贝尔资本主义文化矛盾观的马克思主义文化哲学阐释

从马克思主义文化哲学视角看,贝尔的资本主义文化矛盾理论有四个特征:通过"资本主义文化矛盾"概念把当代资本主义文化矛盾问题主题化,通过"后工业社会"概念将资本主义文化矛盾空间问题时代化,通过"回归宗教"和"公众家庭"解决方案将哲学与社会科学研究中介化,通过"第二图示"将马克思对社会历史的分析微观化.这种时贝尔资本主义文化矛盾观的文化哲学阐释呈现了贝尔独特的资本主义文化矛盾理论,既有助于我们理解贝尔这一思想的深刻性和局限性,又有利于理解马克思主义文化哲学的特质.     

资本主义文化矛盾的来由、发展和趋势

<正> 资本主义社会是充满着经济、政治,文化矛盾和危机的社会,马克思主义经典作家曾为我们揭示了潜在于资本主义经济、政治矛盾和危机之中的客观规律,以及这种矛盾和危机的新的发展.自第二次世界大战结束以来,资本主义出现了许多新情况,集中到一点,就是自50年代中期始,世界资本主义体系逐渐进入一个以经济较快增长、生活水平提高和各种合作     

论经济发展中的按比例问题──对计划经济和市场调节相结合的几点看法

马克思在《资本论》中,从研究资本主义生产方式的矛盾运动中,揭示和发现了剩余价值规律。他同时发现了资本主义生产是无政府状态的。由于社会化大生产和生产资料私人占有的矛盾,必将导致生产关系同生产力发展的不可调和的矛盾,资本主义必然灭亡便成为历史的结论。马克思同时预言,未来的社会主义经济,在实现公有制以后,将不再有商品生产和商品交换,价值规律不再起作用,人们可以自如地在生产、交换、流通、分配过程中,通过严格的计划,使其经济按比例地发展,并将彻底摆脱由于资本主义经济的无政府状态而频频出现的经济严重比例失调和经济危机。…     

布尔迪厄的实践理论与文化再生理论

布尔迪厄以＂习惯＂为轴心建立了他的实践理论。习惯这一概念并非来自理论研究，而是通过实地考察而得出的，从而标明了布尔迪厄与其他种种理论流派的分野。在习惯这个支撑点上，他进一步提出了文化再生理论，对资本主义的文化现实展开了有力的分析和批判。     

从政治、经济批判到生态批判——从经典马克思主义到生态学马克思主义

马克思主义从根本上说就是关于资本主义的批判理论,马克思主义的生命力和时代价值,在很大程度上取决于对现实资本主义的批判能力.随着时代主题的变换,马克思主义对资本主义批判的内容也随之而改变.经典马克思主义主要是利用剩余价值理论对资本主义进行政治经济批判;20世纪西方马克思主义主要利用人的自由全面发展理论对资本主义进行文化批判;生态学马克思主义主要利用生态学理论对资本主义展开生态批判.伴随着资本主义全球化进程的加快,生态环境问题已成为资本主义政治、经济与文化矛盾的焦点,因此,对资本主义展开生态批判是保持马克思主义鲜活生命力和拓展马克思主义批判视域的关键所在.     

高兹的生态政治学

安德烈·高兹从生态政治学的角度批判资本主义,阐述社会主义的必然性,认为资本主义的利润动机属于经济理性的范围,资本主义的经济理性与生态理性是相互矛盾的,必然破坏生态环境,保护生态环境的最佳选择是先进的社会主义,先进的社会主义要求经济理性服从于生态理性.他提出了争取社会主义的劳工战略,这种战略不以夺取国家政权为直接目标,而从工人的工作场所开始合法的斗争,逐步参与生产过程的管理,达到工人自治的社会主义.     

论安德烈·高兹的三大批判

安德烈·高兹指出资本主义因受经济理性的驱使必然破坏生态环境,说明资本主义经济理性与生态理性是相矛盾的,要解决这个矛盾就要进行经济理性批判和生态重建。高兹批判资本主义科学技术,指出核技术具有独裁主义的性质,认为资本主义的生产方式是同资本主义的劳动分工联系在一起的,并在批判资本主义劳动分工的危害时,提出劳动的解放意味着时间的解放。     

二十年代初期“社会主义讨论”的历史思辨

辛亥革命后10年,先进的中国人接受了社会主义。但同一个时间里,资本主义在中国应有的行程却并没有走完。接受社会主义是近代中国政治、经济、文化演化发展的结果;资本主义应有的行程又是由近代中国的政治、经济、文化发展程度所限定的。两者各自据有自己的理由,显示了一种历史作成的矛盾。这种矛盾在新文化运动后期的社会主义讨论中被简约化了,但它却不可回避地制约着“五四”后30年的革命史,并成为中国马克思主义者必须回答的问题。由此,产生了新民主主义革命的理论。从社会主义讨论到新民主主义革命的理论,是一个马克思主义中国化的过程。     

全球资本主义批判及其替代方案的探寻——威廉·罗宾逊全球化理论述评

自20世纪八九十年代以来,全球化问题成为国际理论界一大学术热点.与其他全球化理论不同,当代西方一些左翼学者建构了一种建立在全球资本主义理论基础上的特殊的全球化理论.在这一阵营中,近年来美国学者威廉·罗宾逊以其独具特色的全球化思想、清晰而又深刻的理论分析和鲜明的马克思主义倾向逐渐崭露头角,并引起了越来越多的国际关注.他从全球资本主义视角揭示了全球化的实质,分析了全球资本主义主要特征即全球经济的出现以及跨国资本家阶级和跨国国家的崛起,进一步揭示了全球资本主义所存在的矛盾和危机,从而提出了替代全球资本主义的一种所谓“建立在普遍民主基础上的民主社会主义”的新全球化方案.这一全球化理论既有着不可忽视的重要意义,同时又存在着内在困境和局限.     

马克思主义经济学说与当今时代

当今时代的经济格局,要求我们加深发掘和拓宽研究马克思主义经济学说,从而在其指导下分析新情况,回答新问题。从当代世界经济的格局看,在由资本主义向社会主义过渡的总趋势中,社会主义经济体系和资本主义经济体系并存共处,构成了两大经济体系的矛盾运动。一方面,社会主义经济体系作为资本主义经济体系的对立物,二者之间具有本质区别,彼此必然发生矛盾和斗争;另一方面,社会主义经济体系作为资本主义经济体系的后继者,二者具有在生产力上的继承关系和发展社会化大生产和商品经济的某些共同点,相互之间不可避免地要发生经济联系。这两方面的情况往往引起两方面的问题,或者把社会主义经济与资本主义经济截然对立起来,割断历史连续性;或者把两种不同的社会经济等同起来,不再区分“主义”和“制度”。从当代社会主义国家的国内经济形势看,由于社会主义经济起步于世界经济不发达地区,因而既得的生产力比较落后,商品经济不发达,有待于社会主义改革,来推进经济建     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.