贫富差距与分配公正

一、贫富差距日益扩大的原因 基尼系数是国际上用来综合考察居民收入分配差异状况的一个重要分析指标。按照国际惯例,这一数字在0．3以下为最佳状态,在0．3至0．4之间为正常状态,超过0．4为警戒状态,     

何谓正义:罗尔斯与哈贝马斯

罗尔斯和哈贝马斯在目前健在的西方思想家中是最有影响的两位,两者思想之间存在着一个交汇点,即正义问题.但是他们在下述三个基本问题上对正义的理解是不同的1.正义是程序的还是实质的;2.正义的前提是"理想语境"还是"理想处境";3.理论的本质到底是正义还是合法性.     

The Basic Principles and Value Dimensions of Achieving Distributive Justice through Social Institutions

人类社会需要借助社会制度的合理设计和安排实现分配正义的价值目标。以实现分配正义为价值目标的社会制度建设应该遵循机会平等原则、利益与责任同等分配原则、分配标准与程序合理原则、纠正不公原则等四个分配正义原则。在这些原则基础上建构的社会制度具有内在公正性,能够保证社会资源的分配达到公正。以社会制度建设保障分配正义具有重要的现实意义,有助于一个社会将个人追求分配正义的个体意向性整合为集体意向性,形成审视分配正义问题的社会视角,树立平等主义分配正义观,更有效地保护伸张分配正义的行为和惩罚破坏分配正义的行为,并维护和增进强势群体和弱势群体的分配利益。     

收入、健康、社会公平感与居民主观幸福感——一个区域差异分析视角

本文运用CGSS2015年的数据,对东部地区、中部地区和西部地区的居民主观幸福感进行比较分析,并从收入不平等、健康和社会公平感等角度探讨了影响居民主观幸福感的因素及其区域差异。实证结果发现:东部地区居民的主观幸福感水平高于中部和西部地区;绝对收入差异对东部和中部地区的居民主观幸福感具有显著影响,对西部地区居民主观幸福感没有显著影响;相对收入对居民主观幸福感的影响具有一定的区域差异性;无论是东部地区还是中部和西部地区,健康自评程度越高,居民的主观幸福感越强,社会公平感知越高,居民的主观幸福感越强;居民主观幸福感在性别、年龄、婚姻和教育上的差异具有区域不平衡的特征。     

Social Work and Criminal Justice in Scotland: Developments in Policy and Practice

Correspondence to Dr Gill Mclvor, Social Work Research Centre, Department of Applied Social Science, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland. Summary In the last five years major changes have occurred in the provisionof social work services to the Scottish criminal justice system.The present article charts recent developments in statutoryand voluntary community-based social work services to offenders,locating them in the context of contemporary penal policy. Thecontribution of social work at various points in the criminaljustice process is discussed with particular reference to theintroduction of national standards and full central fundingof statutory social work services. The new funding arrangementshave, it is suggested, provided an impetus to the developmentof statutory services but at the expense both of services notcurrently subject to the 100 per cent funding mechanism andof increased central government control. The article concludesby outlining the challenges to be faced by social work departmentsover the next few years, including an ever-widening remit andthe uncertainties surrounding local government re-organization.     

Social Work Advocacy in Singapore: Some Reflections on the Constraints and Opportunities

One central concern of social work is advocacy for social justice. This is a lofty ideal but a difficult ideal to achieve in view of social work being delivered in sociopolitical contexts with varying degrees of tolerance of advocacy. This discussion is based on a case study from Singapore and considers some of the particular constraints and opportunities in that context, while also making the point that those similar constraints and opportunities exist in all contexts. A model that combines principles of advocacy and collaboration is proposed as a means of embracing social work advocacy in Singapore and other contexts.     

Social Politics and Policy in an Era of Globalization: Critical Reflections

This paper critically examines the ways in which social policy is said to be affected by globalization. The prevailing approach has been framed in terms of the impact of "external" economic forces on national welfare states. Globalization is said to undermine the economic and political conditions on which welfare states were built, erode national policy autonomy and force the marketization and residualization of welfare states. These predictions are found wanting on the grounds that they share many of the assumptions, and therefore also the faults, of "strong" globalization theory. A more nuanced account of the way in which social politics and social policy are affected by globalization is needed and a global governance perspective is outlined. This, it is argued, better captures the political and institutional environment in which social policy is formulated and implemented. It also recognizes the importance of "local" factors and their interaction with global ones in shaping political responses, including social policy, to globalization. The discussion highlights the enduring power of "local" forces—those which are at the level of and internal to states—and of politics and ideology in shaping the process of globalization and ultimately its implications for welfare states and social policies.     

教育程度与分配公平感:结构地位与相对剥夺视角下的双重考察

基于结构决定与相对剥夺的两种视角,本文研究发现了教育程度对收入分配公平感的复杂影响路径。教育程度作为优势性地位获得,对分配公平感存在正向影响。教育程度越高,收入分配公平感越强。但这种正向影响也存在条件性：教育作为个人地位投资,激发相应的回报期待,随着基于教育投入的期待收入与实际收入差距的扩大,这种正向影响会降低,且教育程度越高,降低的幅度越大。这一条件性的发现有利于解释既有研究的矛盾结论,具有重要的社会意涵：当教育投资作为“制度化手段”无法实现地位获得这一“文化目标”时,这种“断裂”可能会引发“分配不公”的心理失范。     

互联网对社会的影响及其建设思路

互联网作为一场全新的技术革命,对社会领域产生了巨大的影响作用。互联网迅速地改变和重塑着中国传统的社会结构,使其经历着一场解构与重构的革命,形成和凸显着一种全新的社会关系和社会运行模式。由此,中国社会在交往互动、舆论表达、利益诉求、价值观念、生活方式等方面都呈现出不同于传统的新特性。互联网的影响既带来显著的社会进步,也给管理者带来了前所未有的压力。十八大报告提出全面建成小康社会需要创新社会管理、加强社会建设。本文认为"互联网社会建设"也是创新社会管理的重要内容,因而提出互联网社会建设的相关政策建议,旨在提高互联网的管理水平,规范社会秩序,实现互联网社会的良性互动,最终推进和谐社会的建设。     

增加农民收入的几点思考

发展农村经济,有效增加农民收入,是当前一个亟待研究和解决的重大问题。要解决好这个问题,应从以下方面着手建构新的国民收入分配体系,增加对“三农”的投入,建立和完善农产品价格支持政策;加快农村产业结构调整的步伐,提高农业整体效益。拓宽农民就业渠道,有效增加农民收入;加快城镇化步伐,促进农业富余劳动力转移;以三个转变强化销售,拉动农村经济结构调整和产业化建设;加快农业科技进步,推动农村经济发展。     

对我国住房保障政策的若干反思

我国保障性住房供给远没能满足需求,这里有资金短缺问题,但根本原因是思路上有问题,应该在思路上有新突破.一是放弃把收入作为申请保障性住房的资格,二是把保障性住房由出售改为出租的形式,三是放弃以小区为单位集中建保障性住房的模式.如果能在上述三个方面突破保障性住房的政策思路,我国城市保障性住房供给不足问题将迎刃而解.     

Probation and Social Justice

Correspondence to: David Smith, Department of Applied Social Science, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YL, UK. E-mail: d.b.smith{at}lancaster.ac.uk or Maurice Vanstone, Centre for Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK. E-mail: m.vanstone{at}swansea.ac.uk Summary The paper considers the past and potential contribution to socialjustice of the probation service in England and Wales, withinthe context of the service's complex origins and tradition,in which humanitarian and disciplinary concerns have long co-existed.The paper explores the service's connections with processesof categorization and governance of the dangerous, and its alignmentwith the ‘psy’ disciplines in developing its claimsto professional expertise. The implications of the recent reassertionof the centrality of psychological understandings of offendingand its prevention, in the form of cognitive-behavioural programmes,are discussed, and the circumstances in which the movement for‘effective practice’ can and cannot contribute tosocial justice are discussed. The paper then explains the groundsfor believing that a concern with social justice entails a commitmentto crime prevention at a level beyond that of direct work withknown offenders, and explores the potential of restorative justiceas a means of achieving a reintegrative and participatory approachto community safety. The paper concludes with a discussion ofthe service's successes and failures in anti-discriminatorypractice, and the feasibility of a social justice agenda inthe current policy context.     

Beyond Income: A Social Justice Approach to Assessing Poverty among Older Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease

ABSTRACT

How social workers define and assess poverty is a matter of economic and social justice. Recent conceptual and measurement advances point to a multidimensional definition of poverty which captures material, social, and political deprivations. Using data from a survey, this article describes how nephrology social workers assess poverty among older adults living with a chronic kidney disease (N = 52). Results suggest respondents already conceive of poverty as a multidimensional experience, support awareness-raising about poverty, and primarily assess poverty by employment status, income, access to transportation, and education. Opportunities to expand poverty assessment in future work are promising.