Two Generations, Two Strategies: The Fate of Bare English–origin Nouns in Ukrainian

The status of lone nouns of one language in discourse of another is often ambiguous, since they typically provide few indications of their language membership. Making use of the facts of linguistic variability in each of Ukrainian and English, we examine the quantitative conditioning of such forms in bilingual performance data. Results yield a synchronic portrait of the integrated loanword, even when it bears no surface indication of that integration, is neither recurrent nor widespread, and has no history of attestation or other status in the language. Distinguishing the languages involved in the contact situation (Canada) as produced by the first generation (G₁) or the second generation (G₂), further reveals that G₁ speakers incorporate borrowed items – nonce or established – into recipient language discourse by applying to them the fine details of their native language constraints on linguistic variability. In contrast, G₂ speakers' treatment of English-origin nouns coincides neither with their own treatment of Ukrainian nouns nor with G₁ speakers' treatment of Ukrainian or English–origin nouns.     

Limits of the Literal: Five Recent Books About Metaphor

Charles Forceville. Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising.
Raymond W. Gibbs Jr. The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language and Understanding.
Andrew Ortony (ed.). Metaphor and Thought. (2nd edition)
Gerard Steen. Understanding Metaphor in Literature: an Empirical Approach.
Roger M. White. The Structure of Metaphor     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed
Tannen, Deborah. The Argument Culture: Changing the Way We Argue and Debate .
Adger, Carolyn Temple; Christian, Donna; Taylor, Orlando (eds.) Making the Connection: Language and Academic Achievement among African American Students .
Shuy, Roger W. The Language of Confession, Interrogation, and Deception .
Hutchby, Ian and Wooffitt, Robin. Conversation Analysis .
Ainsworth-Vaughn, Nancy. Claiming Power in Doctor-Patient Talk .
Eco, Umberto. Serendipities: Language and Lunacy .
Beal, Joan. English Pronunciation in the Eighteenth Century: Thomas Spence's 'Grand Repository of the English Language' .
Habermas, Jürgen. On the Pragmatics of Communication .     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Susan Ehrlich, Representing Rape: Language and Sexual Consent
Deborah Cameron, Working with Spoken Discourse
Stefan Titscher, Michael Meyer, Ruth Wodak and Eva Vetter, Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis
Linda A. Wood and Rolf O. Kroger, Doing Discourse Analysis: Methods for Studying Action in Talk and Text
Srikant Sarangi and Celia Roberts (eds.), Talk, Work and Institutional Order: Discourse in Medical, Mediation and Management Settings
Ulrich Ammon (ed.), The Dominance of English as a Language of Science: Effects on Other Languages and Language Communities
Alexandra Jaffe, Ideologies in Action: Language Politics on Corsica
Niloofar Haeri, The Sociolinguistic Market of Cairo: Gender, Class and Education
Anita Y. K. Poon, Medium of Instruction in Hong Kong: Policy and Practice
Tariq Rahman, Language, Education and Culture
Dariusz Galasinski, The Language of Deception: A Discourse Analytical Study
Clifford Hill and Eric Larsen, Children and Reading Tests
Fern L. Johnson, Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States
Lucy Burke, Tony Crowley and Alan Girvin (eds.), The Routledge Language and Cultural Theory Reader     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
James Paul Gee, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis
Alastair Pennycook, English and the Discourses of Colonialism
Allan Bell and Peter Garrett (eds.), Approaches to Media Discourse
Isabella Paoletti, Being an Older Woman: A Study in the Social Production of Identity
Karl Erik Rosengren, Communication: An Introduction     

The effect of domain prestige and interlocutors' bilingualism on loanword adaptations

There is great variability in whether foreign sounds in loanwords are adapted, such that segments show cross‐word and cross‐situational variation in adaptation. Previous research proposed that word frequency, speakers' level of bilingualism and neighborhoods' level of bilingualism can explain such variability. We test for the effect of these factors and propose two additional factors: interlocutors' level of bilingualism and the prestige of the donor language in the loanword's domain. Analyzing elicited productions of loanwords from Spanish into Mexicano in a village where Spanish and Mexicano enjoy prestige in complementary domains, we show that interlocutors' bilingualism and prestige influence the rate of sound adaptation. Additionally, we find that speakers accommodate to their interlocutors, regardless of the interlocutors' level of bilingualism. As retention of foreign sounds can lead to sound change, these results show that social factors can influence changes in a language's sound system.     

Book Reviews

Cameron, Deborah Verbal hygiene
Eco, Umberto The search for the perfect language
Caldas-Coulthard, Carmen Rosa and Coulthard, Malcom (eds) Texts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis
Peräkylä, Anssi, Aids counselling: Institutional interaction and clinical practice
Williams, Colin H. Called unto liberty: On language and nationalism
Besnier, Niko Literacy, emotion and authority: Reading and writing on a Polynesian atoll
Firth, Alan (ed.) The discourse of negotiation: Studies of language in the workplace
Holmes, Janet Women, men and politeness
Aitchison, John and Carter, Harold A Geography of the Welsh language 1961–1991 .
Williams, Rhian Huws, Williams, Hywel and Davies, Elaine (eds) Gwaith Cymdeithasol a'r Iaith Gymraeg/Social work and the Welsh language     

Book Reviews

Honey, John. Language is Power: The Story of Standard English and its Enemies .
Ó Snodaigh, Pádraig. Hidden Ulster: Protestants and the Irish Language .
Edwards, Derek. Discourse and Cognition .
Blaney, Roger. Presbyterians and the Irish Language .
Traill, Anthony. Extinct South African Languages Compact disk plus booklet
Kasper, Gabriele, and Kellerman, Eric (eds.). Communication Strategies: Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives .     

Book Reviews

Rampton, Ben, Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents
Drechsel, Emanuel J., Mobilian Jargon: Linguistic and Sociohistorical Aspects of a Native American Pidgin
Hensel, Chase, Telling Our Selves: Ethnicity and Discourse in Southwestern Alaska
Silverman, David, Discourses of Counselling: HIV Counselling as Social Interaction
Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdeněk and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds), Kontaktlinguistik, Contact Linguistics, Linguistique de contact
Baxter, Leslie A. and Montgomery, Barbara M., Relating: Dialogues and Dialectics
Lanstyák, István and Szabómihály, Gizella, Magyar nyelvhasználat – iskola – kétnyelvüség [Hungarian language use, schools and bilingualism]
Zentella, Ana Celia, Growing up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York
Fairclough, Norman, Media Discourse     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Charles Antaki and Sue Widdicombe (eds.)., Identities in Talk Tove Skutnab‐Kangas, Linguistic Genocide in Education–or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights? Marnie Holborow, The Politics of English: A Marxist View of Language Clare Mar‐Molinero, The Spanish Speaking World: A Practical Introduction to Sociolinguistic Issues Gail E. Hawisher and Cynthia L. Selfe (eds.), Global Literacies and the World‐Wide‐Web Justine Coupland (ed.), Small Talk Francesca Bargiela‐Chiappini and Catherine Nickerson (eds.)., Writing Business: Genres, Media and Discourses Geoffrey Lewis, The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success Kenneth J. Gergen, An Invitation to Social Construction James Milroy and Lesley Milroy, Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English Linda Thomas and Sha¨n Wareing, Language, Society and Power: An Introduction     

Linguistic differentiation and Mayan language revitalization in Guatemala1

This paper presents a quantitative study of syntactic change in the context of Mayan language revitalization in Guatemala. Quantitative analyses of grammatical variation and code‐switching patterns were used to examine the degree of Spanish influence in the speech of three generations of Sipakapense‐Spanish bilinguals. The younger generations show lower frequencies of code‐switching compared to the oldest generation. In terms of syntactic variation, younger speakers show patterns that suggest a resistance to influence from Spanish. The results suggest that younger speakers are hyperdifferentiating the two languages by avoiding traditional Sipakapense constructions that could be interpreted as resulting from Spanish influence. The analysis highlights the important role of language ideology in cases of language change due to contact and language shift.     

Reviews

The article discusses language as a form of social differentiation and the importance of its recognition as such within social work. Structural and ideological barriers to the recognition of linguistic identity within the UK context are explored, before focusing on additional language tuition and the benefits of its use as an awareness raising tool, drawing from socio‐linguistics literature and applying it to social work education.

Research points to the necessity of the development of a ‘third place’ between a native and target linguistic culture to permit a greater depth of understanding of multicultural and multilingual contexts. It is argued that culturally competent language tuition, when used beyond an exercise in communicative competence or bilingual resource development, has great potential in terms of developing anti‐discriminatory practice past a monolingual framework, and allowing monolingual practitioners to discover their own linguistic identities, and reach their own ‘third place’.     

Book Reviews

Indonesia: the making of a culture. James J. Fox (ed.). 286pp, maps, figures, tables, bibliographies. (Vol. 1 in Indonesia: Australian Perspectives. James J. Fox, Ross Garnaut, Peter McCawley, J.A.C. Mackie (eds).) Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. 1980. $10.

Mekeo: inequality and ambivalence in a village society. Epeli Hau’ofa. x, 3 39pp., maps, figures, tables, plates, appendices, glossary, bibliography, index. Canberra: Australian National University Press. 1981. $19.50.

Tribal communities in rural areas. Elspeth Young, xxiii, 230pp., maps, figures, tables, bibliography. (The Aboriginal Component in the Australian Economy, no. 1.) Canberra: Development Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. 1981. $9.

Women in India and Nepal. Michael Allen and S.N. Mukerjee (eds). xiii, 286pp., figures, bibliographies, index. Canberra: The Australian National University (Monographs on South Asia no. 8). 1982. $10.     

Book Reviews

Shoshana Blum-Kulka. Dinner Talk: Cultural Patterns of Sociability and Socialization in Family Discourse .
Karin Aijmer. Conversational Routines in English: Convention and Creativity .
Laurel J. Brinton. Pragmatic Markers in English: Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions .
Gunther Kress. Before Writing: Rethinking the Paths to Literacy .
Martha C. Pennington. Phonology in English Language Teaching .     

Book Reviews

Gregory Guy, Crawford Feagin, Deborah Schiffrin and John Baugh (eds.). Towards a Social Science of Language: Papers in Honor of William Labov .
Anna Duszak. Culture and Styles of Academic Discourse .
Barbara Johnstone. The Linguistic Individual: Self-expression in Language and Linguistics .
Alessandro Duranti. Linguistic Anthropology . William A. Foley. Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction .     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Gunnel Tottie An Introduction to American English: A Resource Book for Students
Joan Cutting Pragmatics and Discourse
Peter Stockwell Sociolinguistics: A Resource Book for Students
Steven Clayman and John Heritage The News Interview: Journalists and Public Figures on Air     

Book Reviews

No abstract available for this article.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
Penelope Eckert and John R. Rickford (eds.), Style and Sociolinguistic Variation
Richard Watts and Peter Trudgill (eds), Alternative Histories of English
Shana Poplack (ed.), The English History of African American English
Urszula Clark, War Words: Language, History and the Disciplining of English
Beverley A. Lewin, Jonathan Fine and Lynne Young, Expository Discourse: A Genre–based Approach to Social Science Research Texts
Alexandra Georgakopoulou and Marianna Spanaki (eds.), A Reader in Greek Sociolinguistics – Studies in Modern Greek Language, Culture and Communication
Maya Khemlani David, The Sindhis of Malaysia: A Sociolinguistic Study
Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen, Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed
Auer, P. (ed.) Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity
Malone, Martin J. Worlds of Talk: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Conversation
Diamond, Julie. Status and Power in Verbal Interaction: A Study of Discourse in a Close-Knit Social Network
Roca, Ana and Jensen, John B. (eds.). Spanish in Contact: Issues in Bilingualism
Shaul, David L. and Furbee, N. Louanna. Language and Culture
Kotthoff, Helga and Wodak, Ruth (eds.). Communicating Gender in Context
Wodak, Ruth (ed.). Gender and Discourse
Cheshire, Jenny and Stein, Dieter (eds.). Taming the Vernacular: From Dialect to Written Standard Language     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Carol Miller and Shahra Razavi (eds), Missionaries and Mandarins: Feminist Engagement with Development Institutions Joel F. Handler and Lucie White (eds), Hard Labor: Women and Work in the Post‐Welfare Era K. Kempadoo and J. Doezema, Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance, and Redefinition Paul Iles, Managing Staff Selection and Assessment Danusia Malina and Sian Maslin‐Protheroe, Surviving the Academy: Feminist Perspectives Jim Stewart, Employee Development Practice