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Background

The right to refuse medical treatment can be contentious in maternity care. Professional guidance for midwives and obstetricians emphasises informed consent and respect for patient autonomy, but there is little guidance available to clinicians about the appropriate clinical responses when women decline recommended care.

Objectives

We propose a comprehensive, woman-centred, systems-level framework for documentation and communication with the goal of supporting women, clinicians and health services in situations of maternal refusal. We term this the Personalised Alternative Care and Treatment framework.

Discussion

The Personalised Alternative Care and Treatment framework addresses Australian policy, practice, education and professional issues to underpin woman-centred care in the context of maternal refusal. It embeds Respectful Maternity Care in system-level maternity care policy; highlights the woman’s role as decision maker about her maternity care; documents information exchanged with women; creates a ‘living’ plan that respects the woman’s birth intentions and can be reviewed as circumstances change; enables communication between clinicians; permits flexible initiation pathways; provides for professional education for clinicians, and incorporates a mediation role to act as a failsafe.

Conclusion

The Personalised Alternative Care and Treatment framework has the potential to meet the needs of women, clinicians and health services when pregnant women decline recommended maternity care.  相似文献   

3.

Problem

Australian Aboriginal women’s aspirations for birthing on country (having our babies born on our traditional land) are increasingly being reported in Australian scholarly and policy literature. However given the paucity of publications authored by Aboriginal Australians from remote areas of Australia, how well can the current knowledge base in Australia inform the development of culturally appropriate maternity services for our communities?

Objective

The aim of this literature review is to critically analyse the policy documents informing maternity services policy and scholarly literature on the birthing experiences (including the provision of maternity services) of Aboriginal Australian women from remote communities from an Indigenous standpoint.

Method

Policy documents and scholarly literature were critically analysed to identify who the authors were, their background, approaches and perspectives; and emergent themes. A further analysis of the literature drew on Fairclough’s ideas on discourse, power and hegemony.

Findings

A critical discourse analysis of this literature exposed how these texts are ideologically shaped to give voice (and power) to the medical fraternity, maternity care services practitioners and policy makers (whose knowledge is valued) while simultaneously silencing the voices of Aboriginal Australians that pose a challenge to that power.

Conclusion

This critical review of current literature highlights the importance of ongoing critique of maternity services policy and practice discourse necessary to combat western medical hegemony that maintains the disenfranchisement of Aboriginal Australians.  相似文献   

4.

Problem

Studies of women’s childbirth preferences repeatedly show that natural birth remains highly valued, yet the majority of births involve some form of medical intervention. Reasons for this lack of correspondence have typically been investigated through interviews and focus-groups with women. Relatively little research explores the ways in which women describe their experiences of childbirth outside of such research settings.

Background

Most maternity services promote woman-centred care, whereby women are encouraged to take active roles in deciding how to give birth. However, recent research indicates that women often report feeling disempowered during labour and birth in hospital settings.

Aim

We sought to examine how women account for use of medical intervention in hospitals by examining narratives posted on online discussion forums.

Method

A thematic analysis of 106 publically available birth stories, sourced using the Internet search terms ‘birth story’, and ‘birth narrative’, was undertaken.

Findings

Medical interventions in childbirth were routinely described as unwanted, yet as unavoidable, and two types of account were typically drawn on to explain their use: Protection of the baby/mother; and inflexible hospital policy/practice. We examine these two types of account, focusing on how their design oriented to the discordance between mothers’ reported desires for a natural birth, and their experiences in hospital.

Conclusion

The experience of medical intervention in childbirth is routinely oriented to as a matter that requires explanation or account in online birth narratives. Women repeatedly referred to their preference to avoid intervention, but described being unable to do so in hospital.  相似文献   

5.

Background

Substance use during pregnancy is a major public health concern, stemming from potential physical and psychosocial harms to both the mother and child.

Purpose

To understand women’s experiences using substances during pregnancy and the reasons that women continue and/or discontinue using substances.

Methods

Focus groups were conducted with women who attended an early intervention program for pregnant or parenting women with substance use issues.

Results

Women identified that external and internal stressors, feelings of guilt and low-self efficacy, and a lack of understanding of the scientific and medical consequences of substance use contributed to their continued substance use. Conversely, women highlighted the importance of high self-efficacy and the quality of relationships when trying to make positive changes to their substance use during pregnancy.

Conclusions

Recommendations are proposed for easier access to and more comprehensive services. Healthcare professionals and service providers should offer non-judgmental care by building high-quality relationships with pregnant women with substance use issues, to increase these women’s self-efficacy and empower them to discontinue substance use.  相似文献   

6.

Problem

The reasons for low postnatal screening rates for women with gestational diabetes mellitus are not well understood. Multiple care providers, settings and changes to diagnostic criteria, may contribute to confusion over postnatal care. Quality of communication between clinicians may be an important influence for the completion of postnatal gestational diabetes mellitus follow-up.

Aim

Describe and analyse communication processes between hospital clinicians (midwives, medical, allied staff) and general practitioners who provide postnatal gestational diabetes mellitus care.

Methods

Purposive sampling and convergent interviews explored participants’ communication experiences providing gestational diabetes mellitus postnatal follow-up. Data were analysed with Leximancer automated content analysis software; interpretation was undertaken using Communication Accommodation Theory.

Setting and participants

Clinicians who provided maternity care at a tertiary referral hospital (n = 13) in Queensland, Australia, and general practitioners (n = 16) who provided maternity shared care with that hospital between December 2012 and July 2013.

Findings

Thematic analysis identified very different perspectives between the experiences of General Practitioners and hospital clinicians; six themes emerged. General practitioners were concerned about themes relating to discharge summaries and follow-up guidelines. In contrast, hospital clinicians were more concerned about themes relating to gestational diabetes mellitus antenatal care and specialist clinics. Two themes, gestational diabetes mellitus women and postnatal checks were shared.

Conclusion

Gestational diabetes mellitus follow-up is characterised by communication where general practitioners appear to be information seekers whose communication needs are not met by hospital clinicians. Midwives are ideally placed to assist in improving communication and postnatal gestational diabetes mellitus follow-up.  相似文献   

7.

Background

Dutch maternity care is based on the principle that pregnancy and childbirth are physiological processes. However, the last decade an increase of intra-partum referrals to obstetric-led care has been observed. Most of these referrals are among nulliparous women, non-urgent and occur during the first stage of labour. The increase in referrals seems not associated with better perinatal outcomes.

Objective

Gain understanding of underlying factors in the decision-making process prior to referral to obstetric-led care among midwives attending childbirth in midwifery-led care.

Method

A qualitative study based on in-depth interviews with Dutch midwives (n = 10) working in midwifery-led care. We performed a thematic analysis based on the hypothetico-deductive and the intuitive-humanist theory.

Results

Midwives mentioned knowledge as the basis of a reasoned decision. This included both theoretical knowledge, and knowledge from clinical experience. Influences of others, like the needs and wishes of labouring women were another factor influencing the decision-making, especially in non-urgent situations. Under subjective factors, the fear of being held responsible for professional choices emerged.

Key conclusion

The decision-making process during childbirth is multi-factorial. The women’s needs and wishes are recognized as of great influence on the decision-making process during childbirth, which is not included as a factor in the hypothetico-deductive or the intuitive-humanist theory.

Implication for practice

The influence of women’s needs and wishes should be part of models about the intra-partum decision-making process. Midwives should find strategies to support women to make well-informed choices that include adequate information on the consequences of medicalisation in obstetric-led care.  相似文献   

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Background

Increasing global migration is resulting in a culturally diverse population in the receiving countries. In Australia, it is estimated that at least four thousand Sub-Saharan African women give birth each year. To respond appropriately to the needs of these women, it is important to understand their experiences of maternity care.

Objective

The study aimed to examine the maternity experiences of Sub-Saharan African women who had given birth in both Sub-Saharan Africa and in Australia.

Design

Using a qualitative approach, 14 semi-structured interviews with Sub-Saharan African women now living in Australia were conducted. Data was analysed using Braun and Clark’s approach to thematic analysis.

Findings

Four themes were identified; access to services including health education; birth environment and support; pain management; and perceptions of care. The participants experienced issues with access to maternity care whether they were located in Sub-Saharan Africa or Australia. The study draws on an existing conceptual framework on access to care to discuss the findings on how these women experienced maternity care.

Conclusion

The study provides an understanding of Sub-Saharan African women’s experiences of maternity care across countries. The findings indicate that these women have maternity health needs shaped by their sociocultural norms and beliefs related to pregnancy and childbirth. It is therefore arguable that enhancing maternity care can be achieved by improving women’s health literacy through health education, having an affordable health care system, providing respectful and high quality midwifery care, using effective communication, and showing cultural sensitivity including family support for labouring women.  相似文献   

11.

Background

Interpreters (lam in Thai) have been employed in maternity services in Thailand due to increasing numbers of Burmese women migrating to Thailand. Access to healthcare interpreters is crucial for health professionals and Burmese migrant women using Thai maternity services but no studies have examined the role of the lam.

Aim

This paper explores the role and experiences of healthcare interpreters (lam) working in Thailand. The perspectives of nurse-midwives and migrant Burmese women regarding the role of the lam are also included.

Methods

Ethnographic methods including observation of interactions between women, nurse-midwives, other health professionals and the lam were used. Individual interviews were conducted with four Burmese lam, nine health professionals, and 10 Burmese women. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

Three major themes captured the role and experiences of the Burmese lam; ‘more than an interpreter’, ‘challenges in sustaining the role of the lam’, and ‘benefits for me and my community’. The Burmese lam had two key components to their role: interpreter and, healthcare worker. Key challenges included lack of clarity around role boundaries, limited training, and, low remuneration.

Discussion and conclusions

Despite the challenges, the lam believed their presence encouraged Burmese women to attend antenatal care. They described benefits for themselves, including ‘on-the-job’ training. Community trust in the lam meant that Burmese women and families sought their advice within the community. This study demonstrates the important role that migrant workers play in collaborating with nurse-midwives to ensure access to maternity services in middle-income countries.  相似文献   

12.

Background

Midwives have a professional, ethical and legal obligation to effectively and thoroughly document the care provided to women and the decisions made within the partnership relationship. To appreciate the best approach to documenting midwifery care, it is important to first understand the purpose of midwifery documentation.

Aim

The aim of this article is to explore the literature in relation to the purposes of midwifery documentation.

Method

A literature search was performed using the CINAHL and Pubmed databases. Hand searching of reference and citation lists was employed to deepen the literature pool.

Findings and discussion

No research articles with a midwifery focus were found addressing the purpose of documentation. Broader searching of literature from other healthcare fields was drawn on to identify the contribution of record keeping to: partnership and continuity of care; communication between health professionals; improved standards of care; audits and clinical reviews; research and education; the visibility of midwifery work; the reflective practices of midwives; professional accountability; the legal record of care; the narrative record of experience for women.

Conclusion

The purpose of midwifery documentation is complex and multi-factorial, involving much more than the recording of clinical and legal details of a woman’s care. Midwifery documentation may potentially enhance the maternity care experience for women, support the role of the midwife, positively impact collaboration between health professionals, and contribute to organisational processes and research. Further research is needed to clarify how to address the documentation priorities of women and midwives, within the context of the maternity record.  相似文献   

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Background

Perinatal audits in the Netherlands showed that stillbirth was nearly always preceded by a period of reduced fetal movements. Patient or caregiver delay was identified as a substandard care factor.

Aim

To determine whether the use of a new information brochure for pregnant women on fetal movements results in less patient delay in contacting their maternity caregiver.

Methods

A pre- and post-survey cohort study in the Netherlands, including 140 women in maternity care with a singleton pregnancy, expecting their first child. All participating women filled out a baseline questionnaire, Cambridge Worry Scale and pre-test questionnaire at the gestational age of 22–24 weeks. Subsequently, the intervention group received a newly developed information brochure on fetal movements. At a gestational age of 28 weeks, all women received the post-test questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses were used.

Findings

Per-protocol analysis showed less patient delay in the intervention group compared to the control group (Odds Ratio 0.43; 95% Confidence Interval 0.17–0.86, p = 0.02). A significant linear relation was observed between reading the information brochure and an increase of knowledge about fetal movements (B = 1.2, 95% Confidence Interval 1.0–1.4, p < 0.001). Maternal concerns did not affect patient delay to report reduced fetal movements.

Conclusion

Use of an information brochure regarding fetal movements has the potential to reduce patient delay and increase knowledge about reduced fetal movements. A national survey to determine the effect of an information brochure about reduced fetal movements on patient delay and stillbirth rates is needed.  相似文献   

17.

Problem

There is lack of data on the rate of episiotomy in Lebanon and the study’s hospital.

Background

Only a few studies have addressed episiotomy practice in Lebanon and the Middle East and they show varying rates.

Aim

To identify the rate, and change in rate, of episiotomy practice over the years at a teaching hospital in Lebanon and to assess whether maternal age, parity, fetal weight, woman’s hospital admission class, and physician’s gender were associated with episiotomy. We also tested the association between episiotomy and postpartum hemorrhage and/or high degree perineal tears.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted on 1756 records for women having a normal vaginal birth at a single centre from January 2009 to January 2014.

Findings

The rate of episiotomy at the hospital was very high, with 97.4% of women receiving an episiotomy in 2009. A major decrease in the rate was identified with a decline from 97.4% in 2009 to 73.3% in January 2014. Episiotomy was found to be associated with parity, maternal age, and with high degree perineal tears.

Discussion

The episiotomy rate at this centre remains higher than the 10% rate recommended by the World Health Organization, although there has been a significant reduction after a call for restrictive rather than liberal use.

Conclusion

Raising awareness among providers appeared to play a significant role in reducing this rate, although more efforts remain warranted. Other strategies – such as raising awareness of women about potential risks of episiotomy – are also worth exploring.  相似文献   

18.

Aim

A theoretical discussion using categorisation theory to discuss the final analysis of findings from research which investigated midwives’ responses to the changed registration-renewal requirements in Australia after the introduction of national registration.

Background

In 2010 the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act introduced national registration to standardise the regulation of health professionals in Australia. Annual registration-renewal standards required all health professionals to meet the same standards of clear police check, insurance for scope of practice, Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and Recency of Practice (ROP).

Question

How did dual registered midwives respond to the changed registration-renewal requirements when national registration was introduced?

Methods

A longitudinal single case study was conducted in two phases between 2011–2013 with a purposive sample of 24 midwives from five states of Australia to perform individual or group interviews.

Findings

Participants used inclusion and exclusion criteria to create boundaries around practice to illustrate how they met the registration-renewal standards. Accentuation (exaggeration) of practice helped them define their separate professional registrations. Boundaries included the type of person being cared for, practice activities. and place of practice.

Conclusion

The theory of categorisation helped explain the dual registrants’ behaviour and rationalise their midwifery responses.  相似文献   

19.

Background

The conduct of research regardless of the subject or methods employed brings responsibilities and challenges. These are greater when dealing with sensitive topics and vulnerable groups and therefore researchers must navigate a range of complex issues and make choices in relation to practical, ethical and philosophical concerns. While literature dealing with research methodologies and research design may assist to some degree, it cannot provide a clear pathway or template as each research project must respond to a unique set of circumstances. We can however, also learn from sharing our stories and critical reflections on our research processes.

Objective

The purpose of this article is to highlight the practical and methodological issues arising from researching a sensitive topic with vulnerable women experiencing an Assumption of Care.

Discussion

Research involving topics that are deeply personal and private combined with a vulnerable population can be complex and challenging for the researcher. Although some issues were anticipated from the literature, others encountered in this study were unexpected. Special considerations and prerequisites were necessary to build mutual trust and share power with women who had experienced an Assumption of Care at birth. Narrative Inquiry was a good methodological fit for this study as it privileged the voices of women and insisted that their experiences be considered within the context of their lives.

Conclusion

Although Narrative Inquiry is a suitable choice for researching sensitive topics with vulnerable women specific considerations are still required to ensure the benefits of this research for both participants and researchers.Family and Community Service (FACS) have now replaced the formerly known Department of Community Services (DoCS) and in consideration of the timing of this study this article uses the terminology as DoCS.  相似文献   

20.

Background

Maternity care is facing increasing intervention and iatrogenic morbidity rates. This can be attributed, in part, to higher-risk maternity populations, but also to a risk culture in which birth is increasingly seen as abnormal. Technology and intervention are used to prevent perceived implication in adverse outcomes and litigation.

Question

Does midwives’ and obstetricians’ perception of risk affect care practices for normal birth and low-risk women in labour, taking into account different settings?

Methods

The research methods are developed within a qualitative framework. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically. A purposive sample of 25 midwives and obstetricians were recruited from three maternity settings in Ireland. This included obstetric-led hospitals, an alongside midwifery-led unit and the community.

Findings

Midwifery is assuming a peripheral position with regard to normal birth as a progressive culture of risk and medicalisation affects the provision of maternity care. This is revealed in four themes; (1) professional autonomy and hierarchy in maternity care; (2) midwifery-led care as an undervalued and unsupported aspiration; (3) a shift in focus from striving for normality to risk management; and (4) viewing pregnancy through a ‘risk-lens’.

Discussion

Factors connected to the increased medicalisation of birth contribute to the lack of midwifery responsibility for low-risk women and normal birth. Midwives are resigned to the current situation and as a profession are reluctant to take action.

Conclusion

Improved models of care, distinct from medical jurisdiction, are required. Midwives must take responsibility for leading change as their professional identity is in jeopardy.  相似文献   

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