面临汇率和供应风险的双渠道采购决策研究

多渠道采购是制造商降低采购风险的有效手段之一。本文考虑一个制造商向两个供应商进行联合采购的最优决策问题。其中本土(国内)供应商价格稳定,但供应不可靠;母国(国外)供应商供应可靠,但实际价格受汇率波动影响。本文研究了制造商在风险厌恶情形下的最优联合采购决策,并与风险中性情形进行了比较。研究表明,风险中性制造商只会向一个供应商采购;而风险厌恶制造商的采购决策会受到供应可靠性、汇率的波动以及两者相关关系的影响。具体来说,当产品合格率和汇率相对独立时,风险厌恶的制造商倾向于单渠道采购;当合格率和汇率相关时则可能选择双渠道采购以分散风险。数值实验表明,双渠道采购可以有效降低制造商的损失风险。     

中断与质量多重风险下的供应链动态采购策略研究

新冠病毒疫情的暴发对全球供应链稳定造成了较大冲击,导致多种风险凸显。本文建立马尔科夫决策模型,研究由两个供应商、一个制造商与两类零售商组成的供应链在应对供需中断与质量多重风险下的多期动态采购决策问题,并比较了检查与延期付款两种质量控制机制对采购决策的影响。研究表明,供应中断风险不会影响延期付款机制下的采购决策,但在检查机制下,供应中断风险越高,越倾向于采购高质量产品;区域需求中断风险与供应中断风险对采购决策的影响是一致的,不同的是区域需求中断会降低整体的采购量。同时,在高质量产品库存较低时,提高检查精度或延长延期付款期,会使得制造商向低质量的供应商采购;而在高质量产品库存较大时,延期付款机制会使制造商向高质量供应商采购,但检查机制下制造商不会改变采购决策。此外,比较检查与延期付款机制可知,在次品率较低时,制造商应选择检查机制,反之则应选延期付款机制,但这种选择会随着中断风险而改变,在中断风险越高时,增加检查精度并不能提高制造商的收益,但延长延期付款期可以提高制造商的收益。     

外包环境下考虑产品质量的OEM采购战略决策

产品质量是业务外包中的关键问题,同时也是决定企业采购战略选择的重要变量。研究了生产两种替代性产品的制造商的采购战略选择问题,并讨论了不同采购战略对于供应商产品质量决策的影响。考虑制造商可以选择单源策略或者双源策略,并讨论了在四种情形下供应商和制造商的战略互动: 单源策略下,制造商可以选择分享供应商的质量投资或不分享供应商的质量投资; 双源策略下,两个供应商可以选择合作质量决策或者竞争质量决策。研究发现,一个合适的质量投资分享比例能使得与单个供应商合作战略成为制造商的占优选择; 如果制造商不愿意分享或者不愿意分享足够多的质量投资,当双源采购成本足够小时,开发两个竞争性供应商成为制造商的占优策略。对于双源采购策略,还讨论了制造商分享两个供应商质量投资的采购战略,并验证了当分享比例和双源采购成本足够小时,该战略成为制造商的唯一占优选择。另外,当制造商选择双源采购战略时,应避免供应商合作质量决策,因为供应商的质量合谋将会通过提供劣质产品而抽取更多的制造商利润。     

价格柔性合同下的原材料采购策略及风险分析

为了降低原材料价格波动给采购-供应双方企业带来的风险,供应链企业通常采用签订价格合同的方式来共同分担原材料价格波动的风险。本文通过设计价格柔性合同,利用Stackelberg主从博弈模型研究了由一个供应商和一个制造商组成的采购系统的最优采购策略及原材料价格波动风险的分担机制。研究表明,通过实施价格柔性合同可以降低供应双方的风险,且通过设置合理的价格柔性系数可以提高双方的收益。     

基于采购商投资的双源采购与供应商定价决策

随着供应链的全球化发展,供应链成员企业的合作越来越紧密。许多采购商通过直接对供应商投资提高供应的可靠性或降低采购成本。本文研究双供应商-单采购商的两级供应链中采购商投资、供应商定价以及采购商采购决策。在此供应链中,供应商和采购商之间存在先后决策的Stackelberg博弈,供应商之间存在同时决策的贝特兰德博弈。本文考虑异质供应商,即供应成本与稳定性存在差异,接受采购商投资后两者的改进效应也不同,建立了采购商投资、供应商定价、采购商采购三阶段博弈模型,基于凸优化理论和博弈分析方法对问题进行分析,并应用邻域搜索的自适应差分计划算法对问题进行求解。研究了供应链成员企业的最优均衡决策,分析供应成本、供应稳定性以及投资改进效应对最优均衡决策的影响。     

制造商对供方缺陷改善投资的双源采购决策研究

研究在供需均随机的情况下,面对供应原料存在质量差异的两个供应商,制造商考虑对供方进行缺陷改善投资的双源采购决策问题． 构建了制造商将高质量( 缺陷率低) 供应商作为缺陷改善低质量( 缺陷率高) 供应商的标杆,以求两供应商质量一致的双源采购决策模型． 获得了制造商在先改善投资后订货与同时改善投资和订货两种策略下最优订货量,供应商最优生产量与他们的最优利润． 分析了改善投资成功率对制造商订货量与利润的影响． 研究发现:当改善投资成功率小于1 时,先改善投资再订货时制造商利润比同时改善投资和订货时高; 而改善投资成功率为1 时,两种订货策略没有差异．     

制造商流程改进与采购合同联合优化

如何降低供应风险是供应链管理中的热点问题。本文考虑供应商拥有关于初始可靠性的私有信息,且制造商流程改进可提高初始可靠性,运用委托代理理论,研究了制造商流程改进和采购策略联合优化下的最优合同设计。通过对比对称和不对称信息下制造商的最优采购合同,发现信息不对称的存在降低了制造商向低初始可靠性供应商订货的概率,还可能导致过度努力。信息不对称的存在不一定造成社会福利损失,也不一定产生信息租金。当供应商的初始可靠性水平和纳什谈判力满足一定条件时,相比与制造商的最优采购合同,供应商披露私有信息会使供应链实现帕累托改进。最后通过算例验证了模型的结论。本文对供应风险下的采购实践有很好的参考价值和指导意义。     

基于两种策略的四级供应链质量控制优化研究

考虑到供应链实际构成与四级供应链质量控制研究不足,本文运用stackblerg博弈分析模型,研究了由供应商、制造商、经销商与消费者组成的四级供应链产品质量控制问题。在考虑需求不确定性的基础上,分析制造商与经销商之间延期支付和货款首付比例两种策略对供应链产品质量控制水平的影响,通过运用最优化原理求解制造商和供应商的最优质量控制水平并对结果进行仿真模拟,结果显示：制造商与经销商之间非质量协调策略对供应链产品质量有间接协调作用;制造商提高经销商货款首付比例或缩短余款延期支付时间,不仅有助于提高自身产品加工质量控制水平,更有助于供应商原材料质量水平提高,制造商在运用两种策略时,必须同时考虑产品价格引致的消费者需求量的变化和质量控制对其他主体收益变化的影响。     

竞争供应链中制造商环保技术投资决策研究

本文考虑消费者对质量差异化产品的异质性偏好以及环保意识,建立了消费者效用函数以及产品需求函数,构建了差异化竞争制造商及其零部件供应商之间的动态博弈模型;进而,研究了竞争供应链中制造商环保技术投资策略,考察了市场竞争对供应链均衡定价决策、环保技术投资决策以及消费者福利的影响。研究结果表明：拥有较高技术水平的制造商总是会选择更高的环保技术投资水平,但消费者也需为此支付更高的产品溢价;制造商环保技术投资会影响产品销售价格并有利于提升消费者福利,拥有较高技术水平的制造商总是有动机选择投资环保技术,而技术水平较低的制造商则不会有动机选择投资环保技术;市场竞争会导致供应商和制造商定价决策的变化,但此时供应商反而能够获得更多利润。     

感知的创业激情、 信任与员工创新行为关系研究

实践中, 制造商可通过商业保险策略降低因零部件质量问题造成的经济损失.然而, 商业保险购买成本较高且可能导致供应商轻视质量问题, 放弃质量改进.为此, 本文基于完全信息下单周期两级供应链的采购合约决策模型, 研究制造商如何利用商业保险管理供应链质量风险的问题.通过比较研究, 找出商业保险策略的实施条件, 并给出最优采购合约及商业保险策略.研究结果表明: (1) 当供应商的企业规模较小、抗风险能力较低时, 商业保险策略可完全消除风险承受能力对双方交易的制约, 促进双方达成交易; (2) 当供应商的企业规模较大、抗风险能力较高时, 制造商可利用商业保险策略降低零部件采购价格, 提高期望利润; (3) 在商业保险策略下, 制造商的最优商业保险策略是全额投保; (4) 商业保险的实施不一定造成零部件质量水平的下降.当质量成本或供应商的风险承受能力较低时, 商业保险策略与质量改进之间具有互补效应.当风险承受能力和质量成本均比较高时, 商业保险策略与质量改进之间具有替代效应.     

Strategic Sourcing in the Presence of Uncertain Supply and Retail Competition

This study develops an analytical model to evaluate competing retail firms' sourcing strategies in the presence of supply uncertainty. We consider a common supplier that sells its uncertain supply to two downstream retail firms engaging in price competition in a horizontally differentiated product market. The focal firm has a dual‐sourcing option, while the rival firm can only source from the common supplier. We assess the system‐wide effects of supply uncertainty on the focal firm's incentive to pursue the dual‐sourcing strategy. We find that the focal firm's dual‐sourcing strategy can create a win–win situation that leads to increased retail prices and expected profits for both firms. Furthermore, under certain conditions, we show that it is beneficial for the focal firm to strategically source from the common supplier, even if its alternative supplier offers a lower wholesale price. Overall, we identify two types of incentives for adopting the dual‐sourcing strategy: the incentive of mitigating supply risk through supplier diversification and the incentive of strategic sourcing for more effective retail competition.     

Delegation vs. Control in Supply Chain Procurement under Competition

This paper studies the optimal component procurement strategies of two competing OEMs selling substitutable products. The OEMs outsource their production to a common contract manufacturer, who in turn needs an input from a component supplier. Each OEM may either directly procure the input from the component supplier, or delegate the procurement task to the contract manufacturer. We first analyze the OEMs' procurement game under a non‐strategic supplier whose component price is exogenously given. It is found that symmetric equilibria arise for most situations, that is, both OEMs either control or delegate their component procurement in equilibrium. Interestingly, despite the commonly‐held belief that the contract manufacturer would be worse off as OEMs gain component procurement control, we show that the contract manufacturer may enjoy a higher profit. Then we study the OEMs' procurement game under a strategic supplier who can set its component price. We find that the supplier's strategic pricing behavior plays a critical role in the equilibrium procurement structure. In particular, in the equilibrium under strategic supplier, the larger OEM always uses delegation while the smaller OEM may use either delegation or control. By identifying the driving forces behind the OEMs' procurement choices, this research helps explain observed industry practices and offer useful guidelines for firms' component sourcing decisions.     

Impact of competitive conditions on supplier evaluation: a construction supply chain case study

This research proposes a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework and demonstrates the impact of competitive conditions on supplier evaluation process for construction supply chains. The paper focuses on the supply chain of a large-scale housing project in order to illustrate the role of competitive capability and suppliers’ profile and its influence on supplier evaluation based on prevailing supply/market conditions. Various scenarios are investigated to demonstrate the impact of competition on supplier evaluation. The contribution of the study lies in highlighting the impact of supply/market conditions on MCDM decisions causing supplier evaluation ‘imbalance’ and MCDM usage. It is expected that the study will be useful for project management, construction, supply chain management, sourcing professionals. The findings of the study are generalisable to projects-based situations such as petroleum refinery and ship building where bill of materials typically consists of thousands of items and a large number of suppliers are involved.     

Should an OEM Retain Component Procurement when the CM Produces Competing Products?

We consider a large original equipment manufacturer (OEM) who relies on a contract manufacturer (CM) to produce her product. In addition to the OEM's product, the CM also produces for a smaller OEM. Both the larger OEM and the CM can purchase the component from the supplier, but their purchase prices may differ and remain unknown to each other. The main question we address is whether the larger OEM should retain component procurement by purchasing components from the supplier and reselling to the CM (buy–sell), or outsource component procurement by letting the CM purchase directly from the supplier (turnkey). We show that, under buy–sell, the larger OEM's optimal strategy is to resell components at the highest possible component purchase price of the CM (i.e., the street price). By comparing buy–sell and turnkey, we find that a CM with low component price is better off under turnkey, even though under buy–sell he receives more profits through the products sold to the smaller OEM. Furthermore, the larger OEM's preference between buy–sell and turnkey depends on her component price, the volatility of the CM's component price and substitutability between the two products.     

Managing Supplier Competition and Sourcing Sequence for Component Manufacturing

We consider a setting in which a manufacturer sequentially sources two components and uses reverse auction to select a supplier with the lowest bidding price for each component. The manufacturer chooses a quantity to order from each supplier and a price for selling the final product. We show that the interplay between the direct competition faced by suppliers in providing their respective components and the sequence whereby the manufacturer sources components influence system performance in a subtle, and sometimes dramatic, way. As the direct competition for the early sourced component intensifies, the profit of its supplier will deteriorate while the profits of the other firms will improve. As the direct competition for the late sourced component intensifies, however, the profit of its supplier may improve, and the profits of the other supplier, the manufacturer, and the system can all decrease. Compared with when the manufacturer simultaneously sources the components, sequentially sourcing the components can benefit the manufacturer and every supplier. Furthermore, all the channel parties can unanimously agree on a specific sourcing sequence. All of these signify the importance for manufacturers to take appropriate measures to manage their sourcing procedures and the competition environments faced by their suppliers.     

Supply Management Under High Goal Incongruence: An Empirical Examination of Disintermediation in the Aerospace Supply Chain

Aftermarket sales and profits are becoming an increasingly important part of an original equipment manufacturer's (OEM) business model. Because replacement parts often do not require further manufacturing, OEMs act as intermediaries in the aftermarket. As with any intermediary, the OEM must concern itself with suppliers disintermediating its supply chain selling replacement parts directly to the OEM's customers. We frame supply chain disintermediation (SCD) as a principal–agent contracting problem between an OEM buyer and a supplier. Hypotheses relate contract conditions, goal incongruence, supplier capabilities and contract enforcement to SCD. The data are collected from the aerospace industry using a multimethod study, combining an Internet‐based survey with archival data. Causal modeling with structural equation modeling (SEM) shows general support for the hypotheses. Particularly, SCD is positively related to buyer–supplier goal incongruence. The agency model offers insights that differ from previous transaction‐cost‐based models of buyer–supplier relationships. OEM buyers with a lucrative aftermarket should consider aligning goals through incentives rather than relying entirely on economic hostages associated with specific assets.     

Strategic Outsourcing Decisions for Manufacturers that Produce Partially Substitutable Products in a Quantity‐Setting Duopoly Situation*

This article examines production and outsourcing decisions for two manufacturers that produce partially substitutable products and play a strategic game with quantity competition. When both manufacturers outsource key components to the same upstream supplier, their products become more substitutable due to the increased commonality of the products. In addition, outsourcing may create better consumer perception about the product if the manufacturers choose reputable suppliers with better brand or quality. We explicitly model the substitutability change and the brand/quality effect and provide conditions under which the manufacturers should outsource the components to a supplier. We present the subgame perfect Nash equilibriums for the situation in which there is only one supplier and the case in which two suppliers compete with each other in the upstream supply chain. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the findings.     

Strategic Supply Chain Structure Design for a Proprietary Component Manufacturer

This paper examines the choice of supply chain structure for a proprietary component manufacturer (PCM). The PCM, who is the sole supply source of a critical component used to assemble an end product, can either provide its component to an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in the end‐product market (component supplier structure), develop the end product exclusively under its own brand (monopoly structure), or provide the component to the OEM as well as develop the end product under its own brand (dual distributor structure). Typically, the end products of the PCM and the OEM will be differentiated, and the OEM tends to have a capability advantage (compared with the PCM) in producing the end product. Our paper studies the impact of this degree of differentiation and capability advantage on the optimal choice of distribution structure. We then investigate how investing in component branding, enhancing the value of the end product, using alternative supply contracts, and product valuation uncertainty influence the PCM's optimal choice of distribution structure.     

Managing Downstream Competition via Capacity Allocation

Consider a supply chain with one supplier and multiple retailers. The supplier produces a single product and sells it to the retailers, who in turn sell the product to consumers. The supplier has limited production capacity, and the retailers are engaged in a Cournot competition at the consumer/market level. When the sum of the retailer orders exceeds the capacity, the supplier allocates her capacity according to a pre‐announced allocation mechanism. Two mechanisms are considered: proportional allocation and lexicographic allocation. An extensive study of the two allocation mechanisms shows that the lexicographic mechanism has the ability to dampen the competition at the retail level, increasing the profits for both the supplier and the supply chain.     

Competitive Quality Choice and Remanufacturing

We consider an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) who faces competition from an independent remanufacturer (IR). The OEM decides the quality of the new product, which also determines the quality of the competing remanufactured product. The OEM and the IR then competitively determine their production quantities. We explicitly characterize how the OEM competes with the IR in equilibrium. Specifically, we show that the OEM relies more on quality as a strategic lever when it has a stronger competitive position (determined by the relative cost and value of new and remanufactured products), and in contrast it relies more heavily on limiting quantity of cores when it has a weaker competitive position. The IR's entry threat as well as its successful entry can decrease the consumer surplus. Furthermore, our results illustrate that ignoring the competition or the OEM's quality choice leads to overestimating benefits of remanufacturing for consumer and social welfare. In addition, we show an IR with either a sufficiently weak competitive position (so the OEM deters entry) or a sufficiently strong one (so the OEM is forced to limit quantity of cores) is desirable for reducing the environmental impact. Comparing our results with the benchmark in which the OEM remanufactures suggests that encouraging IRs to remanufacture in lieu of the OEMs may not benefit the environment. Furthermore, the benchmark illustrates that making remanufacturing more attractive improves the environmental impact when the remanufacturer is the OEM, while worsening it when remanufacturing is done by the IR.