我国银行信贷风险的成因及对策分析

近１０多年来 ,世界范围内金融危机和金融风暴频频发生 ,特别是１９９７年由东南亚引发并迅速波及东亚、俄罗斯、中南美的金融危机 ,造成众多大公司、大银行、大企业纷纷破产 ,国民经济迅速衰退 ,并引发大量的政治危机及社会危机。因此 ,有效地防范和化解金融风险已成为关乎国家经济、政治稳定的大事。随着改革的深入 ,旧体制的各种风险和矛盾逐渐向我国的金融机构积聚 ,信贷风险已成为金融业面临的最主要的风险。针对我国银行信贷风险的现状 ,我们需分层次剖析其成因 ,寻找有效的对策。一、我国银行信贷风险的现状与成因分析当前 ,我国银行…     

论建立我国金融业的市场退出制度

金融机构市场退出制度是一国金融监管制度的重要组成部分。为了提高整个金融业的运作效率和防范、化解金融风险 ,迫切需要建立健全金融业市场退出制度。我国在金融机构市场退出的环境、手段、方式和效果等方面与西方发达国家相比都存在着差距与不同。因此 ,要借鉴国外的先进经验 ,营造金融机构市场退出顺利实施的环境和基础 ,强化市场手段 ,采取强强联合的市场化兼并方式 ,同时还要提高存款人的金融风险意识 ,增强其对金融机构市场退出的承受能力     

新汇率机制下出口企业规避风险的对策

中国人民银行宣布放弃单一盯住美元的汇率政策,开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币,实施单一的、有管理的浮动汇率制度。人民币升值给出口企业将会带来很多风险,我国的出口企业应该积极应对。基于此,系统地提出新汇率机制下出口企业规避汇率风险途径和对策,目的在于增强出口企业抗拒汇率风险的能力。具体为:出口生产企业要加快转变对出口市场的过度依赖问题,进一步拓展国内市场,学会两条腿走路,顺应国内需求增长的趋势;要树立正确的防范汇率风险的理念,以保值而非投机的心态对待汇率风险管理,并树立风险管理的成本意识;要加强与银行的合作,依托银行专业的财务顾问和理财顾问来化解和规避市场风险;应善于利用银行的服务和产品来有效规避汇率风险,降低财务费用,减少汇兑损益。同时,企业应克服无所作为的思想,积极防范汇率风险,关键在于提高防范汇率风险的本领。     

试论商业银行风险防范体系的建立

试论商业银行风险防范体系的建立王德秀康孝德张克礼随着商业银行的起步，防范和化解金融风险，特别是信贷风险，已成为上下十分关注和需要认真研究解决的一个永久性的课题，而如何建立适合我国国有商业银行信贷防范体系，这是首先需要研究和解决的问题。一、关于特色问题...     

互联网金融的风险及其治理

近几年,互联网金融迅速发展,引起社会广泛关注。互联网金融的重要特点之一是风险性。互联网金融风险有五种类型：网络技术风险;业务管理风险;货币政策风险;法律法规风险;各种犯罪风险。互联网金融风险有五个特点：并存性;多样性;虚拟性;超越性;速发性。互联网金融风险治理应遵循的原则：支持鼓励与规范管理相结合;行业行政监管与企业市场自律相结合;技术措施和管理措施相结合;保护用户利益与保护企业利益相结合;行政手段与宣传教育相结合;国内治理与国际治理相结合。互联网金融风险治理对策建议：构建互联网金融安全体系;加强对互联网金融风险的监督管理;堵塞技术漏洞,降低技术风险;加强行业企业的市场自律,自觉防范风险;加强信息披露,减少信息不对称引发的风险;完善法律法规,防范法律风险;打击互联网金融犯罪行为;借鉴国外经验,加强国际合作。     

论经济增长方式转变中的金融稳定问题

我国经济的高速增长主要依靠巨额投资推动,呈现出高投入、高消耗、高速度、低质量、低效益的粗放型特征。经济增长方式的转变能为金融稳定创造良好的经济环境,也会对金融机构、金融市场、金融基础设施造成冲击。在政策准备方面,政府要完善金融机构治理结构,加强金融监管,进一步促进金融基础设施建设,以防范金融风险的发生。     

新一轮不良资产的形成机理、清收障碍与处置创新

十九大报告提出守住不发生系统性金融风险的底线,第五次全国金融工作会议也提出防控金融风险,推动金融机构及时处置风险资产。商业银行有效减少不良资产余额,是降低金融风险和提高其核心竞争力的重要途径。我国商业银行不良资产的形成与累积受到经济运行周期、政治负担、信贷扩张与内部经营管理等多方面因素的影响。在当前银行外部市场环境低迷、内部资产质量形势严峻的情况下,清收处置不良贷款面临着很多问题与障碍。商业银行需要借鉴国际和国内经验,积极探索运用非诉手段和法律手段清收处置不良资产的方法,应构建被执行人信用信息共享机制,遏制规避执行行为,提高清收处置效率。同时,培育良好信贷文化,加强人员队伍管理和培训,树立前瞻性防范理念,依法行使债权人权利,加强风险管理,开展对客户、产品、行业风险的全流程监控。     

深化改革是化解国有商业银行金融风险的根本出路

一、国有商业银行风险的成因分析关于我国国有商业银行金融风险的成因 ,理论界众说纷纭 ,但有一点必须首先要明确 ,我国银行风险与发达国家的银行风险相比 ,其形成机制与表现形式是不尽相同的 ,西方发达国家的银行风险是一种包含有信用风险、利率风险、流动性风险、汇率风险 ,甚至通货膨胀风险等内容的市场风险。在银行竞争日趋激烈的背景下 ,出于生存与发展的需要 ,银行竞相开展高风险资产业务 ,从事各种风险资产交易活动 ,在过度追求效益和竞争地位的目标驱动下 ,市场风险管理却日显薄弱。市场风险累积到一定程度便会诱发挤兑 ,造成银行支…     

中国影子银行成因、规模估测及风险分析

中国影子银行与美国影子银行相比,具有很多独特性.旺盛的融资需求与居民财富投资渠道的多样化以及金融机构的监管套利,使得中国影子银行在起步之初便获得了很大的发展.中国影子银行一方面扩大了金融体系的效率边界和服务群体,缓解了融资难问题,另一方面却具有期限错配、高传染性和隐蔽性等风险属性,互联网金融所带来的新风险更加剧了影子银行金融风险的复杂程度和金融体系的不稳定性.在当前"实体经济下行、金融风险上行"的形势下,对中美影子银行的产生背景进行对比分析,对中国影子银行的规模计量、潜在风险和系统性风险进行讨论,提出如何采取科学合理的监管之道来规范和引导其良性发展的建议.     

关于对农发行内控机制建设的思考

一、加强内部控制建设是防范金融风险 ,保证农业政策性金融稳健经营的现实需要。金融业是高风险行业 ,维持稳定的金融体系和良好的金融秩序 ,需要加强外部的监督和检查 ,更需要金融机构自身加强控制和管理。健全有效的内部控制机制是防范金融风险的第一道防线。随着经济、金融体制改革的不断深化 ,市场机制的确立和逐步完善 ,内部控制建设作为强化管理的一种手段 ,日益受到各家银行的高度重视 ,逐渐成为内部管理系统中不可缺少的组成部分。作为国家支持、保护农业和农村经济发展的重要金融部门 - - - -我省农业发展银行成立以来 ,在加强粮棉…     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).