政策及其实践的国内、多边、区域和双边等四个基本层 面, 应遵行、符合或顺应国际关系和国际法的基本准则, 全球化与多边主义、区域— 体化与区域主义、国际共同体义务(或权利)和中国和平发展需要等原则、规律或趋势, 应将其基本功能定位为: 推动当代国际法的不断发展和广泛适用, 促进当代国际法的教学、研究和传播, 推进中国的法治进步, 维护中国利益、尤其是国家的核心利 益并提升中国作为负责任大国的国际形象与地位。

关键词: 中国国际法学话语体系 当代国际法 多边主义 区域主义 国际共同体义务

The contemporary construction of Chinese international law discourse, on the one hand, ought to precisely, systematically and completely express and communicate fundamental principles, main regimes and substantial features of international law as well as core values, basic conceptions, key terms, mainstream theories or doctrines and representative views gradually established and developed in the study of international law; on the other hand, it should fully and in a timely way manifest China’s creative contributions to international law and its discipline and discourse. The framework of contemporary Chinese international law discourse should take “building a harmonious world” as the guiding rationale; thoroughly cover the four basic dimensions of the international rule of law and Chinese foreign policy and its practice, namely domestic, multilateral, regional and bilateral; coincide with, follow and respect those rules, natural laws and tendencies such as fundamental rules governing international relations, globalization, multilateralism, regional integration and regionalism, the international community’s obligations (or rights) and China’s needs for peaceful development. It should orient its basic functions toward promoting the continuous development and wide application of contemporary international law as well as its teaching, study and dissemination, stimulating the progress of the rule of law in China, protecting Chinese interests, especially those core national interests, and strengthening China’s international image and status as a responsible big country.     

Evolution of the Gender Wage Gap among China’s Urban Employees

本文利用1995年、2002年和2007年的数据, 分析了城镇工资的性别差距的演变特 点和影响因素。研究结果表明, 1995—2007年特别是2002—2007年期间工资的性别差 距显著扩大, 其中不可解释部分的比例也越来越大, 显示了性别歧视的严重化问题。 年纪轻、学历低、职业差、行业差的女性职工在劳动力市场中受到更为严重的歧视, 导致了低收入群体性别工资差距的迅速扩大。

关键词: 城镇 性别歧视 工资差距

Using data from the 1995, 2002 and 2007 surveys, the paper attempts to investigate whether the gender wage gap has continued to widen during the period under study. To answer the question, this paper utilizes decomposition methodology to decompose the wage difference between male and female employees into explained and unexplained components. The results of decomposition for 1995, 2002 and 2007 indicate that the gender wage gap increased significantly, particularly in the period 2002-2007, and that an increasing part of the gap was due to unexplained components. This implies rising discrimination against female employees in China’s urban labor market. Decomposition results based on quantile regression analysis indicate the gender wage gap is greater for low wage groups, as is the share of unexplained components in the gap.     

Party Diplomacy during the Eighth National Congress of the CPC

二战后，随着世界各国政党数量的增加，政党所掌握资源的扩大，政党的影响逐步从国内扩展到国际，政党外交逐渐成为了外交的新形式。1956年，中共八大的召开是党的政党外交史上的重大事件。因为，八大是新中国成立之后党召开的第一次全国代表大会，开展政党外交尤为瞩目。更重要的，这是党在新中国成立后第一次也是唯一一次专门邀请国外政党代表团参加的党代会。中共利用召开党的八大这个舞台，积极开展政党外交活动，诚挚邀请了50多个国外政党代表团来华参会，请兄弟政党代表团在八大上进行发言，积极开展党际交流活动，安排到地方进行参观访问等。八大期间的政党外交，既达到了加深友谊、相互交流的目的，也达到了展示新中国、展示中国共产党的目标，具有深远的历史意义。     

A Study of Productive Expenditure Bias in County-level Finance in China

中国县级决策者主要对上级负责 , 追求尽可能高的经济增长率 , 而非居民福利最 大化 , 导致其财政决策偏向生产性支出。基于2067个县(市)2001—2005年财政经济 数据的实证检验,为县级财政生产性支出偏向的存在提供了有力的证据。生产性支出 偏向严重地妨碍公共财政体制的建设和向公共服务型政府的转型。解决这一问题的根 本出路在于逐步增强县级政府满足本地居民需求的激励。

关键词: 财政支出结构 财政支出偏向 县级政府

Being responsible mainly to their superiors, decision-makers at the county level in China pursue the maximum growth rate rather than their residents’ welfare. This leads to a preference for productive expenditure in their fiscal decisions. An empirical test based on 2,067 counties (cities) provides robust evidence for the existence of productive expenditure bias at the county level. Such bias causes a serious impediment to the construction of a system of public finance and the transformation to public service-oriented government in China. An appropriate solution to this problem is to gradually enhance incentives for county- level governments to satisfy the demands of local residents.     

Academic Discourse Right/Power and the Development of Chinese Sociology

作为“权利”的学术话语权,主要有创造更新权、意义赋予权、学术自主权等类 型;作为“权力”的学术话语权,主要有指引导向权、鉴定评判权、行动支配权等类 型。这些也体现在中国社会学百余年的发展历程中。在中国社会学初创阶段,严复等 人在社会学本土化和学术话语创新方面进行了尝试。费孝通经历了中国社会学前期发 展阶段近20年及后期56年全过程,其学术历程对于中国社会学发展史具有典型意义。 在理论自觉基础上努力达致学术话语权的制高点,是中国社会学从世界学术格局边陲 走向中心的一条必由之路。

关键词: 学术话语权 中国社会学 理论自觉 学术话语

As a kind of right (quanli 权利), academic discourse rights include the right to create and innovate, to endow with meaning and to academic autonomy. As a kind of power (quanli 权力), it refers to the power to guide, judge, control and so on. These rights and powers have been pursued as Chinese sociology developed for over a century. At the inception of sociology in China, Yan Fu and other scholars experimented with localizing sociology and innovating academic discourse. Fei Xiaotong’s life covered nearly 20 years of Chinese sociology’s early development and another 56 years of its later development; his academic journey epitomizes the historical development of Chinese sociology. The only way for Chinese sociology to move from the periphery of world academia into the center is to endeavor, on the basis of theoretical self-consciousness, to seize the commanding heights of academic discourse rights.     

Persistence and Change in the Rural Land System of Contemporary China*

当代中国农地制度经历了土地改革、合作化运动、人民公社化和家庭承包经营 等发展阶段。其存续和变迁可以用’黏性生成—黏性稀释?分析框架进行阐释：制 度环境与路径依赖是制度黏性的生成诱因，对农地制度的存续发挥了重要作用；非 正式制度的渗入是稀释制度黏性的关键变量，非正式制度与正式制度之间的互动贯 穿整个制度变迁过程，思想观念和意识形态的变化对正式制度的加强、消解或建构 具有重要影响。     

Witnesses’ Appearance in Court and Guarantees for the Defendant's Right to Confrontation

刑事证人出庭作证的主要意义在于保障被告人的对质权。因此，刑事证人出庭问 题基本上可替换为以被告人对质权为核心的必要证人出庭问题。由于中国的刑事诉讼 法及其司法解释并未赋予被告人对质权，实践中必要证人出庭率仅为25%左右。这种 无对质权语境下的刑事审判，通常表现为积极的实体真实主义、定罪量刑的非精细化 操作和裁判正当性来源的单一化。为改变这一局面，有必要确立对质权制度及相应的 保障机制。

关键词: 证人出庭?必要证人出庭率?对质权?裁判正当性

The main significance of witnesses’ appearing in court to testify in criminal trials is that this practice guarantees the defendant's right to confrontation. The issue can thus be framed in another way, as the issue of the appearance in court of the necessary witnesses. Here, the defendant's right to confront is the key point. Since neither China's criminal procedural law nor corresponding judicial interpretations have granted the defendant the right to confront, the rate of appearance of the necessary witnesses amounts in practice to only about twenty‐ five percent. Criminal trials conducted in the absence of the right to confrontation usually conform to the doctrine of positive substantive truth and manifest a lack of care in conviction and sentencing as well as reliance on a single source of legitimacy in reaching judgments. To correct this state of affairs, it is necessary to institute the right to confront and corresponding safeguards.     

中国刑事诉讼法再修改概览(英文)

自1979年刑事诉讼法公布实施以来,中国刑事诉讼体系的构建逐步走过了一条精致化、细腻化的发展历程,形成了相对完整的刑事诉讼框架,并逐步实现了与世界现代刑事诉讼理念的衔接。2012年3月14日《全国人民代表大会关于修改〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的决定》的通过,凸显了中国立法机关保障人权、推进法治现代化建设的巨大努力,也是对长期改革成果的巩固和吸收。全面审视此次刑事诉讼修正案的框架内容,对于今后刑事诉讼体系的继续完善具有重要意义。     

Guanxilization or categorization: psychological mechanisms contributing to the formation of the Chinese concept of “us”

中国社会心理学在面对急速的社会变迁中，需要以变迁与文化的视角来选择研究 问题，而中国社会文化中群己关系的社会心理机制，即“我们”概念的形成机制及其 转换的可能与条件，正是一个体现着双重视角的基本问题。对这一问题的探讨不仅有 助于解释社会凝聚力、群体行动的逻辑，讨论国家与个人、社会与个人、类别与个人 的关系；也有助于培植社会转型时期的社会心理资源和社会支持系统，从而促进社会 合作。与以往单一机制的分析框架不同，通过对两个个案的讨论，研究提出了一个 新的分析框架，即：中国人“我们”概念是在社会情境的启动和价值取向等因素影响之 下，经由相互交织的“关系化”与“类别化”双重过程形成的。

关键词: “我们”?概念?群己关系?关系?关系化?类别化

Faced with rapid social transformation, the discipline of social psychology in China needs to choose its research topics from the perspective of both change and culture. A basic issue reflecting precisely these two perspectives is that of the formation of the social psychology mechanism of individual‐group relations, namely the formation of the concept of “us” in Chinese society and culture, as well as the possibility and conditions for the transformation of this mechanism. Exploring this issue will not only help us to understand social cohesion and the logic of group behavior and to discuss the relationship between the state and the individual, society and the individual, and the category and the individual; it will also help cultivate social psychology resources and support systems at a time of social transition, and thus promote social cooperation.. Unlike previous analytical studies that focused on a unitary mechanism, this study uses the discussion of two cases to put forward a new framework for analysis: that is, the Chinese concept of “us” comes into being through the mingling of “guanxilization” and “categorization” under the influence of social context priming, value orientation and other factors.     

“Precedent” in the Narrative of Chinese Legal History

中国法律史叙事中，以西方概念体系为基本框架的填充式方法，值得深入反思。中外学者关注的“判例”堪为典型。这一近代概念很可能来自日文汉字，用以迻译西文。回顾西欧英、法两国的历史和现实，判例作为以个案方式凝聚法律群体共识、指引未来案件裁决的形式，始终具有重要作用。这一功能，与中国古代法中的相关制度有部分共通之处，可以成为构建普适理论体系的基础之一；同时，中国的相关制度具有特定的体制背景和功能。将普适功能与特定功能相结合，“双向功能主义”可能可以避免西方中心和概念纠结，转向功能性问题的探讨和解释，以逐步构建中国法律史叙事的新框架。

关键词: 法律史学方法论?判例?功能主义

The traditional way of describing the history of Chinese law, i.e., fitting Chinese historical materials into the basic framework of the Western conceptual system needs to be thoroughly reconsidered. “Precedent” or “判例” (panli), which has attracted academic attention both in China and abroad, can serve as an example in this regard. The concept “判例,” which may have originated from Japanese kanji in the nineteenth century, was used to translate its Western counterpart. A review of the historical and modern practice of the Western European countries of England and France shows that precedent has always played an important role in achieving consensus in the legal community and guiding future rulings by means of case law. This function, which has something in common with the relevant portions of ancient Chinese legal institutions, can serve as a foundation for constructing a universal theoretical system. At the same time, the relevant Chinese institutions had specific institutional contexts and functions. By combining universal and specific functional analysis, “two‐way functionalism” may be able to avoid the Western‐centric approach and futile conceptual discrimination and turn towards the exploration and elucidation of functional issues, so as to eventually establish a new framework for the narrative of Chinese legal history.     

Emergency Law in China: Its Formation,Present State and Future

中国非常法律的形成, 是为了应对紧急事件。这类法律由法律法规、应急预案和 军事法规等组成, 规定了战争状态、紧急状态和应急状态三种非常状态, 致力于建构 专业化大分工基础上的综合统一体制。在实践中, 应急预案取代了法律法规, 成为紧 急事件治理的基本规范依据; 政府和武装力量处于主导地位。中国非常法律基于必要 而形成, 其适用具有临时性, 主要内容具有授权性和预防性。非常法律未来发展的主 要目标是: 与中国特色社会主义法律体系衔接, 制定紧急状态下的基本法, 完善非常 法律的各项具体机制。

关键词: 非常状态 综合治理 执行主导 预防性法律

China’s emergency laws have emerged as a result of dealing with crises. They comprise laws and regulations, emergency plans, and military regulations, and define three exceptional or emergency states: war, emergency and emergency response, with the aim of constructing a comprehensive integrated system based on the specialized division of labor. In practice, however, emergency plans take the place of laws and regulations and provide the fundamental normative basis for tackling emergencies, with government and the military playing the dominant role. Developing out of necessity and possessing temporary applicability, China’s emergency laws are characterized by authorization and prevention. Integrating emergency law with the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, formulating basic law for emergency situations and improving the specific mechanisms of emergency law should be regarded as major steps in its future development.