基于逆周期缓冲机制的或有可转债研究

基于逆周期缓冲机制的双触发器或有可转债（简记为CoCoCb）为债券发行银行提供资本再重组机会。当经济与金融系统性风险累积到较高的水平，CoCoCb可以按照事先约定的折扣率回售，或者被转换为等价值的普通或有可转债（CoCo）。当债券发行银行陷入财务困境时，CoCo转换为股权以吸收银行的损失，并维持银行正常运营。CoCoCb的回售机制允许银行在经济与金融危机爆发前债务减记，即CoCoCb嵌入了逆周期缓冲机制；债转股机制使得CoCoCb具有很强的损失吸收能力。基于Black-Scholes期权定价模型、Jarrow-Turnbull简约化定价模型和无违约风险假设，利用复制方法求解零息票CoCoCb定价解析式。实证分析表明：信贷与GDP的缺口（Gap）值达到峰值事件服从泊松过程。选取适当的回售比率能保证CoCoCb兼具逆周期缓冲与损失吸收能力。     

含股权回售与赎回条款的或有可转债定价研究

为兼顾发行方与投资者的利益,确保融资效率,本文设计了含股权回售与赎回条款的或有可转债(share-putable&callable CoCos,SPCCs).首先将其分解为普通或有可转债多头、下降-敲入看跌障碍期权多头以及上升-敲入看涨障碍期权空头的组合;然后针对债券价值的“路径依赖”特征,引入Jarrow-Turnbull模型确定生存概率,继而推导出以股价为触发器的SPCCs定价公式;最后针对瑞信集团(credit suisse) 2011年2月发行的或有可转债进行实证分析.结果表明:SPCCs价格与债转股触发强度增速显著负相关;同时发行方股价波动率会对SPCCs价格产生间接影响,且影响方向取决于“CoCos价值随股价波动率的增加幅度”与“股权回售与赎回条款价值随股价波动率的减少幅度”孰大孰小.     

分数布朗运动下带违约风险的可转换债券定价

应用均衡定价方法,考虑股票价格和公司资产价值服从分数布朗运动以及存在公司违约风险情况下的可转债定价问题;建立相应的可转债定价模型,采用拟鞅定价方法,得出了欧式看涨期权的显式解,进而得出了可转债定价公式;最后利用数值算例进行分析,结论表明公司违约风险、股票价格和公司资产价格的长程关联性是可转债定价时不可忽略的因素。     

考虑支付红利的可转债模糊定价模型及其算法

由于金融市场经常受到一些模糊不确定因素的影响,使得可转债定价具有模糊特征.本文研究了具有支付红利以及标的资产为美式期权的可转债模糊定价问题.在Black-Scholes模型的基础上,提出了该类型可转债的模糊定价模型,它推广了传统的具有确定参数值的可转债定价模型.为了方便估计可转债价值,给出了具有三角模糊数形式的可转债定价公式.最后,选取实例分析和检验了该模糊定价方法的实用性.     

可转换债券市场异常现象的理论研究——基于委托代理问题的资产定价模型

本文旨在研究可转债市场中理论定价和市场定价的偏离问题,通过将公司代理成本融入规范的资产定价模型,得到基于代理的可转债定价模型,证明结合代理成本的可转债定价模型能够很好地解释可转债市场价格和所谓的"理论价格"之间的偏差现象.本文还运用数值分析方法检验分析理论模型的预测结果,得到可转换债券的"微笑现象",与实证研究结果相吻合.     

融资约束下或有可转债对企业投资的影响

基于不确定性投融资理论,探析或有可转债对融资约束企业的投资规模、投资时机及资本结构的影响和作用机制,进而从缓解融资摩擦与压力的视角为企业引进或有可转债融资提供新的理论解释.结果表明:或有可转债的转换率对最优投资规模没有影响;相对于普通债券,或有可转债显著降低了企业融资约束压力,减少了非效率投融资决策导致的企业价值损失;当融资约束企业的收益增长率、转换率与转换杠杆较低,而所得税率较高时,或有可转债融资优势更加明显.     

商业银行次级债定价研究

次级债已成为中国商业银行拓展附属资本、增加资本充足率的重要手段,因此对其进行合理定价是一个非常重要的问题.利用Black-Scholes的期权定价思想,把次级债券看成以银行资产为标的的期权组合,研究次级债的定价问题.模型给出了适用于两种不同优先级清偿规则的次级债定价方法,给出了信用利差的分析和实例研究.对建设银行和华夏银行的次级债分析表明,中国商业银行的次级债存在着价值普遍被高估、利率水平偏低的现象,未上市流通、金融机构对次级债的相互持有是商业银行次级债利率偏低的主要原因.     

基于违约风险的三叉树模型在可转债定价中的应用研究

本文考虑可转债券的违约风险,研究如何用违约风险下的三叉树模型对可转换债券进行定价。首先本文使用Black-Scholes公式测算企业在单位时间内的违约概率。其次,在计算可转债的债券价值时,将相似经营业绩和同等风险的企业债券收益率作为贴现率,计算现金流的现值,以反映相应的违约风险;在计算可转债看涨期权价值时,本文在三叉树模型中引入违约概率,重新计算调整后股票上涨、下跌的幅度和概率,得到基于违约风险的三叉树定价模型;最后对中国市场中实际的可转债——新钢转债进行了定价的计算,并对结果进行了探讨。     

我国上市商业银行风险管理效率的DEA分析——基于2013年银行财务年报数据计算分析

对信用风险的把控是现代商业银行创造盈利的基础,商业银行发展影响我国经济建设稳定发展,如何制定有力的银行风险管理机制,完善监管体系,构建科学的风险管理系统,是商业银行发展的重点。为使银行在信用风险评价方面更为科学合理,本文引入DEA数据包络理论,选取了2013年中国A股上市的十六家国内商业银行的财务数据进行DEA模型计算分析。分析结果中论述了DEA模型所选取的资本充足率、拨备覆盖率、流动性比率对资产充足率和不良贷款率的影响。     

股权结构、上市状况和风险——来自中国商业银行的经验研究

运用我国94家商业银行2001-2009年的数据,通过多元回归模型和方差分析研究商业银行股权结构、上市状况和风险的关系.研究发现:首先,外资商业银行比国有商业银行具有更好的资产质量、更低的信用风险以及更高的资本充足率,城市商业银行比国有商业银行具有更低的信用风险,股份制商业银行比国有商业银行具有更低的信用风险以及更低的资本充足率;其次,银行上市不仅提高商业银行的资产质量和资本充足率,同时降低了商业银行的信用风险;最后,研究还发现股权结构和风险的关系在上市银行和未上市银行存在显著差异,随后方差分析显示这是由于上市状况对股权结构和风险的关系存在显著的调节作用造成的.研究结论为我国商业银行改革提供一定的理论借鉴意义.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.