基于广义模糊数的软件成本加权CBR估算研究

在软件项目开发过程中,准确估算出软件成本在提高软件质量和保障软件成功开发方面起到重要支撑作用。针对软件项目历史数据库中部分属性在项目开发初期难以给予精确数值(仅仅能给出模糊数),而已有软件成本估算模型不能很好地处理模糊信息的问题,本文在基于案例推理模型(CBR)基础上集成广义模糊数,提出了基于广义模糊数的CBR模型。使用基于广义模糊数的相似度度量方法代替传统CBR模型中采用的欧式距离等相似度度量方法,采用模糊C均值聚类(FCM)方法将已有软件项目历史数据库中的精确数值进行模糊化处理,以匹配新项目中的模糊数。进一步采用粒子群算法(PSO)来优化属性的权重,构建基于广义模糊数的加权CBR模型。最终在实验中采用Desharnais数据来检验构建模型的有效性。实证结果表明,在与常用的欧式距离CBR模型相比,构建的基于广义模糊数的加权CBR模型能有效提高估算精度,采用PSO优化属性权重能提高模型的估算精度。     

软件成本估算的粒子群算法类比模型及自助法推断

软件成本估算是控制软件进度、降低软件风险和保证软件质量的有效措施,已引起产业界和学术界的广泛关注.为能更准确地估算软件成本,采用粒子群算法优化加权类比估算模型(PSO类比模型)中各个特征属性的权重,避免权重选择的盲目性;同时采用非参数自助法对原始数据抽样,在自助法子样本的基础上,分析PSO类比模型中的类比项目个数和成本计算方式对模型精确度的影响,并进一步计算新项目估算成本值的可信度以及在一定置信水平下的区间值;采用Desharnais数据库验证PSO类比模型与自助法推断方法的有效性,根据MMRE和Pred(0.25)两个标准将PSO类比模型与一般类比模型、支持回归机、人工神经网络、径向基神经网络和分类回归树进行估算精度比较.研究结果表明,采用粒子群算法优化权重的PSO类比估算模型能得到较高的估算精度,且自助法能有效校正PSO类比模型中的相关变量并检验结果的可信度,可以为管理者在软件项目风险分析和项目规划方面提供有益参考.     

信息系统建设项目软件成本估算方法研究

在信息系统项目或电子政务工程建设软件项目和软件预研项目中,软件成本估算是具挑战性也是最重要的环节。软件成本估算问题是困扰各领域对软件成本进行预算控制的难题,本文以提高软件成本估算的精确性为目标,给出了适合当前国内信息系统建设项目或电子政务工程中软件建设项目成本估算的一种方法模型。     

基于SVR-ARMA组合模型的日旅游需求预测

短期微观旅游需求具有强非线性特征,单一的模型很难做出准确预测.针对此问题,本文分析了著名风景区黄山2010年旅游旺季(4-10月)相关日数据的特征,在此基础上建立SVR-ARMA组合模型,用SVR模型先对原始非线性数据预测,再对SVR模型预测所产生的线性残差用ARMA模型预测,将两部分预测值几何相加得最终的预测值.最后分莉与单一的SVR和ARMA模型对比,结果表明该组合模型有更高更稳健的预测精度,很适合短期微观旅游需求.     

智能决策支持系统中CBR、RBR的集成

本文主要探讨智能决策支持系统中两种常用的推理方法(基于范例的推理Case-Based Reasoning,简称CBR与基于规则的推理Rule-Based Reasoning,简称RBR)的集成问题,重点讨论CBR与RBR的集成模式,知识表示和知识转换等.文中提出了一种新的知识表示方法,并在此基础上给出了一个CBR与RBR的集成框架.     

基于风险管理的软件开发过程模型及其复合实物期权分析

本文在螺旋模型的基础上提出了集成风险管理的软件项目开发过程模型,并运用实物期权理论框架解释和证明了该过程模型的优势.使用变波动率多期复合实物期权模型量化了螺旋开发过程模型中决策灵活性的价值,敏感性分析的结果表明,螺旋模型在风险水平越高的情况下价值越为明显.此外,变波动率复合实物期权的引入很好地刻画了螺旋模型风险驱动盼特征,从而为软件项目开发过程中的动态序列决策提供了参考依据.     

多心理账户的项目组合风险集成管理研究

项目组合风险集成管理属于ERM(企业风险管理)与EPM(企业项目管理)的交叉前沿领域，其中对多心理账户条件下风险集成控制模型的研究又最为关键。引入行为金融理论于项目组合风险集成管理系统中，研究给出了项目组合风险集成管理问题的行为金融解释，建立了一种新的以BPT为内核的风险集成量化控制模型，并给出了应用算法分析。     

经济政策不确定性与我国股市波动率预测研究

股票市场的波动与实体经济走势以及宏观经济政策密切相关.因此,以Baker的经济政策不确定性(economic policy uncertainty,EPU)指数和我国股市代表性的股价指数——上证综指为对象,运用广义自回归条件异方差混频数据抽样(GARCH-MIDAS)模型,分析了经济政策不确定性对上证综指波动率的影响,并运用该模型与常见的多种GARCH族模型进行了样本外波动率预测的对比研究.实证结果表明,EPU指数能够很好地解释我国股市波动的长期成分,并显著改善对上证综指波动率的预测精度;同时,模型信度集合(model confidence set,MCS)检验结果进一步证实,基于混频数据的GARCH-MIDAS模型能显著打败常见的多种GARCH族模型.     

经济政策不确定性与我国股市波动率预测研究北大核心CSCDCSSCI

股票市场的波动与实体经济走势以及宏观经济政策密切相关.因此,以Baker的经济政策不确定性(economic policy uncertainty,EPU)指数和我国股市代表性的股价指数——上证综指为对象,运用广义自回归条件异方差混频数据抽样(GARCH-MIDAS)模型,分析了经济政策不确定性对上证综指波动率的影响,并运用该模型与常见的多种GARCH族模型进行了样本外波动率预测的对比研究.实证结果表明,EPU指数能够很好地解释我国股市波动的长期成分,并显著改善对上证综指波动率的预测精度;同时,模型信度集合(model confidence set,MCS)检验结果进一步证实,基于混频数据的GARCH-MIDAS模型能显著打败常见的多种GARCH族模型.     

改进固定工期大中型工程的完工成本估算

传统挣值管理框架内的完工成本估算模型,不能很好适用于工期目标固定的大中型工程。首先,在项目前锋期（t₀）,提出利用进度挣值方法（ES）估算完工工期T₂,以及对于固定工期（T₀）需要压缩的工期（ΔT=T₂-T₀）。然后,采用指数函数模拟时间-费用分阶段凸成本曲线,估算压缩工期的成本。在此基础上,结合Gompertz生长模型（GGM）估算未压缩时的完工成本,提出固定工期大中型工程的完工成本的估算模型。最后,以某机场工程子项目作为案例,分别利用传统挣值法的四种基本估算方法与改进后的挣值管理完工估算方法,对项目完工成本进行估算。横向对比结果发现,改进后的挣值管理完工估算方法具有相对较优性。本研究的成本估算模型改进了传统挣值法对完工成本估算的预测能力,对于进度为主要目标的中国大中型工程具有较强的实践指导意义。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.