Same-sex cohabiting elders versus different-sex cohabiting and married elders: Effects of relationship status and sex of partner on economic and health outcomes

In this article, I use pooled data from the 2008–2010 American Community Surveys to examine outcomes for different-sex married, different-sex cohabiting, and same-sex cohabiting elders across several key economic and health indicators, as well as other demographic characteristics. The findings suggest that elders in same-sex cohabiting partnerships differ from those in different-sex marriages and different-sex cohabiting relationships in terms of both financial and health outcomes, and that women in same-sex cohabiting partnerships fare worse than men or women in other couple types. The results indicate that financial implications related to the sex of one’s partner might be more predictive of economic and health outcomes in old age, rather than solely access to legal marriage. Nonetheless, findings suggest that individuals in same-sex cohabiting partnerships might experience worse outcomes in old age as a result of cumulative effects across the life course from both the sex of their partner (in the case of female couples) as well as their lack of access to benefits associated with marriage. Accordingly, these findings demonstrate that persons in same-sex cohabiting partnerships require unique policy considerations to address health and economic concerns in old age.     

非婚同居法律制度研究

由于登记婚姻制的强制性,非婚同居与事实婚姻是两个存在交集的概念,两者的法律后果部分重叠。非婚同居有别于婚姻,不能直接适用有关婚姻的规定,但又要给予适当的法律保护使得其合理的诉求不至于被法院拒绝。有些关系则可以类推适用婚姻关系的规定如家庭暴力、姓名权、人身自由权等,应适当限制非婚同居者之间的权利,以维护婚姻正常的家庭职能。     

Labor Market and Socioeconomic Effects on Marital Stability

This paper reports an investigation of the effects of socioeconomic and labor market factors on the dissolution of marriages since the mid 1960s. We examine the effects of possible sources of marital disruption, including poor labor market opportunities for young adults; the economic independence and improved labor market opportunities of women; and changes in the labor market roles and expectations of women within marriage. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Men, Young Women, and Youth, we estimate the effects on marital stability of husbands′ and wives′ levels, differences and changes in educational attainment, income, and annual weeks worked. Our results suggest that average levels of couples′ educational attainment and recent work experiences positively affect marital stability. The degree to which husbands and wives differ on educational attainment and income does not affect marital stability, but the more that wives work relative to their husbands, the greater the chances of disruption. Positive changes in wives′ socioeconomic and labor force characteristics over the course of their marriages increase the odds of marital disruption.     

云南彝族婚姻家庭生活方式的变迁——永仁县谢腊村彝族生活方式变迁研究

50多年来,永仁县谢腊村彝族婚姻家庭生活方式发生了前所未有的变化,婚嫁打破了传统血缘、民族和地域的界限,婚姻观念发生了根本性的变化。传统的多元化婚姻模式的传承,为现代谢腊彝族实施计划生育政策提供了良好基础,"养儿防老"观念日趋淡薄。谢腊彝族家庭结构以核心家庭和直系扩大家庭为主,婚姻礼俗中的当事人、父母、媒人的角色发生了转换,青年男女在婚姻中获得了自主权,家庭关系呈民主化趋势,妇女的家庭地位得到了明显提高。这种婚姻家庭生活方式有选择性地继承了传统、吸纳了现代文化,它对谢腊彝族社会生活方式乃至社会文化的发展有着重要意义。     

The effects of parental marital discord and divorce on the religious and spiritual lives of young adults

A growing literature reveals that parental divorce and marital discord can have undesirable effects on the mental health and social well-being of children, some of which extend well into adulthood. Our study augments this body of work by focusing on the interplay of divorce and discord in shaping the religious and spiritual lives of young adults. Several discrete subgroups of young adults are identified in terms of parental marital status and degree of parents’ marital conflict, and multiple religious and spiritual outcomes are considered. Data are taken from the National Survey on the Moral and Spiritual Lives of Young Adults from Divorced and Intact Families, a nationwide US telephone survey of approximately 1500 young adults ages 18-35 conducted in 2001. Findings confirm that persons raised by parents in intact, happy, low-conflict marriages tend to score higher on most religious and spiritual outcomes. However, offspring from divorced families and those from intact high-conflict families differ on some outcomes, but not others. Indicators of traditional institutional religious practices and beliefs appear more vulnerable to the effects of parental divorce and discord than personal spiritual beliefs and practices. Overall, findings reveal a rich but complex set of relationships between family background and religious and spiritual lives among young adults.     

春秋“流亡婚姻”考述

据统计,春秋"流亡婚姻"共10起,涉及11国28人次,其成因分为流亡者流亡和与流亡者通婚两个方面。前者是君权和公子及卿大夫集团的矛盾,后者是要利用流亡者为本国利益服务,其结局分为"返国为君"、"定居为仕"、"赋闲定居"和"最终被杀"四个类型。通婚对流亡者的政治前途有重要影响是其显著特征,"流亡婚姻"从一个侧面反映了春秋时期民族融合、婚制以及妇女地位等状况。     

积极的夫妻互动与婚姻质量——2011年北京市婚姻家庭调查分析

本文利用2011年北京市婚姻家庭会进行的调查数据,分析北京城区已婚人群的婚姻质量和影响因素。研究发现,多数夫妻对婚姻的评价是满意的。积极的夫妻互动是影响夫妻婚姻满意评价的重要因素,物质性因素对人们评价婚姻满意状况无显著关系。夫妻间积极性的互动关系包括：夫妻间积极的意见沟通、相互陪伴、有满意的性生活和知心。其中夫妻间的相知和默契是最重要的影响人们评价婚姻质量的因素。个人自评的身体状况和是否雇用保姆亦对人们评价婚姻满意状况有显著性影响。     

Variation in trajectories of women’s marital quality

I examine variation in trajectories of women’s marital quality across the life course. The analysis improves upon earlier research in three ways: (1) the analysis uses a sequential cohort design and data from the first 35 years of marriage; (2) I analyze rich data from a national sample; (3) I examine multiple dimensions of marital quality. Latent class growth analyses estimated on data from women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (N = 2604) suggest multiple trajectories for each of three dimensions of marital quality, including two trajectories of marital happiness, two trajectories of marital communication, and three trajectories of marital conflict. Socioeconomic and demographic covariates are then used to illustrate how factors such as income, cohabitation, and race-ethnicity set individuals at risk of poor marital quality throughout the life course by differentiating between high and low trajectories of marital quality. Women on low marital quality trajectories are, as expected, at much greater risk of divorce. Taken together, these findings show how fundamental socioeconomic and demographic characteristics contribute to subsequent marital outcomes via their influence on trajectories of marital quality as well as providing a better picture of the complexity in contemporary patterns of marital quality.     

论婚姻与信用

信用是人类婚姻关系内蕴的伦理要求及其得以维系的道德资本。婚姻的法律信用、道德信用和心理信用是婚姻质量不同程度的标示。婚姻二维性的博弈所形成的张力,使婚姻呈现出不同的信任状态。功利型婚姻信任具有脆弱性和易变性,认知型婚姻信任对婚变具有一定的抗震性,信念型婚姻信任能够降低婚变的潜在风险。     

Widening the social context of disablement among married older adults: Considering the role of nonmarital relationships for loneliness

Utilizing the stress process and life course perspectives, we investigated the influence of non-spousal social support on the associations between marital quality, physical disability, and loneliness among married older adults. Using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), we found that the association between physical disability and loneliness was partially accounted for by the fact that physical disability was associated with less supportive nonmarital relationships. While physically-disabled older adults in higher-quality marriages were buffered from loneliness, supportive non-martial relationships did not offset elevated loneliness among those in low-quality marriages. These associations were largely similar for men and women. Thus, although both marital and nonmarital relationships are important for loneliness, when confronted with a stressor such as disablement it is the marital relationship alone that matters.     

Boundary crossing in first marriage and remarriage

Owing to secular increases in divorce rates, remarriage has become a prevalent feature of American family life; yet, research about mate selection behavior in higher order marriages remains limited. Using log-linear methods to recent data from the 2008–2014 American Community Survey, we compare racial and ethnic sorting behavior in first and subsequent marriages. The two most frequently crossed boundaries – those involving White-Asian and White-Hispanic couples – are more permeable in remarriages than in first marriages. Boundaries that are crossed with less frequency – those between minority groups and the White-Black boundary-are less permeable in remarriages than in first marriages. Collectively, these findings suggest that racial and ethnic sorting processes in remarriage may reify existing social distances between pan-ethnic groups. Racial and ethnic variations in how the relative permeability of boundary changes between first and higher-order marriages underscore the importance of considering a broad array of interracial pairings when assessing the ways in which changes in family structure and marital sorting behavior promote integration.     

中国当前的婚姻态势及变化趋势

本文通过对2005年1%人口抽样调查数据的分析发现:中国内地人口粗离婚率逐年升高,这既有人们婚姻观念的变化的因素,也受到中国婚龄人口供给的影响。中国每年登记结婚的对数在逐步减少,离婚率在迅速上升。在地区分布上,东北三省离婚和再婚率比较高,但浙江、江苏、广东等省却不明显。人们的初婚年龄进一步推迟,未婚人口所占百分比越来越高。农村老人的丧偶问题重于城市。青少年人口性别比失衡,未来男性"婚荒"问题将会很严重。     

Dissolution risks in first and higher order marital and cohabiting unions

More and more people enter multiple unions during their lives, and then they may choose to either cohabit or marry. We examine the implications of this diversity in partnership trajectories by assessing dissolution risks in first and higher order marital and cohabiting unions. We use recent Norwegian survey data that contain complete retrospective union histories. We find that, when selectivity is accounted for, higher-order unions are not less stable than first unions. When dissolution risks for all possible partnership trajectories are compared, we find that former cohabitants who cohabit in a second union are as likely to break up as they were in their first cohabiting union. As soon as they enter marriage in their second unions, however, they do slightly better than first married persons. The previously married experience higher dissolution risks in their second union compared to their first, regardless of their current union type.     

Women's age at first marriage and postmarital agency in Egypt

Early – or child – marriage (before age 18) may diminish women's ability to exercise agency, or their capacity to act upon their goals. Using a propensity score adjustment approach, we analyzed data from 2394 married women ages 35–49 years who participated in the 2006 Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS). We examined whether women's first marriage at age 18 or older was associated with their post-marital agency, measured in terms of their influence in family decisions, freedom of movement in public spaces, and unfavorable views about intimate partner violence against wives. In bivariate analyses, women's age at first marriage was positively associated with their decision-making and more equitable gender attitudes. However, once we controlled for selection into age-at-first-marriage groups, there were no significant differences between the two age-at-first-marriage groups in any dimension of women's agency. We examined the sensitivity of the non-significant age-at-first-marriage effects to possible violations of the strong ignorability assumption and the results did not alter our conclusions. The assumption that women's age at first marriage is a proxy for their post-marital agency, as defined here, warrants further study.     

唐朝民间民族通婚在《太平广记》中的反映

唐代是一个富有开创性的时代 ,作为社会生活重要方面的婚姻亦不例外。由于正史中有关民间民族间自由通婚的记述乏善可称 ,而唐律的规定又过于法律化 ,与现实生活并不完全对等 ,现存汇辑野史传记小说诸家的最大一部类书《太平广记》中的丰富文献史料可补正史之不足。唐代民族之间的自然融合带来了大范围的通婚 ,从国家政策看 ,政府并不鼓励这种通婚 ,通过《太平广记》狐篇可知中土人士对胡汉通婚是持反对态度的     

Effects of relationship duration,cohabitation, and marriage on the frequency of intercourse in couples: Findings from German panel data

Research into the changes in the frequency of sexual intercourse is (with few exceptions) limited to cross-sectional analyses of marital duration. We investigate the frequency of intercourse while taking into account relationship duration as well as the duration of cohabitation and marriage, effects of parenthood, and relationship quality. For the analysis we apply fixed effects regression models using data from the German Family Panel (pairfam), a nationwide randomly sampled German panel survey. Our findings imply that the drop in sex frequency occurs early in the relationship, whereas neither cohabitation nor marriage affects the frequency of intercourse to a significant extent. Sex frequency is reduced during pregnancy and as long as the couple has small children, but becomes revived later on. Relationship quality is found to play a role as well. These results are contrary to the honeymoon effect found in earlier research, but indicate that in times of postponed marriage an analogous effect may be at work in the initial period of the relationship.     

《诗经》中的贵族婚姻形态

研究《诗经》中贵族的婚姻形态,是我们了解周代上层婚姻状况的重要手段,也有助于我们了解由此产生的文化特征及意义。蚕婚制在《诗经》时代只是一种残余式婚姻形态,已不被当时社会所接受。媵婚制是一种正在消亡的婚姻形态。聘婚制是《诗经》时代主流的婚姻方式,并且来得比以前更加严格和规范。     

婚姻的效力与公序良俗——从两起婚姻实例谈起

就婚姻的效力与公序良俗的关系而言,近些年来出现的某些引发轰动和争议的婚姻,无疑可以成为我们研究时能够引用的典型事例。婚姻违背家庭伦理的,即因违反公序良俗而归于无效。现行公序良俗原则的立法有待完善,而无效婚姻的当事人也应该得到善待;这昭示着我们:法治的前提乃是对于人的尊重。     

荷兰同性婚姻的国际私法问题

性别相同的两个自然人结合而成的伴侣关系有多种表现形式,有的较为松散,不具有法律意义,有的颇为紧密,具有从法律角度予以探讨的必要。2001年4月荷兰修订了《婚姻法》,允许缔结同性婚姻。2005年以来相继有比利时、加拿大、马萨诸塞州、荷兰及西班牙等通过立法承认同性婚姻。荷兰《国际私法（结婚与离婚）法》也作了修订,及时回应同性婚姻的成立与解除、同性离婚案件管辖权选择、外国同性婚姻的效力及外国同性离婚判决的承认、同性婚姻与荷兰区际私法等问题对国际私法的需求。我国当前同性恋人群呈增长趋势。在可预见的未来我国必然遇到在我国境内缔结同性婚姻的合法性、外国同性婚姻配偶在我国的民事法律地位、外国同性离婚判决在我国的承认等问题。我们需要研究和借鉴域外的成功经验,完善我国国际私法立法。     

文化流离、仪式变迁与农村“闪婚”现象的发展——基于赣南B村农村闪婚现象的考察

农村青年闪婚现象是农村婚恋研究领域新近关注的重点和焦点,本研究从文化的角度来探讨农村闪婚现象的产生以及快速发展。在对婚姻礼仪与过程的对比中,我们可以发现农村婚姻原有的文化意涵逐渐远去,这也即是本文所称的文化流离。婚姻仪式的极大简化不仅仅是传统文化无力的表现,更是现代性观念冲击农村青年婚姻观念的客观结果。农村传统文化的流离与解体是农村青年闪婚的内在原因,而农村婚姻市场化程度的提高也是通过传统文化的消解对农村婚姻产生影响。