Back Pay for Trafficked Migrant Workers: An Indonesian Case Study

In 2015 the International Organization for Migration (IOM) identified almost 1,200 trafficked migrants working in slave‐like conditions on fishing boats in East Indonesia. The IOM helped the migrants and offered to cover the cost of repatriation to their countries of citizenship. The Indonesian government appreciated the financial support, not least because the victims’ embassies refused to pay. But most victims in one location refused to return to their home country without the wages owed to them by their trafficker‐cum‐employers. IOM policy states that migrants are eligible to use the Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR) service if they are unable or unwilling to remain in the host country. But another condition is that migrants must use the services voluntarily. The IOM could not force the migrants to leave the country, and national law prevented the Indonesian government from deporting the migrants because the IOM had identified them as victims of trafficking. 1     

Migrant women: the path from Beijing

This article discusses the statement of the UN International Office of Migration (IOM) delivered at the Fourth World Congress on Women held in Beijing in 1995. The Beijing Platform of Action identified migrants as comprising an estimated 125 million people. Half of the international migrants live in developing countries, and at least 50 million are women. Another 500 million are internal female migrants. Migration programs tend to marginalize female migrants and to ignore women's special needs and experiences. The Third World Conference in Nairobi in 1985 indicated that women migrants were more likely to suffer deprivation, hardship, isolation, loss of status, and discrimination. Women bear the burden of a family's daily life, are more vulnerable than men, and face additional problems in the work force. Women migrants are identified as dependents and must be sponsored for admission to the host country; they are often subjected to physical and sexual abuse and must face discrimination in a foreign environment. The special needs of migrant women must be addressed at every stage of the migration process: the decision making stage, the integration into host communities, and the reintegration upon return. Women must be empowered. IOM recently established the International Center for Migration and Health. This center will focus on special problems faced by women migrants and on migrants' rights. Between the Nairobi and Beijing conferences the plight of migrant women was not prominently addressed. Migration references were made in Beijing's Platform of Action in scattered places in the text. Governments need to provide gender-sensitive human rights education and training for public officials in order to fulfill the Beijing Platform. The IOM technical assistance to Argentina illustrates what cooperative ventures are possible. IOM has made important progress in implementing Beijing's Platform.     

The Global Compact for Safe,Orderly and Regular Migration: What's Next

The Director General of IOM reflects on the next steps to implement the Global Compact for Migration, IOM's new responsibility as Coordinator of the UN Migration Network, and the role that research can play in realizing the Compact's potential.     

A solution of the externality problem using strategic matching

This paper develops a Coase-like solution of the problem of inducing Pareto optimal behavior in the presence of reciprocal externalities. In place of Coasean direct compensation between the parties to an externality problem, actors strategically match each other's externality-producing activity, and thus induce counterparts to internalize the external benefits or costs of their actions. The analysis suggests a general framework for analyzing social interactions in the presence of reciprocal externalities. As an application of the theory, a solution of the duopoly problem is noted.We are indebted to L. Danziger, D. Samet, participants in faculty seminars at Bar-Ilan and New York Universities and at the University of Maryland, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments and discussions. All remaining errors are our own.     

Migration and AIDS

This article presents the perspectives of UNAIDS and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) on migration and HIV/AIDS. It identifies research and action priorities and policy issues, and describes the current situation in major regions of the world. Migration is a process. Movement is enhanced by air transport, rising international trade, deregulation of trade practices, and opening of borders. Movements are restricted by laws and statutes. Denial to freely circulate and obtain asylum is associated with vulnerability to HIV infections. A UNAIDS policy paper in 1997 and IOM policy guidelines in 1988 affirm that refugees and asylum seekers should not be targeted for special measures due to HIV/AIDS. There is an urgent need to provide primary health services for migrants, voluntary counseling and testing, and more favorable conditions. Research is needed on the role of migration in the spread of HIV, the extent of migration, availability of health services, and options for HIV prevention. Research must be action-oriented and focused on vulnerability to HIV and risk taking behavior. There is substantial mobility in West and Central Africa, economic migration in South Africa, and nonvoluntary migration in Angola. Sex workers in southeast Asia contribute to the spread. The breakup of the USSR led to population shifts. Migrants in Central America and Mexico move north to the US where HIV prevalence is higher.     

Table of Contents

35 ‘Best Practices’ Identified for PDMPs; Referral to Treatment Not Included St. Louis Nonprofit Expands with Uncommon Business Model The Best Practices SAMHSA Still Trying to Blend MH and SA via BG Application IOM Calls for Better SUD Treatment in Military VA‐SAMHSA EHR Project Keeps SUD Treatment Data Private Briefly Noted Names in the News Coming up Corrections     

Table of Contents

IOM Recommendations for Benefits Package: Affordability First San Diego Center Ties its Future to Non‐Government Funding Sources Washington Proposes Eliminating All Adult SA Treatment Average Time From First Use to Treatment Admission: 15.6 Years The Word ‘Recovery’ Belongs With Chemical Dependency Former Vivitrol Patients Sought by Other Mass. Programs Briefly Noted Coming up     

Table of Contents

Opiate Deaths Rising in Maine, While Meth Addiction Top Concern in Twin Cities IOM Report Eyed as Boost to Workforce Percentage of U.S. Household Residents Supporting an Increase in the National Tax on Alcohol of Five Cents per Drink, 2005 Salary Recommendations from NCADD New Jersey by License (Education Must Be in a Counseling Related Degree) Lifetime Analysis Breaks Ground in Evaluating Treatment Benefits Business Group Releases Guide to Effective Workplace Services Briefly Noted Coming Up     

Comrades Compromised: The Zimbabwean and South African Liberation Struggles Compared and Contrasted

At the end of April (1992), President Mugabe was given a rough ride at the inaugural conference of the Zimbabwe Liberation War Veterans Association. Almost half of the some 36,000 veterans are unemployed, and Mugabe had to listen to accusations that his government was run by 'opportunists and bourgeois elements' who want to exclude the veterans.¹
Mr Mandela was himself booed (in April 1993) when he defended his partnership with Mr De Klerk. PAC leader Clarence Makwetu, whose APLA guerrillas have been killing white civilians, was cheered when he entered the stadium, obliging Mr Mandela to pause in his address.²     

Role of Regional Consultative Processes in the lead up to the Negotiations of Global Compact on Migration: The Case of Africa

Regional consultative process was part of the preparations for the negotiations of the Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM). In Africa, the process was managed by the AU, UNECA and IOM and produced the Continental Report that fed into the global report of the UN Secretary General and the Common African Position (CAP) to the GCM. They were endorsed at the highest political level and guided the African states during the compact's negotiations. The article examines the regional consultations and development of these two documents, and highlights their history and normative contents that reflected on the performance of Africa during the negotiations and contributions to the outcome of the GCM. The African member states negotiated as a group, they spoke with one voice and made constructive alliances. Through process‐tracing, the article determines that Africa impacted and made significant contributions to the outcome of the GCM.     

Iraqi IDPs Access to Durable Solutions: Results of Two Rounds of a Longitudinal Study

This article discusses the findings from a 4,000 household, longitudinal study conducted by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Georgetown University. Using the Inter‐Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Framework on Durable Solutions, we investigate the circumstances in which households were displaced, and how their needs, strategies, and access to durable solutions change over time as they integrate, return, or settle elsewhere. Findings from the study thus allow us to build an evidence base that helps researchers and policymakers to move beyond conceptions of displacement as either a ‘crisis’ or a problem that has been solved, and instead bring into focus the ways in which displaced people find ways to rebuild their lives and livelihoods that coexist alongside patterns of mobility and risk management.     

The interaction of masculinity and control and its impact on the experience of suffering for an older man

Previous work suggests that control and suffering are related to one another. Although it would be expected that within cultures which emphasize the importance of masculinity, as well as personal control, there would be greater suffering among individuals who lose their sense of masculinity or control, how these constructs relate to each other and are individually negotiated has been largely understudied. This paper takes a case study approach to further exploring how the constructs of control, masculinity, and suffering are related in the lived experience of an older European American man, Mr. Gregor. Analysis of this case shows that masculinity is related to control and that these constructs act as themes which interact over Mr. Gregor's lifetime in a variety of ways. The level of control maintained by Mr. Gregor in different aspects of his life affects his sense of suffering. In some instances his sense of masculinity helps to protect Mr. Gregor against suffering; in others, it contributes to his suffering. These findings support the notion that there are culturally dependent possibilities for how control and masculinity are related.     

Algorithms for resource allocation of substance abuse prevention funds based on social indicators: a case study on state of Florida--Part 3

The purpose of Part 3 is to develop an algorithm for an equitable distribution of state prevention funds to its substate jurisdictions based on the need for prevention services. In this series, the need for prevention services is measured in terms of the existing social indicators observed at the county level. In order to establish a conceptual link as well as the empirical relevance of the selected social indicators as proxy measurements of the estimated need for prevention at the county level, we have employed both concurrent and construct validity tests using the following three constructs as the criterion variables in a multiple regressing setting: 1) county-based composite drug use index score (COMDRUG) measured via the statewide drug survey; 2) county-based proportions of prevention target populations using the conceptual definition advanced by the Institute of Medicine (IOM); and 3) the composite risk factor score (COMRISK) assembled from a list of twenty-two risk and protective factors observed for each county. These constructs were identified previously in Parts 1 and 2. While employing eight social indicators to estimate the overall prevention needs observed at the county level, the social indicators thus selected were able to explain 69 percent of the variations in COMDRUG, 68 percent of the variation in the proportions of students in need of prevention services using IOM definition, and 60 percent of the variation in COMRISK. Following successful validations of the social indicators as viable media with which to estimate county-based prevention needs, the ensuing multiple regression equation is, then, used to build a resource allocation model by determining the proportion of each county's share of the total statewide COMDRUG-predicted from the social indicators and, then, by weighting the latter proportion by the population size of each county under age eighteen. In this way, we have devised county-based Prevention Needs Index (PNI) scores based solely on social indicators. Finally, the county's share of PNI score is computed as a proportion of to the total statewide PNI score. Following this line of algorithm for resource allocation, we were able to develop yet another resource allocation model solely based on social indicators without the benefits of survey data. Comparing the funding results originating from four resource allocation models (i.e., COMDRUG, IOM Definition, COMRISK, and Social Indicators), it has been learned that there is a remarkable similarity from one funding level to another. Since all four schedules of county-based prevention funding levels have shown very high intercorrelations with a range from .9862 to .9993, it has been determined that these schedules are measuring essentially either the same domain or latent domains that are functionally equivalent to one another. Accordingly, no preference is made among the resource allocation models suggested, although it is suggested that the final decision on the level of funding must be based on the selection of the schedule for resource allocation rather than the suggested amount or level of funding computed for each county.     

Human mobility in the context of environmental and climate change: Recent data collection tools from the International Organization for Migration to address key methodological and conceptual issues

This paper outlines recent data collection tools and methodologies that the International Organization for Migration (IOM) has been using in order to gather information on human mobility as influenced by environmental factors and their impacts. It looks at alternative ways for collecting and analysing data in the face of methodological challenges related to the multicausality of movements, the voluntary/involuntary continuum in human (im)mobility decisions in the context of environmental and climate change, and the policy and epistemological imperative from viewing migration as an adaptation strategy. The paper finds that certain data collection approaches can be quickly deployed in rapid-onset disasters as well as applied in contexts of gradual, slow-onset environmental change to provide information useful for operational responses to immediate crises and/or for developing policies in response. Some of the tools can be useful in both contexts and may support both immediate and long-term operational, policy and research objectives.     

Family and neighborhood welfare dependency and sons' labor supply

This article tests four models of how parental and childhood welfare use affects sons' labor supply: the correlated disadvantages model, Wilson's structural-environmental model, Mead's welfare culture model, and Murray's incentives model. Past research is extended by including measures of all seven factors that these models predict will shape sons' labor supply: parental welfare use, neighborhood welfare use, parental income, family noneconomic resources, neighborhood resources, labor market conditions, and state welfare benefits. There are four main findings. First, welfare use in the childhood neighborhood has no effects on sons' work hours. Second, only one group of sons is affected by parental welfare use: black sons' whose parents average $7,500 or more in welfare income per year. Third, black sons' adult work hours are strongly predicted by parental poverty and by labor market conditions; together these account for half the estimated relationships between heavy parental welfare use and black sons' labor supply. Fourth, parents' and neighbors' work hours strongly predict nonblack sons' labor supply. This research was supported by Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services, by the Rockefeller Foundation, and by the Office of the Vice-President for Research at the University of Michigan. We are grateful to John Bound, Sheldon Danziger, Greg Duncan, Martha Hill, and an anoymous reviewer for helpful comments and advice, to Marguerite Grabarek and James Kunz for programming, and most of all to Wendy Niemi for her patient, accurate, and efficient typing. Her research interests include poverty, social stratification, and labor economics. His research interests include rural poverty, poverty neighborhoods, and intergenerational poverty.     

Politics in the Consulting Room: Hate in the Countertransference Revisited

This paper focuses on the way political ideas infused the psychoanalytic treatment of Mr. N., a man who struggled with low self-esteem, paranoia, and rage. Mr. N. became increasingly identified with Republican political goals and attacked what he considered my Democratic political views and legislative advocacy. The way that his anger became focused on my political activity had a profound impact on me, leading to strong countertransference feelings of depression and hate. The ways that I tried to accept and use this countertransference in the treatment are summarized, in the context of D.W. Winnicott’s paper on “Hate in the Countertransference” and others. During the course of the treatment Mr. N. became less judgmental of others and himself, learned to give and accept love, and developed the capacity for self-reflection through use of the therapeutic relationship.     

Comment on Charles Baird

Mr. Stanton E. Smith has long been an active unionist. He was the first president of the Chattanooga Local of the American Federation of Teachers (1933–1939); served as the Educational Director of the ILGWU-Southeastern Region (1945–1949); was president of the Tennessee Federation of Labor (1949); and was coordinator of State and Local Councils of the AFL-CIO (1960). Currently, Mr. Smith is a delegate to the Chattanooga Area Labor Council, AFL-CIO.     

Migration,Productive Return and Human Capital: Lessons from the new Governmental Policy on Migration in Ecuador

In 2008, the Government of Ecuador initiated a programme for productive return dubbed the Cucayo Fund, aimed at financing small businesses for migrants who were returning to the country. This programme has been a cornerstone in the new governmental policy on migration. In 2015, the IOM considered it an exemplary practice among the instruments enabling the economic and social reinsertion of returning migrants. In this article, based on the mining and analysis of the implementation data from the Cucayo Fund in the three provinces comprising Administrative Region No 7, we specifically examine the incidence of human capital accumulated by the migrants in the success of their ventures. Our results show that the experience and knowledge attained by the migrants abroad, and transfer of these to new activities, play a key and relevant role in the financed ventures and that, therefore, human capital must be incorporated with greater emphasis into debates on return.     

Entre « usage contrôlé », invisibilisation et externalisation. Le précariat étranger face au risque chimique en agriculture intensive

Based on the testimonies and career paths of Moroccan workers hired on seasonal contracts through the International Organization for Migration (IOM), this article shows how the governance of chemical risk in agriculture has authorized the circulation of toxic substances in the workplace. By setting up a regulatory framework for exposure, the “controlled use” of pesticides produces “clandestine” contamination and makes it possible to sidestep responsibility for its health effects. This paper explores the question of how the IOM's seasonal immigration process helps organize both the invisibilization of occupational exposure to pesticides and the outsourcing of the pathologies it causes.