对新闻采访中语用预设的分析

迅速、准确、生动地报道有新闻价值的客观事物,必须探索、把握新闻语言的基本规律.语用预设,这一语用学中重要研究课题,是新闻采访常用的语言技巧,是新闻语言的基本规律之一.它的基本特征在于:预设要与语境紧密结合,不必讲述彼此已知的信息,合适与共知是言语行为的先决条件,也是访谈交际成功的充分保证.基于此,语用预设的基本属性在于它的主观性、单向性与隐蔽性.只有把握语用预设的基本特征才能传达更多信息,表达言外之意;利用语用预设占据有利位置,批驳谬误;保持清醒的头脑,避开语言陷阱;同时也丰富了语用学的研究.     

论语境对言语交际的制约

语境是语用学的一个重大理论,它在语用学对意义的研究中起着极为重要的作用。语境是决定词或话语确切含义的语言方面和非语言方面的各种因素的总称。具体说包括话语语境、情境语境和文化语境。言语交际是人们沟通思想,传递信息的重要方式,是最基本的语言现象,是语言的具体运用。由于语言自身具有多意性和模糊性,在具体交际过程中需要具体的语境来确定其意义。因此,分析语言现象,必须把它和它所依赖的语境联合起来,离开一定的语境,把一个语言片断孤立起来分析,就难确定这个语言片断的真实含义。     

语境研究的人文主义趋势

现当代的语境研究轨迹显示了对人的意义主体地位和解意特征的逐步认识,呈现出日益明显的人文主义倾向.语境研究经历了逻辑分析学、日常语言学、认知语用学和诠释学的发展阶段.逻辑分析学对语境的研究属于绝对的、客观的本体意义研究,否认人在意义建构中的主体地位;日常语言学的语境研究开启了语境研究的人文主义转向,开始强调意义对意义主体的依赖和意义主体间的交际互动:认知语用哲学和诠释哲学则明确指出人是语言主体,在语境研究中处于核心地位,并就此对人进行心理的、动态的个性化和实践性研究.因此,语境研究经历了由忽视人的语言主体性的、对意义的静态研究转向了重视人的社会和个性特征的动态研究,这种转变体现了语境研究的人文主义发展趋势.     

交际中的委婉语及其对语境的依赖

委婉语是语言实现其交际功能的重要途径。在言语交际中,委婉语信息的传递和解读离不开特定的语境。语境包括语言语境和非语言语境。本文从委婉语的典型特征、分类和语境与语义的关系入手,分三个方面详细阐述委婉语对语境的依赖。     

现代汉语中的语用含糊现象

随着模糊语言学的发展,语言的模糊性已经被大多数语言学家承认为人类语言的重要属性之一。但是,模糊语言学是以静态的角度研究语言的模糊现象(吴亚欣,2006)。语言是人类最重要的交际工具,所以我们还要从语用学的角度进行分析。本文探讨了现代汉语中的语用含糊现象,主要分析了语用含糊在现代汉语中的表现层面以及它的语用功能。     

语用交际中认知主体的信息处理——兼谈语境的构成

真正直接制约语言运用的语境是言语交际主体头脑中所认知的语境。理解时对语境认知角度把握稍有不同,推理出的言语含义就会有很大差别。语境因人的存在而构成,我们自始至终应关注人们对于语境的能动适应,自始至终不能脱离语用交际参加人的研究。     

符号行为哲学视域中的语用学

当代语用学的诞生、发展与符号行为哲学的发展有密切关系。作为符号行为哲学的主要代表人物,洛克把"行为"引入对语言的解释中,对语言意义的本质、使用、文化、语境以及语言的功用、缺陷、人们的滥用等多方面都作了详尽的研究,展现出了语用学的思想;皮尔斯对建立在实用主义基础之上的符号学的构建使语用思维在美国有了体系性和建设性发展;莫里斯把符号学区分为语形、语义和语用三个层面,从而使语用学作为一门独立学科建立起来。     

跨文化语用对等与语用认同

以文化语境理论为基础,批判跨文化语用翻译中语用对等的交际观,提出语用认同的跨文化交际准则及实现语用认同的语用顺应策略。     

跨文化交际语用失误调查的认知图示分析

语用失误(Pragmatic Failure)最初由英国语言学家Thomas提出,指的并不是来自语言本身的语法等方面的错误,而是交际双方因表达理解的差异而导致的错误.因此,解决语用失误的问题要比解决语言失误更难,它所涉及的问题不仅仅是语言本身,更揭示出深层次因素,如语境、社会文化甚至是人类的认知心理情况.图示理论认为,人们在接受和理解外界新信息时,要把大脑中已知的图示联系起来,为认知提供依据,以达到理解交流的目的.人们的交际过程实际上是新的信息和大脑中已有的知识的动态交互过程.以图示理论的推导、差异和缺失三方面特性为基础解析语用失误产生的认知根源,对于提高学生跨文化语用能力和英语教学具有至关重要的意义.     

对城市公示语翻译中语用失误的文化透析

英语公示语是我国对外宣传的一个窗口,在我国与世界接轨的今天,汉英公示语翻译日益显示出其重要性.语用失误是语用学在发展中不容忽视的现象.尽管文化差异导致的语用失误是隐性的,却比语言错误要严重得多.文化差异是产生语用失误的根源,而加强文化间的相互理解与渗透,遵循所使用语言的语用规范和文化规范,是解决公示语翻译中语用失误最有效的途径.     

从汉语新词构造看汉民族思维方式

从语法角度可总结出汉语的不足与缺点,实际上在语用中几乎都可以得到相应的补偿与完善。因为汉语在使用中,非常注意贴近语境及汉语信息与语境假设之间的关联,并且非常注意从语境中吸取信息补偿的功能,使得汉民族语言显示出更为丰富多彩的魅力。汉民族独特的思维方式也使汉语新词形成有着自己的特点。     

简论语言功能

语言的形式与功能之间并非总密切相关。交际实质上是一系列的交际行为或言语行为 ,而任何言语行为由最少两种或典型的三种分行为组成 :非语内表现行为、语内表现行为和言语表达效果行为。分析言语行为以及语言的各种功能有助于第二语言学习者掌握如何利用语言知识来实现语言的各种功能     

Inner Speech as a Language: A Saussurean Inquiry

The idea that thinking is a form of talking to oneself was discussed in classical Greece, analyzed by the Medievals and treated as a central issue by the American pragmatists. But whether inner speech is a language unto itself, distinct from outer language, has not been determined. To this end I ask how Saussure's defining ideas about language apply to inner speech. I show that Saussure's ideas, while partly usable, are mainly a poor fit. Inner speech is a variety of language, or perhaps of dialect, with its own unique structure. Given that it is a unique window into human consciousness, I briefly discuss some of the research areas on which it sheds light.     

G.H. Mead's Understanding of the Nature of Speech in the Light of Contemporary Research

The following analysis demonstrates that G.H. Mead's understanding of human speech (what Mead often referred to as “the vocal gesture”) is remarkably consistent with today's interdisciplinary field that studies speech as a natural behavior with an evolutionary history. Mead seems to have captured major empirical and theoretical insights more than half a century before the contemporary field began to take shape. In that field the framework known as “Tinbergen's Four Questions,” developed in ecology to study naturally occurring behavior in nonhuman animals, has been an effective organizing framework for research on human speech. It is used in this paper to organize the comparison of Mead with contemporary scholars. The analysis concludes that Mead was, in a sense, “beyond” the Four Questions by recognizing the limitations of reductionist methods in understanding the nature of conscious phenomena, especially language. Mead's socially situated model of the nature of human speech makes him relevant to today's field where some see an undervaluation of the treatment of language as a social process.     

Speech Content and the Emergence of Inequality in Task Groups

We examine how the content of actors' speech and the frequency with which they make contributions affect the emergence and legitimation of inequality in task groups. Previous research has focused on classifying acts, the smallest meaningful units of speech, such as providing opportunities to others to speak, making task relevant suggestions, and positively or negatively evaluating the contributions of others. We also employ a classification scheme based on the cognitive complexity of spoken language in the turn. This scheme is based on an interpretation of the cognitive development model posited by Piaget. In addition to the complexity of language, we analyze speech group members employ to organize to solve the task. These classifications rely on the entire content of the turn rather than the more atomistic act. Data analyzed are from 33 groups of students performing different types of tasks. We employ structural equation models to identify how acts and content are related to one another in the observed interaction patterns in groups. Applications of these insights are explored in the discussion.     

'You'd Be Good at That': Gender Patterns in Parent-Child Talk about Courses

This study examined the parent-child dyad as a context in which children's gender-stereotyped course selections are reinforced. Fifty four children from two age groups ( M s  =  10.67 and 12.71 years) and their mothers and fathers selected courses for when children reached secondary school. Afterwards, children and parents discussed their decisions. Parents of sons selected fewer foreign language courses than mathematics, language arts or science courses, whereas parents of daughters selected fewer science and foreign language than mathematics or language arts courses. Girls selected fewer science than language arts courses, whereas boys selected fewer foreign language than mathematics or science courses. Although parents' course selections followed gender-stereotyped patterns for language arts and science, their discouraging comments were not confined to cross-gender-stereotyped domains. Instead, parents made more discouraging comments in general to daughters than to sons. Counter to the hypotheses, daughters made more encouraging comments about science courses than did sons while talking to mothers. The findings suggest that parents and children may show gender-differentiated preferences for children before children are old enough to make course decisions.     

"进化"的科学意义

自从达尔文提出进化论以来,“进化”这个概念已经成为日常语言中的一个常用词。虽然进化论可被应用于社会科学和文化研究,但是日常的或“准学术”的言谈不能表达进化论的科学意义,反而造成对进化论的似是而非的误解。文章通过对比人们对“进化”这一概念的误解和该概念的科学含义表明了科学语言和日常语言的不同。     

语言具身认知原理及其理论基础

具身认知是认知科学研究领域的最新范式与前沿主题之一,引起多学科的研究兴趣。具身认知与语言认知结合的研究方法是一种新的认知研究范式,即语言具身认知,它从认识论、心理学和认知神经学层面研究其认识论基础、心脑机制以及认知神经学基础,为理解语言内化、语言体验、语言处理、语言生成等符号文化的创造性加工机制提供了新颖的思想启示,也为探讨语言认知的理论与实践研究的新路径、提升语言研究与教学的社会效能提供了参考。     

试论消极修辞手段在广告语言中的运用

丰富多彩的消极修辞手段的运用,对于广告的成功起着决定性的作用。广告语言是一种诉诸听觉的语言,语音形式的选择加工是广告语言所需要处理的首要问题。相同、相近的音节结构或相同、相近的韵母的使用,洪音、细音的调配,相同音节结构的重叠等等是广告语言语音形式加工的主要内容。成功的广告语言无不重视词语的精当运用。词语的选用既体现在同义词语的抉择上,也体现在多义词语、同音词语的选用上。广告语言往往以超乎寻常语法规范的形式来运作,突破语法规范主要表现在词语的超常配搭、拓展词的语法功能和句式的变化三个方面。汉语言永远是中国广告最肥沃的土壤。