西部地区农村贫困理论研究

贫困问题是全球各国尤其是发展中国家面临的共同课题,为了更好地理解和把握现有文献和著述对贫困理论的研究概况,本文按不同的因果方向分别给以综述。     

凉山彝区防止返贫的困境与对策

十八大以来,在党和国家的高度重视下,凉山彝区脱贫攻坚成绩斐然。2020年,凉山彝区10县区域性整体贫困问题全面消除。为了巩固彝区脱贫成果,守住不发生规模性返贫底线,推进彝区乡村振兴,实现彝区农业稳产、农民稳收、农村稳定,本文主要从凉山彝区的社会发育程度低、自然环境恶劣、交通发展滞后、公共基础薄弱、市场发展缓慢、内生动力缺乏等详细地分析了制约凉山彝区持久脱贫的困境因素;并就防止凉山彝区规模性返贫的困境因素,首先从政策、产业和互助合作方面对已有的主要帮扶措施进行了优化与健全,其次,从构建与完善保障督查、政策联动、内生动力激发、贫困文化消解、禁毒防艾和监测评估等机制方面提出了防止凉山彝区规模性返贫的对策建议。     

新农合对四川藏区的减贫效应分析

The New Rural Cooperative Medi-cal System ( hereafter NRCMS) in Tibetan areas of Sichuan was started in Wenchuan in 2005 , and by 2008 covered all of the province’s Tibetan areas. This paper studies the effects of the NRCMS on im-proving the health of and alleviating poverty for farmers and herdsmen in Tibetan area of Sichuan. Most parts of the Tibetan areas of Sichuan are located in high altitude districts. Thirty two coun-ties of these areas are classified as “National Pov-erty Counties”. Poverty and disease go hand in hand in these regions. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are the major endemics in the pas-toral and agro-pastoral areas of Sichuan. Endemic, infectious and chronic diseases are widespread in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas. More than 70% of pa-tients are workers from 20 to 60 years old. Disea-ses are more prevalent in women than in men. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are cur-rently incurable. Patients suffer from health prob-lems, which leads to a decrease in their income and the heavy burden of medical expenses. The new rural cooperative medical system alleviates the negative effects of farmers’ falling into, or back in-to poverty due to disease. However, the existing medical compensation mechanism is not sufficient to solve the problem. The greatest impact of NRCMS on the farmers and herdsmen in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas is that the system has gradually changed local people’s medi-cal behavior, as well as their underlying ideas a-bout medicine: they begin to believe in hospitals. In particular, more pregnant women are choosing to give birth in hospitals, which reduces the rate of infant mortality and postpartum diseases, and im-proves the health of women. Since the full coverage of the NRCMS in 2008 , the number of people participating in the system has reached the overall average level of Si-chuan province. By analyzing the data before and after the implementation of this system, and meas-uring the impact of the system on people’s health, it can be found that the NRCMS’s role in serving the vulnerable population, such as the elderly and infant children, is more marked. Since the implementation of the NRCMS, all administrative villages in Sichuan Tibetan areas have established village clinics, which solved the problem of a shortage of medicines and doctors in those areas. Farmers and herdsmen have conven-ient access to medical treatment, enhancing the ac-cessibility of medical service. After the implemen-tation of the NRCMS, the health of the elderly population in rural areas has improved. Infant mor-tality rates have dramatically fallen. The implementation of the NRCMS improved the medical service capacity of township hospitals and village clinics. And the NRCMS has brought the township hospitals and village clinics into its scope of compensation, which greatly promotes the utilization of primary medical services in Tibetan areas. The poverty reduction effect of the NRCMS can be analyzed from two aspects:Firstly, the im-
provement in health leads to increased income, be-cause good health can promote labor productivity. Meanwhile, the increase in income will in turn im-prove the overall level of health. Secondly, the in-patient and outpatient compensation rate is raised year by year, which reduces the medical fees of farmers, and prevents them from falling back into poverty.     

滦河流域民族聚居区生态贫困的脱贫路径

滦河流域地处农牧交错地带，其中的七个国家级贫困县既是满、蒙传统游牧民族聚居区，又属典型的生态贫困区。滦河流域是以山地为主的河源区，为京津唐等城市的水源区，其畜牧业在农业经济中占较大比例，生产方式依然较为粗放。而历史上由于清代陪都建设、近代人口迁徙、殖民化经济、水环境问题与流域牧业退化，加上“PPE怪圈”与复合型贫困的加剧，对该地区生态造成较大破坏。对此，借鉴国际国内经验，并结合学理分析结果，建议适度恢复河运可以使河运与优秀传统生态文明意识的重塑、“自下而上”的反贫困内力的培育、京津绿色生态腹地构建结合起来，从而从根源上实现绿色治贫。     

民族院校毕业生的就业对阻断贫困代际传递作用

提高农村人口的平均受教育的年限能够有效改善农村贫困现象,高等教育有助于贫困代际阶层向上流动以阻断贫困代际传递。在高等院校中,民族院校吸纳了更多的农村毕业生。民族院校毕业生就业后的月均收入明显高于全国农民工的平均水平,毕业生就业于教育行业的比例较高,多数毕业生乐意就职于就读院校所在地的民营企业,反哺地方经济建设。民族院校毕业生通过接受高等教育,提升了个人价值,增加了个人与家庭的经济收入,促进了地区经济的发展,不仅使自己也带动更多的人有机会告别贫困代际传递。本研究从理论上拓展了阻断贫困代际传递的研究范围,并从民族院校毕业生及其家庭、民族院校以及扶贫政策制定者三个角度提出了相应对策,以促进民族院校毕业生及更多的贫困地区人口尽早告别贫困代际传递,实现个人脱贫与地区脱贫的双丰收。     

西南民族地区规模性返贫风险及其防范机制研究

西南民族地区是传统集中连片贫困区域,后脱贫时代的脱贫成果巩固和乡村振兴仍然面临严峻挑战。脆弱的农户生计资本、相对贫瘠的自然资源、未形成规模优势的农业生产、反复无常的疫情风险等,给巩固脱贫成果和全面乡村振兴带来挑战,西南民族地区的规模性返贫风险依然存在。与个体农户的家庭突发风险不同,规模性返贫风险具有涉及人口数量大、覆盖地区广、发生机率高、溢出风险多元及难以防范等特征。民族地区的规模性返贫风险必须以预防为主,在巩固脱贫成果的同时注重扶贫治理的长效机制。规模性返贫风险防范首要积极建立巩固脱贫成果与乡村振兴的有效衔接机制;其次应依托乡村数字化治理平台进行新脱贫人口的返贫预警系统;另外还需在民族地区建构托底发展型的社会政策体系,保障民族地区民生事业的全面可持续发展;最后应建立上下联动的民族共同体发展格局,提升民族地区韧性发展集体规模优势。     

民族地区反贫困战略中人力资本投资的经济学分析

本文认为人力资本的缺乏是造成民族地区贫困恶性循环的重要原因,加大人力资本的投入是该地区跳出"贫困陷阱"的关键。但由于投资主体不同,人力资本的投资效益会存在显著差异,使得民族地区地方政府和个人人力资本投资乏力。对此,作者给出了相应政策建议。     

2020年后民族地区贫困治理的思路与路径研究

2020年后民族地区经济欠发达的基本态势没有变化，贫困表现为：绝对贫困与相对贫困并存；农村贫困与乡村贫困并存；多维贫困更突出。2020年后民族地区贫困治理的基本思路为：贫困治理要解决的主要问题不再是生存问题，而是发展问题和发展成果的共享问题,从区域发展方面要实现经济机会最大化。为此，要通过高速、有效以及可持续的经济增长最大限度地创造就业与发展机会。在贫困治理方面，对于一般的贫困人口，要确保他们能够平等地获得机会，提高他们获得发展机会的能力；对于特殊类型贫困人口，要通过建立和完善城乡一体化的全覆盖、保障程度较高的社会保障，确保他们获得最低经济福利。     

乡村空间的有效衔接——民族地区脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的路径

村落作为乡村振兴的基本空间单元,直接关系着脱贫攻坚的巩固和拓展。随着城镇化的快速推进,民族地区出现了村落萎缩、组织体系崩溃、价值体系扭曲、内生动力与脱贫稳定性不足等问题。脱贫攻坚具有的乡村空间内涵以及与乡村空间的潜在关系问题日益凸显。基于空间研究视角解构乡村振兴战略下民族地区脱贫攻坚面临的问题,有利于改善和提升脱贫攻坚效能。以提升内生动力为中心和多层协同自主治理是新时期脱贫攻坚与乡村空间关系优化的基本路径。乡村振兴的实现应基于乡村空间整体的综合考虑与整合推进,建立包括家庭、学校、社区内公共机构等参与的乡村振兴学习共同体,促进乡村空间多功能协同转型,显示出脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接路径之全新的空间维度。     

边境旅游业在沿边地区扶贫中的作用

边境旅游作为一种特殊的旅游形式 ,其发展必将对沿边地区的经济发展发挥特殊的作用。以发展边境旅游业带动沿边地区脱贫致富 ,是近年来旅游部门主动参与扶贫工作的创举 ,也是从实践中总结出的推动旅游业深入发展的新思路。它不仅为我国经济欠发达的沿边地区经济发展和群众脱贫致富开辟了新的途径 ,也为我国旅游经济的持续发展找到了一个新的经济增长点。以边境旅游业的发展带动沿边地区经济的发展 ,是旅游业的一项重要功能。     

攀西地区特色产业扶贫发展经验研究——以攀枝花市米易县为例

攀西地区得天独厚的气候条件孕育着特色产业发展的巨大优势,该地区充分利用其特有的气候条件,依托独特的资源优势,实施特色产业扶贫战略,积极走现代化、标准化、规模化的生态发展之路,大力发展早、稀、特、优等现代特色产业,加快产业结构调整,积极带动农民增收致富,农村经济实力和农业发展活力不断增强,农业增产增效、农民持续增收,为当地群众脱贫发展做出了积极贡献。本文以攀西地区米易县为研究案例,积极探索该区域特色产业脱贫发展经验,对类似气候条件下特色产业扶贫发展提供一个可供参考的研究个案,以便能充分地开发利用特殊气候下的自然资源,实现长效扶贫,促进当地群众脱贫致富积极创造条件。     

社会分层视角下四川藏区贫困代际传递形成机理研究

运用社会分层和贫困代际传递理论,按照精准扶贫的要求,对四川藏区贫困代际传递进行中观和微观形成机理分析.按照地理空间的牧区、农区和半农半牧区的贫困代际传递进行研究,发现不同区域的地理环境、经济发展水平和社会服务水平差距较大,受家庭因素和社会外部因素的影响,孩子的受教育程度差异,贫困代际传递程度呈现农区、半农半牧区和牧区递增的情况.因此,重点加强对牧区社会服务质量的提升尤其是义务教育质量的提升.     

论武陵山片区扶贫开发的价值取向

价值取向是行动的先导。作为新阶段扶贫开发战略的试点,武陵山区一定要把握政策导向,分析自身实际,明确发展取向,寻找到实现价值目标的最佳途径。     

试析青海社会经济发展现状与实现小康的差距

全面建设小康社会是“十六大”确定的重要目标。边远、落后的民族地区能否实现小康事关全局。本文就青海目前的发展现状和差距及如何实现民族地区的小康社会作了一些探讨。     

语言扶贫与普通话技能的减贫效应

语言扶贫是通过提升贫困人口的语言能力来增强其脱贫能力的过程,对解决中国精准扶贫最后一公里难题具有重要的价值。然而,现实中的贫困户,虽然对普通话的需求比较明显,但其拥有的普通话技能却严重不足,这不仅对他们的收入尤其是打工收入有重要影响,还对其脱贫具有显著的作用。因为数据显示,在控制其他变量的情况下,会普通话家庭的年收入比不会普通话家庭显著地增加了60%以上,脱贫率稳健地增加了20%左右。究其原因,普通话技能可以增加贫困户的收入,增强贫困户人力资本与社会资本积累,提高贫困户的信息获取能力、资源利用能力和政策理解能力,能够转变贫困户的思维与认知,后者是他们可持续脱贫的关键。为此,应采取多种举措来提高贫困户的普通话水平。     

转型加速时期西部少数民族地区结构性贫困研究述论

文章认为西部少数民族地区在社会转型加快时期的贫困问题基本上是结构性贫困,并对这种结构性贫困问题的具体特征及其产生的社会危害进行纬度结构分析,最后系统地从建构现代国家治理体系和治理现代化的背景下提出了治理路径。     

湘西州县域产业结构的现状、成因及产业融合发展策略研究

产业兴旺是乡村振兴战略中的首要任务,也是解决我国农村经济社会问题的关键。湘西州是湖南省政府脱贫攻坚的重点地区，相对单一的产业结构表面上拉动了全州经济的平稳增长，但也带来了原有财政投入折旧加速、经济增长受限、居民幸福感降低等一系列问题，尤其是以牺牲工、矿产业为代价兴起的旅游服务业，加剧了当地的结构性失业，若矛盾没有解决，未来全州经济将有可能因单一产业波动受到较大影响。全州应充分考虑各县、市特有的自然资源、气候条件，借助“乡村振兴”这一政策红利，通过产业融合联动，因地制宜地布局三大产业，在平稳的经济增长进程中，务必寻找新的经济增长点，吸引青年返乡就业创业，构建美丽大湘西。     

后脱贫时代凉山州因病致贫返贫治理对策

本研究基于周期理论,将评估模型划分为病前—健康扶贫政策科学性;病中—医疗资源获取公平性;病后—医保报销流程便捷性三大板块。运用文献法与访谈法构建三级指标体系,参考AHP-FCE分析框架,确立评估模型数理化运算逻辑。对凉山州采用分层抽样方法,回收658份有效数据。评估发现,整体结果良好,民众后续参保积极性高;但因病返贫风险点依旧存在;在后脱贫时代凉山州医疗设施设备及医护人才短缺依旧是其突出短板。提出构建因病返贫风险数据动态监测预警机制;加强基层医疗卫生人才队伍和设施设备建设;优化医保业务经办流程,提升医保服务质量;提高群众与医疗机构对医保政策的知晓度等治理对策。     

四川少数民族村寨旅游扶贫模式转变研究

In 2012 , State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission of the People’ s Republic of China( hereaf-ter SEAC ) announced an outline concerning the protection and development of‘ethnic minority vil-lages with special characteristics ’ . The develop-ment of such villages is one of the important tasks of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission:this devel-opment aims to foster the conservation of ethnic culture and to accelerate the development of the ethnic areas in which these villages lie. On Sep-tember 23 , 2014 , the State Ethnic Affairs Com-mission announced guanyu minming shoupi zhong-guo shaoshu minzu tese chunzhai de tongzhi ( No-tice on the Naming of the First Group of China ’ s Ethnic Minority Villages with Special Characteris-tics):340 villages in total were inscribed into the list of this so-called ‘First Batch ’ , among which four villages of Sichuan province were included:( i) Jiefang village of Haqu in Leshan, ( ii) Mutuo Village of Maoxian in Aba, ( iii) Shangmo Village of Songfan in Aba, and ( iv) Guza Village of Seda in Ganzi. With the support of the so-called‘Poverty Al-leviation Policy’ , tourism in ethnic minority villa-ges has been booming; however, this has also re-sulted in a new series of related problems that need to be addressed. Tourism development obviously had reduced regional poverty. Since the 1980s, the promotion of economic development through tourism in the ethnic areas ( with a corresponding improvement of people ’ s living conditions ) has been widely accepted by society. Also in the prov-ince of Sichuan the ‘poverty alleviation through tourism’ policy has led to economic growth and has reduced the poverty of the people in the ethnic mi-nority areas. From 2011 to 2014, the SEAC has invested 57. 8 million Yuan in the development of ethnic minority villages in Sichuan province. This has led to the implementation of 73 projects and has benefited around 100,000 people, 7 indige-nous ethnic groups, and 11 prefectures and munic-ipalities in Sichuan. It seems that this‘poverty al-leviation through tourism ’ ( hereafter PATT ) has resulted in good economic and social effects. Ethnic minority villages in Sichuan share sim-ilar challenges: ( i) a low level of production and productivity,economic backwardness, simplistic e-conomic infrastructure, cultural narrow-minded-ness, a low level of education and personal devel-opment, and a fragile condition of local nature and cultural surroundings. Moreover, tourism has since deeply altered previous development models for these regions: this has also brought many new problems, like e. g. how to correctly distribute the newly acquired economic benefits and profits, as well as cultural and environmental protection is-sues. Many of these problems seem to be only tran-sitional;however, these challenges do ask for the necessary tweaks of the PATT policies. This article thus tries to review the model of PATT as imple-mented in the ethnic villages of Sichuan. The arti-cle explores its different stages/aspects:( i) adap-tation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the gov-ernment, ( iii) an evolving profit model for local people, and ( iv ) evolving local talent discovery and activation. The first aspect of PATT is the change of the development goals. At first, the priority is to get rid of poverty through tourism. To initially boost local tourism, the government must make major in-vestments: enhancement of the basic infrastruc-ture, creation of a touristic brand and initial adver-tising for the ethnic villages. However, when the PATT has been effectively implemented, and reached a mature stage of development, i. e. the village has become relatively popular and annual numbers of tourists have reached a stable good lev-el, the goals must be adapted: economic develop-ment should change to sustainable development. The new goals would be a combination of local tourism and local related industries, such as handi-craft products, catering and other hospitality busi-nesses etc. When all of this takes place, the eth-nic villages and areas seem to be able to arrive at a green and sustainable development path. The second stage is the change of the role of government. As said, in the beginning large in-vestments in infrastructure, tourism marketing and publicity are needed. In this start-up stage, the village needs quite a lot of human and material re-sources. Without the financial and human aid of the government, it’ s very hard to change a local ethnic minority village into a tourist destination. Hence, the government should play a supportive role during the initial stages of tourism develop-ment, while taking the local villagers ’ will and ethnic culture into consideration: the government should consult with the villagers and encourage the villagers’ participation in the whole development process. When indeed the PATT reaches a mature phase, the local people can take over. By then the locals have gained much experience;their attitudes and business skills have sufficiently improved so the government can take a step back, leaving the villagers to further develop the villages by them-selves. The third aspect is an ‘evolving profit model for local people ’ . During the initial stages of PATT, it’ s all about developing basic tourism pro-jects: at this moment, the main profit models for businesses rely on ( a) ethnic culture projects with distinct characteristics, ( b ) establishing high quality modes of the tourists route, and ( c) pro-moting the unique name and fame of the villages. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the villagers themselves must further develop and maintain their unique brand and fame. As said, the government takes a step back while local peo-ple are to develop new related sustainable profit models. The fourth issue is the further evolution of‘local talent discovery and activation ’ or‘talent mechanisms’ . Before the initial stages of PATT in Sichuan, the local villagers of the ethnic minorities had been engaged in traditional agriculture for many years;hence it was difficult for them to tran-sition into modern industries such as tourism and hospitality. Moreover, there were very few locals who had any knowledge of this tourism/hospitality industry. E. g. only some elderly people conducted simplistic tour guide practices for tourists: they were unable to provide any in-depth explanations of the traditional ethnic customs and culture due to language barriers. Thus, outsiders ( including gov-ernment staff and tourism professionals ) had to come in and provide advanced concepts, methods, and training. More importantly, a new ‘local tal-ent team’ had to discover and activate local people with tourism talents/abilities. This allowed for a genuine local tourism industry to come into exist-ence and further evolve. However, when PATT reaches a mature stage, the government should re-turn the economic benefits back to the local people and give them the dominant right to further self-de-velopment. A newly developed professional middle class will then allow the local people to further de-cide on the future of the ethnic villages. After the initial ‘local talent discovery and activation ’ , a more mature ‘talent mechanism ’ should be formed. Led by the best local talents, people from all circles should be encouraged to take part in the further development of the local villages and areas:this allows for greater stability and continuity, while new talents can develop more. This article has analyzed the implementation and adaptation of PATT in the province of Si-chuan, including the ( i) adaptation of goals, ( ii) the changing role of the government, ( iii) an evol-ving profit model for local people, and ( iv) evol-ving local talent discovery and activation. Howev-er, the development of ethnic minority villages still seems to face many difficulties and challenges, and need to be studied and discussed more.     

扶贫视阈下甘孜州县域旅游产业竞争力研究

Tourism is the pillar industry of Ganzi Prefecture, and it is of great practical signif-icance to the study of the competitiveness of county-level tourism industry in Ganzi Prefecture. This paper constructs an indicator system of evaluating competitiveness of the county tourism industry from four dimensions, including the development of the tourism industry, the development of related indus-tries, the economic environment and transport con-ditions. The paper studies the competitiveness of the county tourism industry of Ganzi prefecture in 2013 via the entropy method, and then analyzes the differences and shortcomings of the county’s ca-pability to alleviate poverty through tourism. The results show that, first of all, the various counties’ capability to alleviate poverty through tourism in Ganzi is obviously different from each other: the eastern counties are relatively strong in this area, the northern counties are somewhere in the middle, and the southern counties struggle. Secondly, the development of tourism and related industries has a great impact on the competitiveness of the county tourism industry, and that the counties generally have shortcomings in their transport conditions. Thirdly, the restricting factors on the competitive-ness of the county tourism industry are complicat-ed, and the strategy of tourism development should be formulated with regard to these issues. Based on this situation, this article proposes the following suggestions: 1 ) Various counties in Ganzi prefecture should strengthen their research into and promotion of poverty alleviation through tourism, accelerate the development of their basic infrastructure, and improve the transport condi-tions;2 ) the counties in the east of the prefecture should increase investment into transportation, op-timize their industrial structure, and promote the development of the tertiary service sector; 3 ) the counties in the north should develop their own po-tential, strengthen economic construction, improve GDP per capita, and promote the service industry, including restaurants and hotels; 4 ) The counties in the south should pay attention to the publicizing and construction of their own brand of tourism, im-proving their brand awareness and popularity. In summary, Ganzi prefecture should take poverty alleviation as a chance to innovate a meth-od for poverty alleviation, paying special attention to poverty alleviation through tourism, improving relevant policies, and promoting the tourism indus-try of its counties.