管理者过度自信与企业投资行为异化——来自我国证券市场的经验证据

本文以非金融类A股上市公司为研究样本,考察了管理者过度自信与企业投资行为的关系。研究发现,过度自信的管理者倾向于过度投资,并对融资活动产生的现金流有更高的敏感性。即当公司有充裕的融资活动现金流时,过度自信的管理者会过度投资;反之,则投资不足。本文还发现,过度投资与经营活动产生的自由现金流之间的敏感性基本上不受管理者过度自信心理特征的影响,这与其它一些研究的结论不一致。     

治理主体干预对公司多元化战略的影响路径——基于管理者过度自信的间接效应检验

本文突破委托代理理论,以控制幻觉的基本假说为基础,从管理者过度自信的视角分析并检验了大股东、债权人与政府的干预对公司多元化战略的影响路径.研究结果表明,管理者过度自信促进了上市公司实施多元化战略的倾向;大股东与债权人的干预对多元化战略具有显著的抑制效应,这种效应一方面来自大股东与债权人的干预对管理者机会主义行为的削弱,另一方面来自控制幻觉的缓解对管理者过度自信的抑制.政府的干预对多元化战略并未产生显著的直接影响,但却显著地抑制了管理者的过度自信,从而间接地降低了上市公司的多元化水平.     

自由现金流代理成本假说还是过度自信假说?——中国上市公司投资——现金流敏感性的实证研究

企业投资现金流敏感性问题可以由现金流代理假说解释,也可以由管理者过度自信假说解释,本文以企业的成长性、现金流特征为划分指标对企业进行分组,并以此来区分与检验两种理论假说。研究结果显示,自由现金流代理问题较为严重的低成长—高现金流企业,将会发生企业过度投资。同样,过度自信问题较为严重的高成长—高现金流企业,也将发生企业过度投资。实证研究结果即支持了自由现金流代理假说,也支持了过度自信假说。     

管理者过度自信对公司非效率投资行为的影响

行为财务学将公司的管理者与决策者的心理因素引入投资决策影响因素当中,有效地弥补了传统投资决策分析的不足.当前我国上市公司管理者的过度自信行为比较显著,分析过度自信对于公司投资行为非效率化的影响,具有现实意义.本文对管理者过度自信对公司非效率投资行为的影响进行分析,对过度自信对公司非效率投资行为影响的表现做出总结,有利于进-步改善和规范我国上市公司的投资行为和效率.     

我国上市公司高管人员过度自信与投资决策的实证研究

基于行为公司金融视角,本文对我国上市公司高管人员过度自信的现实表现及其与企业投资决策的关系进行了理论分析和实证检验。研究表明:(1)在实施股权激励的上市公司中,四分之一左右的高管人员具有过度自信行为特征。(2)同适度自信行为相比,高管人员过度自信行为不仅与投资水平显著正相关,而且投资的现金流敏感性更高。(3)过度自信高管人员投资的现金流敏感性随股权融资数量的减少而上升。(4)在我国上市公司特有的股权安排和治理结构下,过度自信高管人员在公司投资决策中更有可能引发配置效率低下的过度投资行为。     

管理者过度自信、税盾拐点与公司绩效

随着行为公司金融的兴起,管理者非理性尤其是过度自信的认知偏差与公司财务决策关系的研究成为一个新的研究热点.基于中国制度背景,以2002年至2007年沪深两市A股上市公司为观测值,考察管理者过度自信、债务政策与公司绩效之间的关系.采用Tobit和Lopstic回归模型,从管理者过度自信视角,利用税盾拐点考察公司的债务政策.实证检验结果发现,管理者过度自信显著影响公司的债务政策,公司税盾拐点随管理者过度自信程度的增强而降低,表明过度自信管理者将实施更为激进的债务融资策略.利用OLS回归模型检验过度自信管理者实施的债务政策与公司绩效之间的关系,发现公司绩效随债务税盾拐点的降低而下降,意味着如果过度自信管理者奉行的债务政策是激进的,将对公司绩效产生不利影响.     

政府干预、政府目标与国有上市公司的过度投资

对于国内企业过度投资的研究,目前均是从经理私人利益、管理者过度自信、管理者背景等角度展开的,这些研究没有考虑我国特有的制度背景对上市公司投资决策的影响.一些研究表明,政府控制的上市公司更可能从事过度投资行为.遗憾的是,这些文献并没有表明政府控制的上市公司过度投资的原因,可能的解释是国有上市公司的代理问题更严重.本文认为,国有企业过度投资并不一定是由代理问题引起的,政府控制的上市公司过度投资能够帮助政府实现一些目标.如就业、税收等.基于我国国有上市公司数据,本文研究表明,国有上市公司的过度投资是由政府将其公共目标.如就业、税收等内部化到其控制的企业的结果.另外,回归结果也显示,国有企业的过度投资并没有表现出自由现金流假说的投资一现金流的敏感性,债务也没有起到约束过度投资行为的作用,这也从侧面说明了国有上市公司的过度投资不一定因为代理问题引起的.     

学习型管理者的过度自信行为对连续并购绩效的影响

以2000-2007年间的1154家上市公司的3578次并购事件为样本,将并购公司管理者分为过度自信学习组和理性学习组,分析它们对上市公司连续并购绩效的影响。结果表明:随着并购次序的上升,当并购公司的管理者过度自信且有学习行为时,并购绩效呈先降后升的U型趋势;当管理者理性且有学习行为时,并购绩效逐渐下降。本文还发现,无论有学习行为的管理者是理性的,还是过度自信的,并购的时间间隔都随着并购次序的上升逐渐下降。     

管理层权力、现金股利与企业投资效率

本文选用2006-2011年我国A股上市公司数据作为研究样本,实证检验了管理层权力对企业分配现金股利的影响。研究结果表明,管理层权力大小与现金股利支付率高低显著负相关。文章进一步检验了现金股利与企业投资效率的关系,并检验管理层权力对该相关关系的影响。研究发现,在内部自由现金流富余且投资过度的样本中,发放现金股利能够有效减少自由现金流,抑制过度投资;在自由现金流紧缺且投资不足的样本中,企业支付现金股利会加剧现金流紧缺,造成更严重的投资不足。管理层权力的存在降低了现金股利对非效率投资的影响。本研究的启示意义在于,在讨论股利政策与公司投资决策的作用机理时,管理层权力是一个重要的影响因素。     

我国上市公司高管人员过度自信与股利分配决策的理论和实证研究

在现有研究成果的基础上,在假设上市公司高管人员过度自信的条件下,建立恰当的数学模型从理论上研究上市公司高管人员的过度自信心理偏好对公司股利分配决策的影响机理。同时,以中国上市公司为样本对我国上市公司高管人员的过度自信心理偏好如何影响其股利分配决策进行实证研究。研究结果表明,当上市公司高管人员观察到的项目信号值大于项目质量均值时,股利分配水平与其过度自信负相关;当高管人员观察到的信号值小于项目质量均值时,股利分配水平与其过度自信正相关;在我国股票市场环境下,股利分配水平在过度自信高管人员经营的公司中更高。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.