外商直接投资导致了中国的环境污染吗?——基于中国省际面板数据的空间计量研究

通过构建环境污染综合指数,运用探索性空间数据分析方法对2000~2009年FDI及环境污染在我国各省域的分布格局及空间动态跃迁进行了分析,结果显示我国省域FDI和环境污染均存在显著的空间自相关性,两者在地理分布上具有明显的"路径依赖"特征并形成了不同的集聚区域,目前FDI高值集聚区一般是我国环境污染的低值集聚区,FDI低值集聚区却是我国环境污染的高值集聚区。在此基础上,进一步采用空间误差模型和空间滞后模型实证分析了FDI对我国环境污染的影响,研究表明FDI在地理上的集群有利于改善我国的环境污染,从整体上来说"污染天堂"假说在中国并不成立,但不同来源地的FDI对区域环境污染的影响程度存在显著的差异,其中来自全球离岸金融中心的外资显著降低了我国的环境污染,东亚、欧美等发达国家的外资对环境污染的改善不明显。     

浅析我国FDI的区域选择问题

目前关于我国FDI区位选择因素的大部分实证研究都是建立在双边框架内,考虑第三方效应并从城市角度进行的研究还少有涉及。本文在新近发展起来的"第三国效应"理论基础上,运用空间面板计量方法,对2001-20036年期间我国东部地区FDI区位分布的空间效应进行检验。发现东部地区的FDI之间存在显著的空间效应,周边省份的FDI增量可以增加某城市的FDI流入量,周边省份的市场规模越大某城市的FDI流入越多,各城市的FDI流入也受到周边城市FDI不可测因素的影响。对东部地区内部,以及东部地区与全国不同子样本的FDI空间效应的检验,发现东地区FDI和全国的FDI的主导类型都为集聚垂直复合型。     

产能过剩偏向性与环境污染——基于中介效应的检验

如何从矫正制度性缺失来破解我国环境污染较难根治且易于反复之谜是我国当前亟待解决的问题之一。本文尝试从行业和企业两个维度,基于中介效应模型,以产能过剩偏向性为视角来廓清中国环境污染治理之殇,并以顶层设计为抓手来明晰环境污染治理之道。研究发现:(1)产能过剩与环境污染的关系依赖于产能过剩在行业和企业维度上的偏向性,产能过剩是影响我国环境污染的重要原因,不同维度产能过剩的偏向性能够对环境污染产生较为显著的影响;(2)产能过剩偏向于污染密集型行业主要通过能源结构锁定效应和产业结构固化效应而加剧环境污染,产能过剩偏向于国有企业主要通过技术结构低端化效应而影响环境污染;(3)产能过剩偏向性作用于环境污染的路径不仅存在显著的市场化程度的调节效应,还存在着严重的区域异质性、水平异质性和阶段异质性。文章为推进制度变革、优化存量产能和有效治理环境污染提供了理论支持。     

山东省金融效率、溢出效应与外商直接投资——基于空间动态面板Durbin模型的研究北大核心CSSCI

本文在测算山东省17地市金融效率的基础上,采用空间动态面板杜宾模型(spatial dynamical penal Durbin model),探讨金融效率对吸收FDI的影响。实证结果表明:山东省各市2001-2016年间FDI的分布存在空间相关性和路径依赖性;短期内金融效率对FDI的流入在区域内具有抑制作用,但是在区域间产生空间促进效应,且这种效应在长期内得到了加强。FDI流入的表现方式为"主动型"而非"牵拉型"。无论短期和长期,人均工资对FDI流入具有显著的正向作用,且长期内人均工资对FDI流入存在区域间竞争效应,这在一定程度上说明了中国的"人口红利"在某些省份还依然存在。第二产业占比对FDI的流入在长、短期内都产生促进作用,发展第二产业在一定时期内依然是吸引FDI的有效手段。     

劳动力转移和工业污染--在现行户籍制度下的经济分析

本文就劳动力转移与工业污染问题,在哈里斯—托塔罗模式的二元经济结构下,建立一个兼顾现行的农村/城市分离的户籍制度,并能够揭示劳动力转移与工业污染的内在相关性的模型,并用此模型对各种可能实行的经济政策的效果进行分析,为制订既能促进经济发展又能减少环境污染的劳动力转移方面的经济政策提供理论依据。     

内部资本市场跨期配置下最优分部相关性匹配研究——对多元化企业并购整合内在逻辑的诠释

内部资本市场跨期配置是研究多元化整合的新视角，分部相关性是平衡跨期配置成本和配置空间的关键因素。已有研究认为多元化企业存在最优分部相关性，但最优分部相关性的影响因素及其匹配规律尚未明确。借鉴实物期权的定价思路，基于动态规划方程的二叉树数值分析方法，研究了内部资本市场跨期配置下的最优分部相关性匹配问题。基于跨期配置的执行力和适应力，理论部分刻画了分部相关性的"双刃剑"效应：降低跨期配置成本和提高跨期配置空间，二者需要通过分部相关性进行取舍。模型部分通过交易成本和收益波动率两个维度进行研究，结果发现：风险越高、交易成本越低，最优分部相关性越小；收益波动率越高，交易成本对最优分部相关性的影响越弱；交易成本越低，收益波动率对最优分部相关性的影响越弱。实证部分针对中国上市公司的分部数据进行实证检验，发现中国多元化企业的最优分部相关性符合模型的推演结果。     

FDI对我国金融服务贸易出口影响的实证研究

本文通过建立时间序列,运用平稳性检验、协整检验、Granger因果检验及误差修正模型等计量方法,对我国1997—2008年的相关数据进行分析。结果表明,我国金融服务贸易出口与FDI之间存在一个长期稳定的关系;FDI是金融服务贸易出口的Granger原因,而金融服务贸易出口不是FDI的Granger原因;误差修正模型表明,金融服务贸易出口与FDI短期内的关系不明显。基于以上的实证研究,提出针对性的建议。     

寻求我国GDP对FDI的最优依存度与FDI最优规模——基于1980~003年我国GDP与FDI非线性动力系统的研究

我国FDI与GDP增长之间的关系问题,一直是学术界探究的问题,FDI与GDP之间存在线性关系已是普遍的结论。然而,本质上FDI与GDP之间存在非线性关系,略去非线性关系,用线性模型还不能深刻揭示FDI对GDP增长的作用。本文应用韩得瑞(Hendry)倡导的“一般到特殊”方法建立了我国GDP—FDI非线性动力系统(CG-FNLDS)模型,其表明,我国GDP与FDI是相互推动的,但由于FDI内部发生阻塞现象,FDI具有增长极限。CG-FNLDS相图中具有一个稳定的结点吸引子,FDI最优规模为1116亿美元,最优的FDI/GDP值为2.95%,因而,目前进入我国的FDI还有一定的增长空间,但难以超过GDP速度增长,CG-FNLDS向结点运动过程正是其自我调节过程。进一步对CG-FNLDS进行最优控制时,可以把损失减少到最低限度,但从长远上我国还是要趁早采取有效措施增强我国GDP自主增长后劲。     

对外直接投资对绿色全要素生产率的空间效应影响

基于2004—2016年中国30个省（市、自治区）的面板数据,通过空间杜宾计量模型（SDM）实证研究了对外直接投资（OFDI）对绿色全要素生产率的空间效应影响。结果显示：各地区绿色全要素生产率及其分解项存在明显的地区差异;绿色全要素生产率、绿色技术进步和绿色效率变化存在显著的空间相关性;OFDI逆向技术溢出能够显著的促进本地区绿色全要素生产率提高,并且存在显著的空间溢出效应;FDI技术溢出对绿色技术进步具有显著的正向推动作用;进口技术溢出和自主研发能够显著促进绿色全要素生产率和绿色技术进步的提升;环境规制强度对我国绿色全要素生产率具有非线性影响。     

工业机器人应用对城市空气污染治理的影响研究北大核心

本文基于国际机器人联合会(IFR)的工业机器人应用数据和中国地级及以上城市层面PM2.5排放浓度数据,利用2SLS、空间计量模型等多种计量方法,实证检验了工业机器人应用对城市空气污染治理的影响.研究发现,工业机器人应用显著降低了中国城市空气污染水平,这一效应在金融发展程度较高、财政支持较低、信息基础设施建设水平较高以及智慧城市试点城市中表现更加明显,且在地理区位特征上呈现出显著的异质性.同时,上述影响主要通过城市产业结构升级和科技水平提升的机制实现.基于SAR与SDM模型的空间溢出效应分析,也发现城市工业机器人应用的减污效应具有双向空间溢出效应,因此空气污染的地理相关性使其减污效应被低估.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.