共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Johanna Foster 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):523-547
Despite the many angles from which the biological phenomenon now known as “the menstrual cycle” has been addressed, no work
explicitly focuses on how social groups actually draw lines around and mentally partition these complex biological processes
into discrete temporal units. This paper examines not the meaning of “the menstrual cycle,” per se, but hegemonic Western
culture's intersubjective notions of how to carve up this inherently unstructured phenomenon in the first place. Although
sociologists of cognition have still to consider this sociomental structuring of “the menstrual cycle” as a case of mental
cartography, and sociologists of time have still to consider “menstrual time” as a case of sociotemporality, I conclude that
the mental mapping out of what constitutes the elements of this rhythm is a highly social act with serious implications for
women's lives. 相似文献
2.
Eviatar Zerubavel 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):421-433
This paper examines the mental process of grouping “similar” things together in distinct clusters and separating “different”
clusters from one another. The role language plays in providing us with seemingly homogeneous mental niches for lumping things
together yet at the same time allowing us to carve seemingly discrete categories out of experiential continua directs the
sociological study of classification to intersubjective, conventional mindscapes that are neither personal nor “logical.”
The paper identifies a nonmetric, topological mode of thinking that involves playing down intracluster while exaggerating
intercluster mental distances and ends with some methodological observations of the need to approach classification from a
comparative perspective as well as highlighting the role of spatial zoning, rites of separation, and Freudian slips in the
study of the social construction of difference and similarity. 相似文献
3.
This paper examines Charles Tilly’s relationship to the schools of thought known as historicism and critical realism. Tilly
was committed to a social epistemology that was inherently historicist, and he increasingly called himself a “historicist.”
The “search for grand laws in human affairs comparable to the laws of Newtonian mechanics,” he argued, was a “waste of time”
and had “utterly failed.” Tilly’s approach was strongly reminiscent of the arguments developed in the first half of the 20th
century by Rickert, Weber, Troeltsch, and Meinecke for a synthesis of particularization and generalization and for a focus
on “historical individuals” rather than abstract universals. Nonetheless, Tilly never openly engaged with this earlier wave
of historicist sociology, despite its fruitfulness for and similarity to his own project. The paper explores some of the possible
reasons for this missed encounter. The paper argues further that Tilly’s program of “relational realism” resembled critical
realism, but with main two differences: Tilly did not fully embrace critical realism’s argument that social mechanisms are
always co-constituted by social meaning or its normative program of explanatory critique. In order to continue developing
Tilly’s ideas it is crucial to connect them to the epistemological ideas that governed the first wave of historicist sociology
in Weimar Germany and to a version of philosophical realism that is interpretivist and critical. 相似文献
4.
This article examines surveillance techniques utilized by several metropolitan community colleges to manage part-time faculty.
We find that with the increased use of part-time faculty, administrators at these organizations are relying less on direct,
personal supervision of these instructors and are instead using more “remote” surveillance practices to certify that “acceptable
educational standards” are being maintained. The use of these practices not only signals a decline in the professional status
of college instructors, but also points to differences in social control techniques used in “productive” institutions versus
those used in “disciplinary” institutions. We find that while surveillance techniques employed at these community colleges
make the education process visible and controllable, they simultaneously render part-time faculty invisible but controlled. 相似文献
5.
Lisa Stampnitzky 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(1):1-19
“Terrorism” has proved to be a highly problematic object of expertise. Terrorism studies fails to conform to the most common
sociological notions of what a field of intellectual production ought to look like, and has been described by participants
and observers alike as a failure. Yet the study of terrorism is a booming field, whether measured in terms of funding, publications,
or numbers of aspiring experts. This paper aims to explain, first, the disjuncture between terrorism studies in practice and
the sociological literature on fields of intellectual production, and, second, the reasons for experts’ “rhetoric of failure”
about their field. I suggest that terrorism studies, rather than conforming to the notion of an ideal-typical profession,
discipline, or bounded “intellectual field,” instead represents an interstitial space of knowledge production. I further argue
that the “rhetoric of failure” can be understood as a strategy through which terrorism researchers mobilize sociological theories
of scientific/cultural fields as both an interpretive resource in their attempts to make sense of the apparent oddness of
their field and their situation, and as schemas, or models, in their attempts to reshape the field. I conclude that sociologists
ought to expand our vision to incorporate the many arenas of expertise that occupy interstitial spaces, moving and travelling
between multiple fields. 相似文献
6.
C. Timothy Koeller 《Journal of Labor Research》1994,15(1):19-32
This paper extends recent research on the determinants of the decline in union membership in the United States. Using biennial
state-level data for a set of years between 1958 and 1982, my model tests “union organizing,” “structural,” “management opposition,”
and “public policy” hypotheses concerning union membership and suggests improved specifications of each of these hypotheses.
The paper also examines the relative importance of each factor in explaining the decline in unionization. The results support
each of the hypotheses and confirm previous findings that changes in the structure of the labor force are most important in
explaining union membership decline. 相似文献
7.
W. H. Hutt 《Journal of Labor Research》1983,4(3):197-211
Richard Freeman and James Medoff have asserted that labor unions have two “faces,” a “good” face and a “bad” face. This contribution
critically examines their arguments to expose serious flaws in their conceptual analysis. 相似文献
8.
Elizabeth Ann Danto 《Clinical Social Work Journal》2009,37(1):67-76
No profession in the United States has a broader perspective on human needs than social work. Bold but also functional, social
work distinctively places the pursuit of social justice on a par with the clinical treatment of individuals, pairs and families.
Yet for much of the twentieth Century, proponents of the “macro” and of the “micro” approaches to practice have challenged
each other’s commitment to social progressivism and humanist values. Interestingly, this on-going debate has hardly changed
the core “person-in-environment” psychoanalytic paradigm at all. It is time to set aside this hidebound dispute, I argue in
this article: social work is not two institutions folded into one but one profession that must be understood dialectically.
Drawing on the history of the early psychoanalyst’s intense social activism and their commitment to treating the poor and
working classes, I show how psychoanalysis shares in the transformation of civil society and helps restore individuals and
communities alike to self-regulation and productivity.
相似文献
Elizabeth Ann DantoEmail: |
9.
This article addresses how the ambivalence of the discipline of sociology affects students’ understanding of it. We consider
this ambivalence as multi-layered. The first level embodies the usefulness of sociology as a discipline and sociologists’
ambivalence toward their profession. The second involves applying a sociological perspective to our everyday lives. We discuss
the administrative organization of our department, the examination structure, and the structure of asymetric power relations.
We conclude that one possible solution toward resolving ambivalences both in our everyday lives and within the profession
is to take our critical theoretical training seriously.
with special interests in social psychology and qualitative research. She is planning a dissertation on how ideology affects
the structure of battered women’s shelters. Barbara G. Brents is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Missouri with special
interests in political economy and aging. She currently is working on a dissertation entitled “The Class Politics of Age:
The Social Security Act of 1935.” 相似文献
10.
Louis Kontos 《The American Sociologist》2001,32(1):100-106
The following paper examines the cybernetics trajectory of Parsons’ later work and its extension in the work of Luhmann. While
the earlier work was focused on social action as a basic unit of sociological analysis, in The Social System Parsons articulates
a notion of systems as self-generating and self-regulating. In Luhmann’s Social Systems this trajectory is made more explicit
and developed in opposition to the early Parsons. Its metaphorical dimensions are also developed, creating additional levels
and layers of abstraction. Those developments are deemed necessary in order to come to terms with the increasingly “complex”
nature of modern society; however they are problematic in several respects—including their tautological nature which provides
a basis for the unrestrained explanatory power of “system.“ 相似文献
11.
Jessica S. Wirgau Kathryn Webb Farley Courtney Jensen 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2010,21(4):611-630
Increasingly, traditional notions of philanthropy are colonized by a market discourse that promotes consumption as an effective
way to solve social ills, resulting in what scholars have termed “marketized philanthropy.” This paper examines the implications
of marketized philanthropy through a discourse analysis of the (PRODUCT) RED campaign benefiting the Global Fund to fight
HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis in Africa through consumption of (RED)-branded products. This paper explores the implications
of a business-oriented model of philanthropy for bringing about social change, the repercussions of campaigns like (RED) that
explicitly shed the label of philanthropy; and how they impact political engagement. 相似文献
12.
The authors, both long-time LCSWs, utilize an existential framework and postmodern lens to explore the implications of increased
professional regulation in clinical practice. Specifically emphasized, are the themes of litigation-fear and the threat of
license revocation that are prevalent in the field of clinical social work at this time. The authors argue that this “climate
of fear” can lead to a slippery slope for a profession that has long valued the individual’s right (both client’s and practitioner’s)
to self-determination, authenticity, and creativity and call for an increased conversation among practitioners about the desired
role of regulation in the profession with the overall goal of protecting a true understanding of ethics in social work. 相似文献
13.
Alan Krause 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(4):601-615
This paper examines the Laffer argument (i.e., the possibility that an increase in a tax rate may reduce tax revenues, and
vice versa) in a general equilibrium model and using tax reform techniques. Our methodology allows us to examine the Laffer
argument in a very general setting. Despite the high level of generality, we are able to reach some clear conclusions that
happen to provide some support for the intuition that the Laffer effect requires: (1) a “ high” labour-income tax rate, and
(2) a “ large” labour supply response to wage changes. However, the notions of “high” and “large” in our framework are quite
different to the interpretations given them in conventional wisdom about the Laffer argument. The analysis also provides indirect
support for the intuition that it is not optimal for a government to operate on the downward-sloping segment of the Laffer
curve. 相似文献
14.
John Godard 《Journal of Labor Research》1997,18(4):621-639
I use IR theory to identify five roles that have been associated with unions in North America and then report the findings
from a 1995 survey of employed Canadians, asking them their beliefs about the amount of effort unions place on each of twenty-four
activities associated with these roles, the amount of effort unions should place on each, and the amount of success unions
have on each. Basically, Canadians want unions to continue to perform their traditional activities, and they view unions as
having an important conflict role, but they also want unions to place more effort into more consensual workplace democratization
and participation activities. These results are consistent with the notion of “adversary participation,” and are interpreted
as suggesting a new “model” of unions, one which enables workers to have greater control over their working lives.
Jack Fiorito, Joe Rose, and Corliss Olson made valuable comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Toni Ostroman was primarily
responsible for the data collection. 相似文献
15.
Sarah E. Bohn 《Review of Economics of the Household》2010,8(1):29-51
Since immigration to the US began to accelerate in the 1970s, economic and social policy issues surrounding immigration frequently
raise concern and generate debate. These policy debates often aim to mitigate the costs of immigration and augment the benefits.
Key to this is understanding the characteristics of immigrants, especially those related to economic success and integration.
A commonly accepted finding in the economic literature regards the declining economic “quality” of successive immigrant cohorts
as measured by differences in entry wages across cohorts. In this paper, I refine our understanding of immigrant cohort quality.
I show that increasing competition in the labor market among immigrants can explain a significant portion of declining “quality”.
This result suggests that labor market interactions are as important to immigrant economic integration as their inherent “quality”. 相似文献
16.
Nancy A. Naples 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(1):83-106
This article draws upon findings from an ethnographic study of two towns in rural Iowa to examine the adequacy of the insider/outsider
distinction as a guideline for evaluating and conducting ethnographic research. Utilizing feminist standpoint and materialist
feminist theories, I start with the assumption that, rather than one “insider” or “outsider” position, we all begin our work
with different relationships to shifting aspects of social life and to particular knowers in the community and this contributes
to numerous dimensions through which we can relate to residents in various communities. “Outsiderness” and “insiderness” are
not fixed or static positions, rather they are ever-shifting and permeable social locations illustrated in this case study
by the “outsider phenomenon.” Community processes that reorganize and resituate race-ethnicity, gender and class relations
form some of the most salient aspects of the “outsider phenomenon.” These dynamic processes shaped our relationships with
residents as ethnographic identities were repositioned by shifts in constructions of “community” that accompanied ongoing
social, demographic, and political changes. 相似文献
17.
Blame analysis: Accounting for the behavior of protected groups 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Richard B. Felson 《The American Sociologist》1991,22(1):5-23
When a group is not doing as well as other groups on some dimension, group members and sympathizers give accounts that attempt
to minimize the group’s blame for its predicament. These accounts reflect concerns about prejudice, as well as policy concerns.
This approach to social science may be called “blame analysis,” because it evaluates theories according to the extent to which
they blame protected groups. Blame analysis treats cause and blame as the same, and rejects theoretical arguments that posit
any causal role for the protected group because they “blame the victim.” As a result, discussions of proximate causes and
mediating variables are avoided in explanations of outcomes for these groups. The author argues that this approach violates
scientific principles and discourages the investigation of important issues.
He is a social psychologist who does research on interpersonal violence and on the determinants and consequences of self-appraisals. 相似文献
18.
Sociological production is a situated and embodied activity carried out by individuals inserted in actual social relations.
Considering that this feature has an influence upon the content of scholarly literature and that it can be revealed in the
scientific text itself, I propound a new interpretation of the writing process of Robert E. Park's “The City,” the famous
paper he published initially in 1915. Customarily depicted as a manifesto for an autonomous urban sociology, I argue on the
contrary that its general economy has to be linked to Park's biographical background. When he affiliated with the Sociology
Department at the University of Chicago, Park was brought to teach a course on the social survey. “The City” was to be the
academic expression of his point of view on the topic. Park's biographical encounters with some active promoters of the social
survey approach are evidenced and their influence onhis 1915 essay is carefully analyzed, showing notably that curious intellectual
omissions in “The City” can be traced back to these previous encounters. Park's latter texts, and the 1925 revised version
of “The City” in particular, are shown to provide the interwar sociologists with a peculiar narrative about the history of
sociology: Park's predecessors are deliberately confined in a pre-scientific stage of the discipline and Park's original essay
is presented as a seminal research program destined to be later fulfilled by the newly established urban sociologists.
The author wishes to thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful and helpful comments on the first draft of the paper,
Lawrence T. Nichols for his kindly editorial guidence, and Jacques Marquet and Felice Dassetto for their marerial support. 相似文献
19.
According to a 2002 study by the U.S. Department of Education, the percentage of “traditional students” on college campuses
is declining. Students increasingly are delaying enrollment, attending college part time, working full time, financially independent,
and single parents. In this paper, we explore the extent to which sociologists are adapting their teaching to address these
shifting demographics. Based on a content analysis of articles published over a 20 year period in Teaching Sociology that suggest strategies for teaching social class inequality we find that most authors assume that their students are “traditional.”
Most often this means that students are assumed to come from a privileged, middle class background, lack direct and substantial
experience in the labor market, and enter college shortly after graduating high school. Accordingly, most articles advocate
classroom strategies of “looking down,” whereby students pretend to be in the shoes of those less fortunate. Examples include
creating household budgets based on poverty wages, playing board games, or assuming the role of the poor for a day. These
strategies run the risk of being ineffective, alienating, and potentially ethically suspect when used with non-traditional
students, whose real life experiences may resemble these simulations. We conclude with recommendations for pedagogical approaches
to teaching social class inequality that are more appropriate for, and inclusive of, students from diverse backgrounds. Our
goal in this paper is to start a discussion about pedagogy, social inequality, and the non-traditional student. 相似文献
20.
Gary Dean Jaworski 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(3):209-216
Within the context of a discussion of Robert K. Merton’s ideas on leadership in postwar America, the article examines the
nature and impact of Merton’s “sociological parables.” This term refers to short tales from social life from which sociological
lessons with moral implications can be drawn. These parables, such as the bank insolvency story told in “The Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy,” illustrate the manner in which Merton merged moral and sociological messages in his writings. Suggestions are made
along the lines that these parables, or at least the moral messages they contain, contributed to Merton’s postwar fame.
His most recent publications are “Simmel’s Contribution to Parsons’ Action Theory and Its Fate,” in Michael Kaern, ed.Georg Simmel and Contempory Sociology (Kluwer, 1990); and “Robert K. Merton’s Extension of Simmel’sUbersehbar” inSociological Theory, Spring 1990. 相似文献