知识型城市视角下的城市人才空间集聚格局研究 — —以杭州市为例

人才是促进城市社会经济转型发展的重要因素。在文献分析的基础上,以杭州市为实证,应用核密度分析法对2000年、2010年、2016年杭州市的人才规模和空间格局进行计算分析。结果显示:杭州市的人才规模具有"先快后慢"的增长趋缓特征;人才分布格局具有从"单中心结构"向"多中心结构"演化的趋势;城市中心区是各年龄阶段人才的高度集聚区域,同时城市外围空间已成为人才规模增长与空间集聚的主要区域。进一步判断:城市地理空间对人才集聚格局具有重要的影响作用;城市重要的研究型大学、创新型企业和政策措施等对人才集聚起到明显的促进作用并使城市外围的人才分布表现出显著的空间分异特征。在此基础上,对促进城市人才规模增长、优化人才分布格局以及创新发展提出相应的空间对策建议。     

城市区域形成的集聚机制——基于集聚尺度的理论诠释

空间集聚存在不同的尺度,城市区域作为当今具有较强竞争力的区域空间组织是一种大尺度的集聚。经典集聚理论、模型以及相关扩展性实证研究为城市区域尺度集聚的形成提供了方向性的暗示。这种集聚在本质上是聚集力和分散力动态组合的一种空间结果,其中,分散力的增强对城市区域尺度集聚的形成起到了重要的作用。随着区际运输成本的降低,核心区域-外围区域间共享的区际外部性逐渐增强;核心区域的拥挤效应进一步加强了经济活动向外围转移的倾向,最终促使部分经济活动突破地区边界,在地理邻近的地域之间形成更强的空间依赖,呈现出大尺度的经济集聚。城市区域尺度集聚的经济性为发展城市群、促进区域一体化提供了理论依据,但在实践中也遇到很多障碍,这对政府在打破行政割据、促进要素自由流动以及加强中心城市周边地区发展方面提出了要求。     

主要发达国家经济中心城市人口发展规律及其对上海的启示

上海作为国家经济中心城市,人口规模还未达到国家经济中心城市应承担的水平.上海中心城区可借鉴东京都23区的做法,成为承载全球城市四大功能的核心区域,进一步实现产业及人口的空间集聚与集聚质量的提升;郊区新城要加快吸引人口流入的步伐,实现人口规模的快速扩张及能力升级,逐步成为长三角城市网络体系中的综合性节点城市.     

巴黎拉德芳斯SubCBD建设及其经验借鉴

一、城市副中心的形成与内涵 在城市发展过程中,要素的集聚和扩散两种作用互为消长,不断塑造着城市的地域形态.18世纪中叶工业革命后,城市的区位交通优势吸引周边的资本、人口等要素和经济活动不断向城市集中,城市规模在这一时期得到迅速的膨胀.到了20世纪初,随着电话、电车等的普及,城市中的要素集聚过程加快,城市中心区由于具有最优越的区位优势和交通可达性,逐渐成为城市商业、商务等功能的中心.1 923年,美国城市社会学家伯吉斯在其创立的"同心圆模式"中首次提出了CBD(中央商务区)的概念,认为城市中心是商业零售业和服务业会聚之处.随着经济的发展,CBD的职能进一步扩展,涵盖了金融保险、贸易、信息咨询、会展、公寓及配套的商业文化、市政、交通服务设施等多种职能和活动.如果说CBD的产生主要是经济要素追求规模经济,不断向城市中心集聚的结果,那么城市副中心则是在城市中心出现规模不经济,CBD功能向外扩散过程中产生的位于城市边缘区的新的城市功能集聚点.     

基于城市经济联系强度的辽宁省城市群发展研究

一、引言 20世纪90年代以来,随着城市化进程的快速推进,我国进入城市化的加速发展阶段。进入21世纪,我国的人口和经济活动以更大的规模、更快的速度向城市集聚,城市空间形态由单体型城市向都市圈、城市带等组合城市形态转变。城市群概念被越来越广泛地加以使用,城市群在区域发展中的作用越来越受到人们的重视。     

辽中南与国内三大城市群的比较及定位

正一、引言城市群是城市化发展到较高阶段的空间形态和地域组织形式,一经形成,就为整个区域的经济活动提供了巨型发展平台,聚集优势凸显,会产生远大于城市规模效益的区域规模效益,成为国家的经济主导区和增长极,辐射和带动整个地区的经济与社会发展。由此,学者们断言,城市群是城市发展的主流和大趋势。目前,在全球范围内已经形成     

城市区域发展战略刍议

一、城市区域发展战略的重大意义 (一)城市区域的含义 城市区域是指非农业人口聚集的城市建成区和与其具有内在经济及社会联系的城乡地区,在生产要素的集聚与扩散中,形成以中心城市为依托,在生产、流通等方面紧密联系、互相协作,具有很强经济集聚性的经济综合体.城市区域分为三个层次:一是基本区,相当于县级市及其影响区域;二是中等城市区域,相当于都市区;三是大城市区域,相当于都市连绵区域,即以某一大城市为中心,由若干都市区形成的具有紧密社会及经济联系的经济区域.     

黄河流域中心城市类型识别研究

发挥各地区比较优势,促进各类要素合理流动和高效集聚,以中心城市为载体加快构建高质量发展的动力系统,这是新形势下推进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的总思路.基于中心城市内涵梳理,笔者提出中心城市具备人口规模大、集聚程度高、经济实力强、政策支持多、开放程度深、科学技术先进、公共服务完善和基础设施健全八大特征,并通过欧氏距离测...     

新型城镇化背景下地区性中心城市的功能作用及评价体系构建

在新型城镇化发展的背景下,一方面要发挥中心城市的辐射带动作用,另一方面要严控特大城市的人口规模,因而拥有相当的人口规模、较强的经济基础和一定综合服务能力的地区性中心城市功能的发挥显得尤为重要。本文首先从中心城市的概念内涵入手,对其经济、社会功能作用进行了分析;在此基础上从经济社会基础、集聚能力和辐射能力三方面构建了评价地区性中心城市的三级指标体系和中心性指数,并提出了相关的城市发展建议。     

国家中心城市功能选择与实施路径

一、引言 国家中心城市是居国家城镇体系顶端的城市，是在经济、政治、文化及社会等领域具有全国性重要影响并能代表本国参与国际竞争的主要城市，在全国具备引领、辐射、集散功能，是国家综合实力最强、集聚辐射和带动能力最大的城市代表。国家中心城市的打造，不仅是将城市规模做大，更重要的是城市功能的提升与优化。因此，增强城市功能是加快国家中心城市建设、全面提升科学发展实力的核心。     

高校辅导员专业化和职业化的制约因素

高校辅导员专业化培养和职业化发展既是高校提高大学生思想政治教育有效性和辅导员队伍适应高校教育改革的要求,也是辅导员自身发展的需要。面对当前辅导员队伍呈现管理强而教育弱、工作范畴的全职型而非专业型和缺乏相关学科专业背景知识的实际状况,高校应明确辅导员工作职责、对辅导员工作进行专业划分、建立以综合能力为主的高校辅导员提升内容及评价体系、开展学生工作的学科建设和科学研究、制定切实可行的辅导员专业技术职务评定体系,为辅导员专业化和职业化铺平道路。     

Acceptance and Caregiving of Married and Divorced Custodial Mothers and Fathers

The study examined whether differences in gender and family status affect parental caregiving disposition and acceptance of children among parents of children in mid-childhood. The number of participants were 122 divorced-custodial fathers, 107 married fathers, 85 divorced-custodial mothers, and 82 married mothers (n?=?398). A comparison among four groups of parents revealed the following gender differences: mothers scored higher on anxious caregiving and parental acceptance than fathers, and lower on avoidant caregiving. Regression analysis indicated that the higher the caregiving avoidance or anxiety, the lower the parental acceptance. Family status moderated parental acceptance, as avoidant caregiving was associated with reduced parental acceptance among married parents, but not among divorced custodial parents. The finding that avoidant caregiving was not associated with reduced acceptance among divorced custodial parents implies that their parental acceptance behaviors toward their children are affected by their parental status as sole custodial parent, and the associated responsibilities, rather than by gender.     

College students' perceptions of risk and addictiveness of e-cigarettes and cigarettes

Background: As conventional cigarette use is declining, electronic cigarette (“e-cigarette”) use is rising and is especially high among college students. Few studies examine dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among this population. This study explores the relationship between dual and exclusive e-cigarette / cigarette use and perceptions of harm and addictiveness of both products. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from students attending 24 colleges in Texas (n=5,482). Multinomial logistic regression was employed to test the association between current e-cigarette / cigarette use and perceived harm and addictiveness of both products. Three tobacco groups were included: cigarette only users, e-cigarette only users, and dual users. Results: Dual users reported lower perceived harm of e-cigarettes most consistently (p<0.001, all comparisons). Perceived harm of cigarettes was significantly lower among cigarette only and dual users only, compared to non-users (p<0.001, all comparisons). Compared to non-users, all three groups reported significantly lower perceived addictiveness of e-cigarettes (p<0.001, all comparisons). The same finding was observed for perceived addictiveness of cigarettes, though findings were less consistent for the e-cigarette only group (p<0.02, all comparisons except one). Conclusion: Findings demonstrate that among college students, perceptions of harm and addictiveness of e-cigarettes are lower than those for conventional cigarettes. For both products, perceptions of harm and addictiveness were lower among exclusive and dual users, compared to non-users.     

Similarity and Complementarity of Behavioral Profiles of Friendship Types and Types of Friends: Friendships and Psychosocial Adjustment

This study investigated different types of friendships and the behavioral profiles of different types of friends in relation to individual adjustment. In 102 classes with preadolescents (mean age 11), 737 independent friendship dyads, and in 149 classes with adolescents (mean age 14), 1,102 friendship dyads were identified. At each age group, cluster analyses on the behavioral profiles of the dyads yielded three friendship types, with two types of friends within each friendship type: Socially Withdrawn friendship (Victimized Withdrawn and Prosocial Withdrawn friends), Prosocial friendship (High Prosocial and Less Prosocial friends), and Antisocial friendship (Bullying Antisocial and Antisocial friends). The behavioral profiles of the two friends in Prosocial friendships were marked by similarity and in the other two types by complementarity. Both Victimized Withdrawn and Bullying Antisocial friends were less adjusted than participants without friends while Prosocial friends were more adjusted.     

Powerlessness and Abuse and Neglect of Older Adults

ABSTRACT

This article is a qualitative study which addresses the interacting relationship between the environmental context of care giving and abuse and neglect of older adults. These are examined through a thematic content analysis of risk factors identified in sixteen ‘in depth’ interviews of abused and neglected victims including two of their abusers. The interviews provide a portrait of their past and present situations, their roles and relationships and the process through which the interviewees move into their described process of powerlessness.

The interviewees are analysed through a critical, systemic, ecological analysis of the historical, gender and cultural perspectives of the interviewees. Through the relationships of the victims and their abusers in the macro, meso, exo and micro systems, questions are raised about the growing debate regarding changes in family patterns and demographics that affect how societies define the provision of care to their dependent adults. They demonstrate that violence is produced by complex interacting systems and significant events, that impact on the life courses of some older adults and some care givers leading them into powerless positions and resulting in abuse and neglect.     

The Co-Evolution of Marriage and Parental Rights of Gays and Lesbians

ABSTRACT

Historically, federal and state legislation placed different conditions on same- and opposite-sex couples' ability to marry, adopt, or exercise their parental rights. Given the historical intertwining of marriage and parenting, legal issues remain hinged on differing conceptions of marriage and what constitutes a legal family in the United States, especially for same-sex partners compared to their different-sexed couple counterparts. This article provides a historical review of decisions that serve as the foundation for queer parenting rights in the United States. A key focus is on the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) marriage decision on queer parenting and its relevance to researchers and practitioners whose work involves queer families. State discrepancies continue to exist for the treatment of parental rights in spite of the legalization of same-sex marriage. Finally, suggestions are provided for future directions for the field.     

Parenting Responses and Parenting Goals of Mothers and Fathers of Adolescents

We extended on previous work by examining the contextual nature of parenting goals in mothers and fathers of adolescents. We also examined dyadic parenting similarity in parenting responses and parenting goals. Participants were 285 primarily professional (48.6%), White (82.7%) parents of adolescents aged 14 to 17 years old (mothers n = 213, fathers n = 68, dyads n = 43). Results of a 2 × 2 × 6 MANCOVA indicated that parenting goals were influenced by characteristics of the situation but not by parent or adolescent gender. There was dyadic parenting similarity for parenting responses and dyadic similarity for parenting goals. The implications of these findings for parenting interventions and future parenting research using within family comparisons are discussed.