中国城镇妇女就业模式及相关的社会政策选择--社会性别视角的分析

中国城镇妇女就业问题是伴随妇女从单一的无性别差异的就业模式向多样化、性别化就业模式转变过程中,发生社会政策失调的结果.妇女就业模式与许多社会经济政策之间存在互动关系,包括劳动力市场与就业政策、社会保障与福利政策、家庭政策等.解决妇女就业问题,一方面要采取措施,消除各种不利于妇女就业的观念和制度性障碍,另一方面也需适应妇女就业模式转变的趋势,对相关政策和制度进行调整和改革.     

甘肃主要少数民族妇女就业问题研究

国内已有的妇女就业的研究主要偏重一个国家和地区妇女在经济领域的问题．而以民族进行划分对妇女在经济发展中的相关问题的研究较少涉及。本文以甘肃第六次人口普查的数据为依据．分析了甘肃10个主要少数民族妇女就业状况的民族差异和地区差异,在对甘肃主要少数民族妇女的就业进行因素分析的基础上,提出了少数民族妇女就业的模型。     

关于我国妇女就业的几个问题

妇女就业问题历来令人关注。之所以如此,根本的原因就在于妇女就业是妇女解放的重要内容,同时又是妇女解放的先决条件。妇女解放,在私有制条件下首先就是要求摆脱剥削和压迫;在公有制条件下就是要求妇女和男子的完全平等。而妇女与男子的经挤平等,其实质就是妇女就业问题。同时,妇女就业又是妇女解放的先决条件。妇女不能就业,不能参加社会生产劳动,则妇女的解放,妇女与男子的经济平等、政治平等和社会平等,都是不能实现的。     

关于我国妇女就业问题的思考

本文通过对我国 5 0年来妇女就业问题的回顾与理性思考 ,就未来在妇女就业问题上应采取的对策 ,提出建议     

反就业歧视:政府的又一重要职能

随着中国市场化改革的深入,劳动力就业困难日益凸现。如对妇女就业歧视就日益引起社会,特别是妇女界和政府的高度重视,但这并没有有效地扼制就业歧视现象的蔓延。在妇女就业问题上,两种不同声音的争论也各执一词。本文在回顾我国不同体制条件妇女就业状况的基础上,对我国妇女就业歧视问题上两种观点产生的背景、成因、分歧和理论依据作一评述,分析它们各自形成的内在机理,并在此基础上提出解决妇女就业歧视的对策和途径。一、两种体制下妇女就业歧视的比较人们对人与事物认识的基本看法与标准,是基于人们在长期的共同生活中逐渐形成和建立起…     

女性就业与发展困境的原因探析

就业是妇女获得发展的一个重要方式 ,因为就业的期望以及工作中产生的问题和挑战是刺激人们学习新知识、新技能 ,从而获得发展的重要推动力量。但是 ,经济的、社会的、生理的因素限制了妇女就业以及进行人力资本再投资的机会 ,而且这些因素相互影响 ,相互作用。所以 ,克服妇女就业和发展的障碍需要政府制定政策支持妇女教育和培训 ,防止用人单位在雇用、培训、晋升等环节歧视女性     

甘肃省城市妇女劳动就业状况的调查与分析

当前,城市妇女就业呈现出一些新的问题与特点,尤其在经济欠发达地区更加明显.本文在全面调查的基础上,从多方面分析了甘肃城市妇女的就业状况,并提出了对策与建议.     

改革开放以来湖北妇女就业状况与特点

妇女就业问题历来被社会所关注.我国宪法规定妇女在政治经济生活中享有与男子完全平等的权利.1980年我国政府批准了《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》,1992年全国人大通过了《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》等一系列法律,确立了男女在社会生活各方面的平等权利,为妇女就业创造了良好的前提条件.新中国的建立.特别是自1978年改革开放以来,由于社     

就业、就业形势与就业对策——人口学视角的思考

本文从人口学角度入手分析我国就业问题,认为就业的内涵需要拓展;从人口发展形势分析,就业形势极其严峻,就业问题难以得到根本解决;人口学角度出发的缓解就业的对策包括普及高中阶段教育和实行城市妇女（部分人口）阶段性就业,并认为阶段性就业与社会性别平等并无冲突,而是对其有益的补充。     

论女性就业形态多元化的利弊——广东省四城市妇女就业状况调查报告

本文基于作者 2 0 0 1年对广东省广州市、深圳市、肇庆市、清远市四地妇女就业状况的调查 ,深入分析了当前妇女就业中出现的新特点和新现象 ,特别是多元化的就业方式在保障妇女就业权利和提供就业机会等方面产生的利与弊     

Subjective utility and plans for childbearing and employment

Nonrecursive models of plans for childbearing and employment were estimated for a sample of white married women, age 26 to 36, with one or two young children. Women's concerns about care of children already born did inhibit their employment plans. Further, plans to have another child in the near future had a direct negative effect on full-time employment plans among women with one child, but not among women with two children. No direct effects of childbearing plans on part-time employment plans were found. In contrast to earlier research on longterm childbearing and employment plans, no direct effects of employment plans on plans for childbearing were found. It is suggested that attainment of the two-child family marks a turning point in the relation between childbearing and wives' employment.This research was partially supported by grants from the Center for Population Research, NICHD to Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers, Seattle, Washington (1-R01-HD10683), and to the Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison (1-R01-HD05876). I wish to thank Andrew R. Davidson for the opportunity to conduct the research. I am also grateful to Pamela Oliver, Larry Bumpass, and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on earlier versions of this article.     

Addressing the midwifery workforce crisis: evaluating an employment model for undergraduate midwifery students at a tertiary maternity hospital in Melbourne, Australia

Background and aims

In Victoria, maternity services are under significant strain due to increased numbers of women giving birth and critical workforce shortages. Hospitals have experienced challenges in adequately staffing maternity units, particularly on postnatal wards. In 2008, a tertiary maternity hospital in Melbourne introduced a model where undergraduate midwifery students were employed as Division 2 nurses (SMW_Div2) (enrolled nurses), to work in the postnatal area only. This study explored the pilot employment model from the perspective of the SMW_Div2 and hospital midwives.

Methods

A web-based survey was administered to hospital midwives and the SMW_Div2s in the employment model in January 2010. The survey explored the views of midwives and SMW_Div2s regarding the perceived impact of the model on workforce readiness, recruitment and retention, and clinical competence and confidence.

Findings

Forty-seven of 158 midwives (30%) and five of nine SMW_Div2s employed in the model responded to the survey. Both groups considered the model to have benefits for the organisation, including increased: student workforce readiness; clinical confidence and competence; and organisational loyalty. Both groups also considered that the model would facilitate: workforce recruitment; a teaching and learning culture within the organisation; and enhanced partnerships between students, hospitals and universities. Caution was expressed regarding workload and the need for ongoing support for SMW_Div2s working in the model.

Discussion and conclusion

SMW_Div2s and midwives were positive about the introduction of the paid employment model at the Women's. The findings are consistent with evaluations of similar programs in the nursing setting. The employment model has potential short and long term individual and organisational advantages, which is important in the context of increasing births and workforce shortages. Progression of such models will be contingent on the collaboration and cooperation of the various stakeholders involved in maternity workforce and education.     

Sex-role attitudes and employment status as predictors of perceived life satisfaction among married women in Korea

The focus of this exploratory study is on reexamining the relationship between sex role attitudes and the employment status of married women in Korea, and exploring the nature and extent of women's sex role attitudes and employment status on their life satisfaction (marriage, family, work). Multicluster sampling was used to select 418 women from the city of Seoul. The Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS) (Spence and Helmreich) was used to measure the concept of sex role attitudes. Life satisfaction was measured by 3 questions: ALLSAT, a general feeling; IGA for the general effect based on Osgood's semantic differential scales; and work status and voluntariness. Background characteristics are given. The results revealed that there was an independent relationship between sex role attitudes and employment status. Based on willingness to work groups (4), those who worked involuntarily had the most conservative sex role attitudes, and those involuntarily nonworking had the most liberal attitudes. When education background was controlled for, there were no significant differences between working and nonworking women and sex role attitudes. There was little relationship observed between sex role attitudes and overall satisfaction. When controlling for employment status, however, sex role attitudes and the relationship to work satisfaction was statistically significant among fulltime housewives, who had conservative attitudes. In fact, fulltime housewives reported greater satisfaction with their role as homemaker than those with liberal sex role attitudes. Women's attitudes and their actual roles has a greater influence on women's life satisfaction than sex role attitudes. Overall, working women are more satisfied with work and overall life than are nonworking women, when the mean satisfaction scored all 6 indicators are used in a 1 way analysis of variance. There were no significant differences in satisfaction with marriage or family life between working and nonworking women. When the intervening variable willingness to work is introduced, this plus employment status affects life satisfaction. The discrepancy between women's sex role attitudes and their work status produces the greatest dissatisfaction. The multiple regression of background variables affecting sex role attitudes shows that parent's encouragement for a woman to work has the strongest effect. Educational attainment has a positive effect on sex role attitudes, and among less well education has a negative effect and positive effect among those well educated, Husband's income is significantly higher than that for working women. Another model expressing reciprocal relations between marriage, family and work satisfaction was generated. Improvements are suggested for future research.     

Women are key players in the economies of East and Southeast Asia

In 1996, the East-West Center's Program on Population investigated the links between population change and economic growth in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand, and Indonesia. This document discusses the findings pertaining to women's changing marriage and childbearing patterns, education attainment, and labor force participation as well as changes in family life. In eastern and southeastern Asia, women are delaying marriage and having fewer children as a result of their overwhelming acceptance of modern contraception. Concurrently, women's secondary school enrollment has increased dramatically since 1960, and women have accounted for steadily increasing proportions of total labor force growth. Economic development has led to fewer women employed in agriculture and more in clerical positions. Women continue to be marginalized in low-paying manufacturing jobs and to lose these jobs more frequently than do men. Women's labor force participation continues to be dependent upon their child care responsibilities, but women are beginning to combine both activities with the help of live-in grandparents. Women have made an important contribution to economic growth in Asia. Policies should address job discrimination against married women, wage discrimination, the problems faced by young women who leave home for employment in the manufacturing and service sectors, and the lack of child care facilities.     

Working women: Where have we been? Where are we going?

Prepared as the 1989 Margaret Cunnigin Lecture through the Women's Center, Vanderbilt University.     

Woman cadres are women's friends

The All-China Women's Federation (WF) is a non-governmental organization of women and the highest leading body of the Women's Federations at all levels of the country. The WFS spare no efforts to do women good turns, work for their well-being and serve them wholeheartedly. The WFs are actively organizing women to learn to read and write and to acquire skills. The WFs play a role in protecting and education women, and in struggling for the safeguard of the legitimate rights of women and children. The WFs at all levels have been showing great concern for family planning. Finally, the WFs devote much attention to the training of women cadres, and to the improvement of their cultural level and working ability.     

'Is anybody listening?' The experiences of widowhood for older Australian women

This paper discusses preliminary findings from participants in the baseline survey of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (Women's Health Australia: WHA) who reported their marital status as widowed. A total of 12,624 women, aged 70-75 years, completed a self-administered 260-item questionnaire, and 4335 of these women were widowed. Many of these women provided additional qualitative comments about their health, social and financial circumstances after the death of their spouse. This paper presents a thematic analysis of the qualitative comments and builds on the findings of the quantitative analysis of baseline data. The aims of this part of the study are to examine the short- and long-term effects of widowhood on the health and wellbeing of older women and to explore the process of change they experience after the death of a spouse. Preliminary findings suggest that, as a key life event, widowhood has an initial negative impact on the health and wellbeing of older women, but in the long term it may be accompanied by a positive shift into a new life phase.     

非正规就业者的境况得到改善了么?——来自1997-2011年CHNS数据的证据

为研究国有企业改革以来我国城镇非正规就业者的境遇变化,本文利用1997-2011年CHNS数据库,采用倾向得分匹配(PSM)方法,对城镇非正规就业者和正规就业者收入差距进行实证研究.结果发现,城镇非正规就业者与正规就业者收入存在显著差异,且呈现不断扩大的趋势,尤其是有雇工的非正规雇佣者、无雇工的非正规自雇者与正规就业者收入差距越来越大,表明我国城镇非正规就业者的生存境遇正不断恶化,劳动力市场向着不利于非正规就业的方向发展.这要求在劳动力市场改革中应充分考虑非正规就业者的生存空间,加大对非正规就业者的扶持力度的同时,注重非正规就业政策的差异性,减少劳动力市场扭曲对非正规就业者的影响.     

Mothers in an insider-outsider economy: the puzzle of Spain

There is growing evidence that social policies towards mothers have important effects on their labour market behaviour. This article argues that these effects are less important in a Male Breadwinner Regime if there is employment insecurity in the household or if women intend to participate in the long-run. I consider the case of Spain, where the workforce has become polarized between insiders and outsiders and where social policies closely resemble the Male Breadwinner Regime. The results show that Spanish mothers fall into two groups: those who do not withdraw from the labor force after childbirth and those who withdraw and do not re-enter after their children arrive at school age. Entry or re-entry appears related to the husband's employment uncertainty. Married women in an insider household are less likely to be mobile than women in an outsider household.This research was initiated with the financial support from the Bank of Spain (Fondo para Estudios sobre el Mercado de Trabajo) and the CIRIT (Generalitat de Catalunya). An earlier version has been published in Spanish in Adam, 1995 a. I benefited from presentations in the session on Women's Labour Force Transitions in the ESPE ninth annual meeting at Lisbon, in the IESA (CSIC, Madrid) seminar, in the session on European Labour Markets in the IEA meeting at Tunis, and in the IGIER seminar. I thank Namkee Ahn, Siv Gustafsson, John Ermisch, Andrea Ichino, Sergi Jiménez, Dennis Snower, Robert Waldmann and an anonymous referee for comments. My very especial thanks go to my thesis supervisor, John Micklewright, to Gosta Esping-Andersen, John Myles and David Soskice. Responsible editors: Siv S. Gustafsson, John F. Ermisch.     

论政府在弹性就业发展中的角色定位及作用

弹性就业是一种新型就业形式。本文运用劳动经济学的相关理论,分析了政府在弹性就业发展中的角色和作用。政府在弹性就业发展中扮演着引导者、支持者和护航者的角色。政府对弹性就业的干预有着积极和消极两方面的作用。从长期来看,政府的干预可以促进弹性就业的良性发展;从短期来看,政府的干预会抑制弹性就业的发展。