Environmental Justice in the Context of Scientifi Uncertainty: On the Safety of Genetically Modifi Organisms

应对风险特别是科学不确定性所导致的风险，实现和维护环境正义是当今时代的 一个前沿核心议题。转基因生物安全为代表的科学不确定性背景下的环境正义，需要 建立在相应的科学研究基础之上，但在本质上乃是一种社会构建。对转基因生物技术 及其产品等现代科技的研发、应用和推广等活动，应当维护其市场自由，与此同时， 为了公共安全以及社会弱势群体的最大利益，还应当对相关科技活动进行必要的政府 干预和法律规制。     

“World Risk Society” Governance: The Paradigm of Complexity and Chinese Participation*

全球正在进入具有高度不确定性的”风险社会”时代，风险成为现代社会的重要 特征，并正在改变现代社会的运行逻辑与规则，人类社会的价值理念、行为方式正在 被系统化地重构，全球治理演变为”全球风险社会”治理。当前，全球风险治理的碎 片化、低效率现象严重，现有公共管理、国际治理方式还不能适应风险社会治理的要 求。现代社会是一个具有内生复杂性、测不准性、脆弱性等特征的复杂系统，复杂性 是全球风险社会形成的根本机理，全球风险社会治理离不开复杂性范式与中国参与。 系统研究全球风险社会形成的复杂性机制，构建面向全球风险社会治理的价值、文化 与机制，形成辨识、化解风险的协同治理及反脆弱能力，在理论和实践上具有重要的 价值。     

“Snow’s Proposition” and Interdisciplinary Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences

“斯诺命题”提出了“科学文化”和“文学文化”的矛盾和冲突, 以及“两种文 化”发展中的困境问题。“斯诺命题”在积极意义上涉及提出了人文科学、社会科学 和自然科学之间存在的对象的整体性与既定学科的局部性的矛盾问题, 提出了人文社 会科学“次文化”分裂和分离化倾向的问题。走跨学科之路是破解“斯诺命题”关键 所在, 其中特别要注重解决好学科研究和问题研究的结合、个体研究和团队研究的结 合、学者的个人禀赋发挥、研究的社会导向和环境导向、研究的评价体制和机制优化 等问题。

关键词: 斯诺命题 科学文化 文学文化 人文社会科学 跨学科研究

“Snow’s proposition” points out the contradictions and conflicts between “scientific culture” and “literary culture” and the dilemma of the development of the “two cultures.” In the positive sense, Snow’s proposition concerns the contradictions between the integrity of the research subject and the particularity of established disciplines, as well as the trend toward division and isolation in subdivisions of the humanities and social sciences. The key to solving Snow’s proposition is to take an inter-disciplinary path that pays particular attention to combining discipline-centered with issue-centered research and individual work with teamwork, giving full play to individual endowment, social orientation and environmental orientation and to the optimization of evaluation systems and mechanisms.     

Indicators of State Formation: With a Discussion of the State Theory Based on the Four-Tiered Settlement Hierarchy

在古代中国, 在夏商周时期的上古社会, 邦君与贵族领地或采邑之间的某种隶属 关系并不等于秦汉以后郡县制下中央与地方的那种具有行政级别的行政管理关系。那 种只有具有四级聚落等级形态才表示国家已形成的理论是有局限性的, 它并不能说明 国家是否产生这一问题的实质, 因而也不应作为衡量的标准。将聚落考古学与社会形 态学结合起来研究古代国家和文明的起源, 固然要对聚落的等级做出划分, 同时还必 须对史前社会组织、等级、阶层、阶级的产生、权力性质的演变等因素进行多方面的 考察。因此, 将阶层阶级的出现和凌驾于全社会之上的强制性权力的设立作为国家形 成的标志是最具特征性的, 而且在考古学上可以找到其依据和物化形式, 因而具有可 操作性。

关键词: 四级聚落等级形态 阶层和阶级 强制性权力

In ancient China, in Xia, Shang and Zhou society, the relationship of subordination between the head of a state and the territories or fiefdoms of the nobles was not equivalent to the administrative relationship between the central government and the localities under the system of prefectures and counties introduced in Qin and Han times. Any theory of state formation based solely on a four-tiered settlement hierarchy is limited; it fails to explain the essential question of whether a state has come into being, and thus cannot be regarded as a criterion for judgment. It is true that in integrating settlement archaeology with social morphology in research on the origins of the ancient state and civilization, we need to classify settlement hierarchies. At the same time, however, we still need to conduct extensive research into the appearance of prehistoric social organizations, hierarchies, strata and classes, as well as the evolution of the nature of power, etc. Therefore, it is the emergence of strata and classes and the establishment of a coercive power that stands over and above society that are the most characteristic indicators of state formation. Further, we can provide archaeological grounds and materialized forms for this approach, which thus possesses operability.     

Guanxilization or categorization: psychological mechanisms contributing to the formation of the Chinese concept of “us”

中国社会心理学在面对急速的社会变迁中，需要以变迁与文化的视角来选择研究 问题，而中国社会文化中群己关系的社会心理机制，即“我们”概念的形成机制及其 转换的可能与条件，正是一个体现着双重视角的基本问题。对这一问题的探讨不仅有 助于解释社会凝聚力、群体行动的逻辑，讨论国家与个人、社会与个人、类别与个人 的关系；也有助于培植社会转型时期的社会心理资源和社会支持系统，从而促进社会 合作。与以往单一机制的分析框架不同，通过对两个个案的讨论，研究提出了一个 新的分析框架，即：中国人“我们”概念是在社会情境的启动和价值取向等因素影响之 下，经由相互交织的“关系化”与“类别化”双重过程形成的。

关键词: “我们”?概念?群己关系?关系?关系化?类别化

Faced with rapid social transformation, the discipline of social psychology in China needs to choose its research topics from the perspective of both change and culture. A basic issue reflecting precisely these two perspectives is that of the formation of the social psychology mechanism of individual‐group relations, namely the formation of the concept of “us” in Chinese society and culture, as well as the possibility and conditions for the transformation of this mechanism. Exploring this issue will not only help us to understand social cohesion and the logic of group behavior and to discuss the relationship between the state and the individual, society and the individual, and the category and the individual; it will also help cultivate social psychology resources and support systems at a time of social transition, and thus promote social cooperation.. Unlike previous analytical studies that focused on a unitary mechanism, this study uses the discussion of two cases to put forward a new framework for analysis: that is, the Chinese concept of “us” comes into being through the mingling of “guanxilization” and “categorization” under the influence of social context priming, value orientation and other factors.     

Mao Zedong's Dialectics in the Comparative Perspective of Chinese and Western Modes of Thinking

毛泽东辩证法是中西两种不同文化和思维方式碰撞的产物,其中包含着十分丰厚 的中国传统辩证法元素。这主要体现在毛泽东不仅主张主要矛盾与次要矛盾、主要矛 盾方面与次要矛盾方面的区分,而且更强调主要矛盾与次要矛盾、主要矛盾方面与次 要矛盾方面在一定条件下的互相转化,以及关于矛盾的精髓问题这些西方传统辩证法 所不能容纳的内容。这使得毛泽东的辩证法独树一帜,构成了中西思维方式内含张力 的融合的一种典范。对此典范的深入理解,当能对当代中国哲学的复兴与发展有莫大 的益助。

关键词: 中西思维方式?毛泽东辩证法?西方传统辩证法?矛盾

As the outcome of the encounter of Chinese and Western cultures and modes of thinking, Mao Zedong's dialectics contains considerable elements of traditional Chinese dialectics. Mao advocated differentiation between principal and secondary contradictions and between the principal and secondary aspects of a contradiction; but more importantly, he also emphasized that each can transform into its opposite under certain conditions and attached considerable importance to the “quintessence” of a contradiction, ideas which are alien to traditional Western dialectics. This makes Mao's dialectics distinctive, so that it constitutes a model of the integration (not without tension) of Chinese and Western patterns of thinking. A deeper understanding of this model will be of great benefit to the revival and development of contemporary Chinese philosophy.     

Multiculturalism or Cosmopolitanism: How Can We Describe and Understand the Diversity of the World?

过去数十年来, 多元性的文化、社会和政治图景演变甚巨; 然而我们却仍未找到 一种话语来描述、界定、理解、解释和研究当代世界的超级多元性。关于多元性的社 会思想和政治行动大多受制于民族主义方法论和多元文化主义框架; 然而, 对此应该 提出质疑。和民族主义方法论相对的世界主义方法论, 是观察多元性问题富有前景的 视角。另外, 对规范的、哲学意义上的“世界主义”和作为一种结构现象及社会科学 研究项目的“世界化”进行区分是非常必要的。我们可以把哲学及规范意义上的世界 主义与世界性社会科学结合起来, 构建一种世界性的现实主义。

关键词: 超级多元性 民族主义方法论 多元文化主义 世界主义 世界化

Over the last decades the cultural, social and political landscapes of diversity are changing radically, but we do not even have the language through which contemporary superdiversity in the world can be described, conceptualized, understood, explained and researched. Many of the social thoughts and political actions on issues of diversity are now dominated by methodological nationalism and multiculturalism which, however, have to be called into question. As opposed to methodological nationalism, methodological cosmopolitanism is a promising lens through which to look at questions of diversity. And it is essential to draw an essential distinction between “cosmopolitanism” in a normative philosophical sense and “cosmopolitanization” as a structural phenomenon and as a social scientific research programme. Philosophical and normative cosmopolitanism can be combined with cosmopolitan social science to create a cosmopolitan realism.     

From Object to Perspective: A Shift of Significance in Space Production and Space Criticism — The Issue of Space in Conceptualizing Contemporary Chinese Urban Construction

物质性的空间一是指自然物理空间,二是指社会空间即社会关系。空间生产包括 空间中的生产和空间本身的生产两个向度的内涵。这两个向度内涵之间的关系和物理 空间生产与社会空间生产之间的关系构成了空间生产中两大基本关系。这两大基本关 系的辩证内涵表明,空间生产根本上可以归结为社会关系再生产。由此,关于空间生 产问题的讨论就发生了一个根本性的意义转换,即从对象到视阈的意义转换。以此来 审视,当代中国城市建构理念尚存在某些偏差,即对象与视阈的意义断裂与分离,由 此造成了当代中国城市化进程中一些不必要的风险和代价。

关键词: 对象?视阈?空间生产?空间批判?意义转换

Physical space refers to both natural space and social space, that is, social relations. Space production includes production in space and of space. Relations between these two dimensions and between physical space production and social space production constitute two basic relations in space production. The dialectical connotation of these two basic relations manifests the truth that space production can basically be summed up as reproduction of social relations. Therefore, arguments about space production can be seen as involving a fundamental shift of importance from object to perspective. Seen in this way, there remain some errors in ideas about today's Chinese urban construction, that is, the rupture and separation of object and perspective, resulting in unnecessary risks and costs in the progress of modern Chinese urbanization.     

Structural Strains during the Process of Social Change

伴随着制度变迁进行的结构性调整与创新,带来了不同利益群体之间的矛盾与冲 突,这种矛盾与冲突引发的许多问题可归结为“结构紧张”产生的张力所致,“失 范”状态就是一种典型的结构性问题。以调查数据为依据,分析、检验结构紧张与失 范之间的关系,发现社会地位结构、组织结构、角色结构、权力地位结构、收入水平 与教育水平结构上的差异与分化确实导致了失范感受的产生。诸如个体的失范、不满 意度、相对剥夺感、地位不一致等负面感受很大程度正是缘于客观的结构分化快于制 度整合而引起的失衡与紧张。

关键词: 制度变迁?结构紧张?失范

The structural readjustments and innovations accompanying institutional change have brought about contradictions and conflicts among different interest groups. The many problems thus touched off can be attributed to the tensions resulting from “structural strain,” with “anomie” a typical structural problem. We have used survey data as a basis for analyzing and examining the relationship between structural strain and anomie. We find that differences and differentiation in social status, organization, role and power structures and in income and educational level structures have indeed led to the birth of a sense of anomie. To a large extent, such negative feelings as individual anomie, dissatisfaction, a sense of relative deprivation, status inconsistency, etc., are nothing other than the result of the imbalances and tensions brought about by an objective structural differentiation that is proceeding faster than institutional integration.     

Calligraphy and Modern Chinese Writers

迄今为止，中国现代文学研究已取得了举世瞩目的成就，但趋于“饱和”的状态 也使其陷入了举步维艰的境地。因此，寻找新的学术增长点就变得异常重要和紧迫。 “书法文化”与“中国现代作家”的关系，几近是一个研究空白，以往很少引人注 意，这是令人遗憾的。事实上，许多中国现代作家都与书法文化有着不解之缘，他们 在书法收藏、书法创作、书学探讨上都做出了重要贡献；反过来，书法文化也对现代 文学的存在方式、文本形式、情感表达、思维方式以及审美趣味等产生了深刻的影 响。另外，通过对书法文化与中国现代作家关系的考察，还可引发我们进一步深入思 考文学、书法、文化、教育等相关问题，以便有助于新世纪的中国文学和文化获得更 大的发展空间。

关键词: 书法文化?中国现代作家?学术创新?第三种文本?书学

Research on modern Chinese literature has achieved results that have attracted wide attention. However, its state of near “saturation” has placed it in a dilemma with no clear way forward. Finding new academic growth points has become exceptionally important and urgent. The relationship between the “culture of calligraphy” and “modern Chinese writers” is virtually a research blank and has so far attracted regrettably little attention. In fact, many modern Chinese writers have had close ties with calligraphy, making important contributions to its collection, creation and scholarly exploration. Conversely, the culture of calligraphy has exerted a profound influence on such things as the mode of existence, textual forms, emotional expression, ways of thought and aesthetic tastes of modern literature. Moreover, an examination of this relationship may stimulate us to reflect more deeply on literature, calligraphy, culture, education and related issues, which may help us gain a larger space for the development of Chinese culture and literature in the new century.     

Criminal Law Boundaries for Freedom of Speech in the Online Era*

如何划分宪法赋予公民的言论自由权利与网络时代言论型犯罪的界限，是当下司 法实务面临的重要问题。在言论型犯罪的构造中，应纳入事实与观点二分法、公事 与私事二分法、客观真实与主观真实二分法，将合理确信规则下的”主观真实”作为 踲法阻却事由；基于网络媒介的科技特点与社会属性，网络服务提供者只具备中立义 务，对之不应简单地以共犯理论或不作为犯罪理论予以入罪。在言论型犯罪的诉讼 中，原则上须根据实际或推定的被害人意愿来启动刑事诉讼程序，当言论行为严重危 害社会秩序和国家利益且被害人无法表踡其是否告诉意思时，可直接蹇用公诉程序； “严重危害社会秩序和国家利益”等入罪基准须是现实物理的秩序混乱，且行为人要 对其有故意而无任何正当目的。对跷微言论犯罪不应跷易蹇用有期徒刑的刑罚；信息 网络工具具有很大的生活用途，一般不应没收。     

On Historical Concepts and Values: A Re‐Cognition of Several Premise Issues in Chinese Historiographic Theory

对中国史学理论若干前提性问题的重新思考，是对以往那些被认为是无可置疑 的理论前提和历史前提进行重新认识和评价，是把中国历史置于历史哲学的理论视 域中来加以重新分析和观察，是对旧的历史史观的清理和矫正，也是对马克思唯物 史观核心价值的辩证把握和具体运用。从历史研究的出发点、比较历史研究的方 法、历史事实及其规律的认定、历史观和历史价值观的阐释上，坚持唯物史观的基 本传统，把现实、历史、理论和价值统一起来，形成整体的长时段的大跨度的观察 历史的理论和方法。

关键词: 前提性问题?比较史学?历史差异?普世史观?历史逻辑?历史评价

A re‐thinking of several premise issues in Chinese historiographic theory involves reconsidering and reassessing hitherto unquestioned theoretical and historical premises, re‐analyzing and re‐observing Chinese history with the theoretical vision of the philosophy of history, and sorting out and correcting ideas of history. It is a process of dialectical comprehension and specific application of the core values of Marxist materialist history, involving adherence to the basic traditions of materialist history in the following areas: the starting point of historical studies, methods of comparative historical research, establishment of the facts and laws of history, explanations of historical concepts and values and integration of reality, history, theory and values, so as to develop a holistic theory and method of historical observation covering a long period and a broad span.     

Theoretical Reflections on the Formation of Early States in China

与古代希腊、罗马及日耳曼不同, 中国古代国家起源走的是一条构建和谐的道 路, 即没有打碎氏族制度, 而是在普遍存在的氏族组织的基础上滥觞国家的萌芽, 国 家与氏族长期并存而使早期国家完善与发展。氏族制度的长期存在和发展, 这一古代 中国独具特色的社会结构是和谐构建之路的深厚社会基础。古代中国早期国家构建过 程中, 十分关注各个氏族、部落的情、义、利、患等问题。这种关注与社会实践成为 构建和谐的基石, 也是那个时代的领导者成功的标识。直到古代中国早期国家成熟 时, 还能够看到构建和谐理念的痕迹。

关键词: 早期国家 氏族制度 礼制 和谐

Unlike the ancient Greek, Roman and German states, ancient Chinese states took a path of harmonious construction which did not involve abolition of the clan system. It was on the basis of the existing clan organization that the first shoots of the state sprouted, and the state and the clans underwent a long coexistence which allowed the early state to develop and be perfected. The unique social structure of ancient China—the long existence and development of the clan system—was the underlying social foundation for harmonious construction. The early Chinese states were much concerned with the feelings, opinions about right and wrong, advantages and calamities of the clans and tribes. This concern and social practice was the foundation stone for harmonious construction, as well as the benchmark for success for the leaders of the time. Traces of the idea of harmonious construction are apparent up to the full development of the early state in ancient China.     

From State Dominance to Market Orientation: The Composition and Evolution of Gender Discourse

国家、市场与传统文化是构成性别话语的三个基本要素。从改革开放前30年到后30年,中国社会的性别话语发生了明显转型,由国家主导的“泛政治化”模型转变为市场导向的“泛市场化”模型。市场化一方面改变了国家话语的叙述方式和内容,另一方面也导致了市场话语和传统话语的结盟。转型后的性别话语本质上是一种素质话语,它不再表现为一种由国家建构的、在实践中打了折扣的意识形态意义上的平等神话,而是表现为一种在现代性和个体自由的诉求中利用国家、市场和传统文化的各方力量平衡做出主体选择的精打细算的应对策略。

关键词: 性别话语转型市场化建构

State, market and traditional culture are the three fundamental elements constructing gender discourse. The three decades before the initiation of reform and opening up in 1978 and the three after have witnessed a clear transition in gender discourse in Chinese society, from state‐dominated pan‐politicization to a pan‐marketization orientation. Marketization has changed the content and form of state discourse and led to an alliance of market discourse with traditional discourse. The changed gender discourse is essentially a discourse of quality, one that is no longer presented as an ideological myth of equality constructed by the state and discounted in practice but as a set of deliberate response strategies which are adopted to make independent choices balancing the three forces of the state, the market and traditional culture in the midst of appeals for modernity and individual freedom.     

Value Goals and Institutional Framework for the Establishment of Administrative Public Prosecution in China

中国正处于社会转型期, 社会矛盾和利益纠纷呈高发态势, 通过厉行法治, 保证 行政权正确行使, 是预防、减少和妥善应对社会风险的良策。由于行政诉讼在制度架 构方面的缺陷, 其制度功能发挥并不充分。设置行政公诉制度, 应当成为完善行政诉 讼制度的一个重要选择。它具有监督和促进依法行政、引导市民社会生成、化解社会 矛盾等多方面的价值, 也是完善中国特色检察制度的应有之义。建立行政公诉, 应当 从理念和制度建构等不同层面予以设计。

关键词: 行政公诉 依法行政 检察权 权力制衡

Since China is now in a stage of social transition that displays a high occurrence of social conflict and interest disputes, strict adherence to the rule of law and ensuring the correct exercise of administrative power is the best strategy for preventing, reducing and properly managing social risks. Structural defects have meant that the institutional function of public prosecution has not been given full rein. The establishment of administrative public prosecution should thus become an important option for the improvement of administrative legal proceedings. It would have value in a multitude of ways, including monitoring and promoting the exercise of administrative functions according to law, guiding the creation of civil society, and resolving social conflicts, and it is also a necessity for the improvement of China’s procuratorial system. The establishment of administrative public prosecution should be designed at the conceptual level, the institutional level, and so on.     

“Immediate Establishment Is Advisable”: Chinese Diplomacy in the Negotiations over the Establishment of Sino-French Diplomatic Relations*

从1963年12月12日到1964年1月23日，中法外交代表在瑞士首都伯尔尼进行了 四次会谈，最终达成了中法建交协议。中方对伯尔尼会谈的基本态度是’速决为 宜?，为此在宣布建交方式、建交公报内容、发表公报时间等问题上对法国作了一 定的让步，但仍坚持至少在中国的单独声明中宣布中华人民共和国为代表中国人民 的唯一合法政府、台湾是中国领土一部分等原则立场。中国采取’速决为宜?的方 针，一方面是由于发展对法关系的必要性，另一方面也是中国高层估计中法建交是 可能的。但伯尔尼会谈并未解决所有问题，其中法台关系问题将成为中法发展正常 关系的障碍之一。     

Changes in Diplomatic Philosophy in the Course of China’s Growth since 1949—The Shift from a Revolutionary and National Perspective to a Developmental and Global Outlook

观察国际和外交问题的视角与观念变化，是中华人民共和国外交史研究中尚需探讨和梳理的课题。在新中国成立后的前30年，中国外交深受在革命过程中形成的外交观念的影响。其基本诉求是建立新型外交关系，核心观念是独立自主与和平，外交政策的基石是和平共处五项原则；此外，国际统一战线策略，对现实世界的战略划分，以及对战争、和平与革命的思考亦对这一时期的外交政策具有重大影响。自20世纪70年代末实行改革开放以来，中国外交转以发展为视角，配合国家经济建设这一中心任务，做出一系列战略和政策调整。中国对国际形势作出和平与发展的新判断，对独立自主的和平外交政策作了新诠释，致力于建立均衡的对外关系，主张以渐进方式推动国际秩序的改进，决心走和平发展道路。中国由此成为现存国际秩序的参与者和建设者。进入21世纪，中国成为令世界瞩目的新兴大国，外交观念也在继承以往的基础上与时俱进。中国强调当代世界是命运共同体，谋求与各国的合作、共赢     

Persistence and Change in the Rural Land System of Contemporary China*

当代中国农地制度经历了土地改革、合作化运动、人民公社化和家庭承包经营 等发展阶段。其存续和变迁可以用’黏性生成—黏性稀释?分析框架进行阐释：制 度环境与路径依赖是制度黏性的生成诱因，对农地制度的存续发挥了重要作用；非 正式制度的渗入是稀释制度黏性的关键变量，非正式制度与正式制度之间的互动贯 穿整个制度变迁过程，思想观念和意识形态的变化对正式制度的加强、消解或建构 具有重要影响。     

An evaluative system for restructuring the literary history of modern China

当下的中国处于一个价值多元的时代,以往的建立于进化论、阶级论和启蒙主义 的文学史观也是颇有价值的;但是,进入21世纪,由于“以人为本”与“和谐社会” 目标的提出,也由于社会时空、文学功能和美学趣味的巨大变化,教材型的中国现代 文学史已远不能适应时代、社会和文学的发展需要,因此亟待重建和确立一个更为公 正、平等与合理的价值评估体系。这个评估体系是以人道主义为最高原则,以真、 善、美为三个闪光点,其最大优势是具有普适性、超越性、公正性和人本性的功能特 点。

关键词: 现代中国文学史?评估体系?价值重建?人道主义?真善美和谐统一

China is now in an era of multiple values. While there is some virtue in previous theories on the history of literature based on the theory of evolution, class struggle and the enlightenment, when it comes to the twenty‐first century, the histories of modern Chinese literature used in teaching are far from adequate for meeting the developmental needs of the times, society and literature. This is especially so in view of the putting forward of the goals of “putting people first” and “the harmonious society,” and the great changes taking place in time and space, the function of literature and aesthetic taste. Hence there is an urgent need to restructure this history and establish a more fair, equal and reasonable system of evaluation. Such a system would have humanism as its highest principle, and truth, goodness and beauty as its three virtues. Its great superiority would be its functional characteristics of universality, transcendence, fairness, and human‐centeredness.     

A Style of Flexibility: Re‐cognition of the Female Self —As Exemplified in the Shuanglong Village of the Tujia Ethnic Group in Enshi

本文通过对恩施双龙村的田野研究，认为女性既不是传统所认为的无主体的“他性”存在，也不是一些学者所认为的，是多种生存策略所体现的理性主体。女性的自我首先是一种情感主体，这种情感主体具有包容性和排他性双重特征。女性自我对于社会的意义在于：女性情感主体的包容性给乡村社会的整合赋予心理与实践的基础，而女性情感主体的排他性则给突破乡村社会既有规范与习俗创造了空间。女性通过一种“柔性的风格”参与了整个社会的建构。

关键词: 他性自我情感主体柔性的风格

On the basis of the findings of our fieldwork in Shuanglong Village of the Tujia ethnic group in Enshi, Hubei, we find that woman is neither the subjectless existence of “otherness” as traditionally regarded nor the rational subject embodying multiple survival strategies as defined by some scholars. The female self is primarily an emotional subject with the dual features of inclusion and exclusion. The significance of the female self for society lies in the fact that the inclusive aspect provides a psychological and practical basis for the integration of rural society, while the exclusive aspect creates a space for breaking through this society's existing norms and customs.