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1.
Gary Dean Jaworski 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(3):209-216
Within the context of a discussion of Robert K. Merton’s ideas on leadership in postwar America, the article examines the
nature and impact of Merton’s “sociological parables.” This term refers to short tales from social life from which sociological
lessons with moral implications can be drawn. These parables, such as the bank insolvency story told in “The Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy,” illustrate the manner in which Merton merged moral and sociological messages in his writings. Suggestions are made
along the lines that these parables, or at least the moral messages they contain, contributed to Merton’s postwar fame.
His most recent publications are “Simmel’s Contribution to Parsons’ Action Theory and Its Fate,” in Michael Kaern, ed.Georg Simmel and Contempory Sociology (Kluwer, 1990); and “Robert K. Merton’s Extension of Simmel’sUbersehbar” inSociological Theory, Spring 1990. 相似文献
2.
The modern increase in opportunities for social activities also brings with it unintended side effects posed by the liberating
potential and the acceleration of modern life. In this paper it is argued that the views reflected in Georg Simmel’s formal
approach and in American sociologist Edward A. Ross’ reformative sociology are (1) complementary and (2) offer fresh insights
for our current sociological understanding of unexpected consequences in contemporary “high modernity” or knowledge societies.
A long forgotten nexus between the ideas of Simmel’s and the work of Ross will be reviewed in order to point out affinities
between the two authors’ takes on the unintended and sometimes tragic moments in modern culture and their relevance for sociology
today. Based on these discussions a fundamental mode for framing the unexpected in modern society as a recursively-linked
component to the intended is illustrated. 相似文献
3.
Merton’s Sociology 215-216 Course 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Robert M. Marsh 《The American Sociologist》2010,41(2):99-114
For many years, Robert K. Merton taught a famous, year-long graduate course at Columbia called The Analysis of Social Structures.
His lectures have been recalled for their dazzling intellectual effects by those who took the course, but none of these former
students has described what Merton actually said in specific lectures. I do this now, using my extensive lecture notes from
1952–53 when I took it for credit, and from later years when I sat in on the course. The core of the course at that time was
Merton’s Paradigm for Functional Analysis in Sociology. Each concept in the paradigm—subjective dispositions, objective consequences,
functional requirements, structural constraints, etc.—was elaborated in its relationship to a wide variety of sociological
problems in the published theoretical and empirical literature. I also recount how Merton’s relationship to Talcott Parsons
appeared to us in the course. 相似文献
4.
Andrew J. Weigert 《The American Sociologist》1994,25(1):80-96
The modern high status lawn is a recent cultural form that motivates human responses with emerging negative physical outcomes.
From a dualistic theoretical perspective, this article analyzes the modern lawn in terms of cultural dichotomies and applies
a theory of status construction to show how the lawn becomes both an indicator of status and a component of identity and motivation.
Then, it reports selected indicators of negative physical outcomes. The dual outcomes illustrate the empirical challenge of
“Simmel’s lemma” stating that culture is in opposition to life. 相似文献
5.
On the occasion of the re-publication of Erving Goffman’s Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order, including the remarkable appendix, “Insanity of Place,” the authors propose new ways of reading Goffman’s work in order
to highlight his attention to havoc and containment. Goffman’s “Insanity of Place,” explores the phenomenon of mental illness
by asserting that it is an instance of havoc, a symbolic and practical condition that disrupts the social order of life, and
one that must be contained. By situating this essay at the center of Goffman’s oeuvre they examine Goffman’s “philosophy of
containment,” and trace its trajectory from Asylums, Stigma and “The Insanity of Place” to its full crystallization in Frame Analysis. The authors offer a generative reading of havoc and containment in order to understand the incoherence, irrationality, unreason,
incomprehensibility and unbearableness of social life and the imperative to preserve social order from collapsing, dissolving
or imploding. This reading enables us to see the cracks in the social order and understand containment as the constant effort
exerted to recuperate transgressions and deviations back into that order. Goffman’s analysis becomes an opening into engagements
with the work of Judith Butler and Michel Foucault around the notion of the normative order and the issues of containment
and transgression. Thinking through Goffman’s philosophy of containment as the framework for an analysis of socialization,
normalization, and social ordering affords an approach to thinking macro-micro linkages of order and instability that confront
both our contemporary society and the discipline of sociology. 相似文献
6.
R. S. Smith 《The American Sociologist》1999,30(2):62-77
Conclusion Merton’s 1995 article shows the sociological complexity of a question that appears on the surface to be a simple one: Who
wrote,“ If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”? Yet, simple things can be stated simply: the
evidence for W. I. Thomas’s authorship of this sentence is far from conclusive; therefore I believe it should be attributed
to both authors of the book in which it appears. It is ironic that Merton, having spent much of his professional career studying
the role of citations in science, bears some responsibility for the lack of credit Dorothy Swaine Thomas has received regarding
these words. This incident should therefore act as a cautionary tale about what happens when we stray too far from the scholarly
practice of documenting our sources, even though we may believe we have good reasons for doing so. I am averse, however, to
conclude my response to Merton’s article on a strident note. My hope is that this episode will help us move toward a“new era”
of not the politically but the scholarly correct citation. It would be a pity if this issue leads to citation wars where old
scores are settled and political correctness wins out over scholarly civility. On this point, I am sure Merton and I can both
agree. 相似文献
7.
This analysis comments on Bernstein’s lack of clear understanding of subjectivity, based on his book, Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics, and Praxis. Bernstein limits his interpretation of subjectivity to thinkers such as Gadamer and Habermas. The authors analyze the ideas
of classic scholars such as Edmund Husserl and Friedrich Nietzsche. Husserl put forward his notion of transcendental subjectivity
and phenomenological ramifications of the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity. Nietzsche referred to subjectivity
as “perspectivism,” the inescapable fact that any and all consciousnesses exist in space and time. Consciousness is fundamentally
constituted of cultural, linguistic, and historical dimensions. 相似文献
8.
Based on archival and ethnographic data from the Polish case, this article argues that national mythology is structured by
historical events and embodied in visual and material cultures, which in turn frame national subjects’ understanding of the
present. It suggests that the convergence and exchange between diverse sites of material expression and sensory perception,
and their compression into trans-temporal nodes—what I call the “national sensorium”—makes them especially resilient. Even
so, as historically constructed, contingent and contested systems of myths, the extent to which national mythologies can shape
national identity or mobilize toward nationalist action depends on the specific historical contexts in which they are deployed.
Theoretically, this article joins historical and phenomenological approaches to propose a framework for thinking about the
constitution, persistence and shifting social and political valences of national mythologies. 相似文献
9.
Bruce C. Wearne 《The American Sociologist》2002,33(2):86-104
Conclusion Barber’s theory writing expressed his vocation. For him theory-user-friendliness, academic-sociological-openness, and scientific-empirical-insightful-encouragement
seem to have been synonyms. Hence, there is a hypothesis implicit to this memoire that should be tested by a full assesssment
of Barber’s academic contribution, perhaps by a doctoral dissertation. It is this: Bernard Barber has continued to contribute
sociological theory in the way he began (before his courage students to scientifically reflect upon the “paradigmatic” theory
enunciated by Parsons (and Merton), how it bad developed, and how it could he made more fruitful. This was also a special
“field of study” which gave ongoing stimulus to his studies in the sociology of science and, finally to his late-in-career
exposition of his social system theory. This would have to be confirmed by a careful study of all his works, based upon what
he wrote, the accounts of those who knew him, and of those who have studied his work as students and colleagues. It would
also involve analysis of the work of his students, colleagues, and collaborators. 相似文献
10.
Within the different arenas of social work practice, community based mental health is among the most advanced in terms of
defining a set of evidence based practices (EBPs). Social workers play a major role in the delivery of community based mental
health and are at the forefront of efforts to implement these practices through state and federal initiatives. One such initiative
is The New York Office of Mental Health Evidence Based Project, which is designed to increase the knowledge and skills related
to evidence-based practice among New York’s mental health human services workforce. The project had a social work component,
which trained students in implementing EBP’s through specially designed curricula and field placements. The students participating
in the project encountered numerous challenges in the field including lack of agency “buy-in” and infrastructure support;
inadequate training and resources; poor supervision; and provider resistance. From the multilevel perspectives of educator,
clinician and researcher, this paper addresses these challenges and makes recommendations to facilitate the implementation
of EBPs. 相似文献
11.
Francesco Alicino 《Transition Studies Review》2011,18(2):430-444
In the last decade, under the pressing processes of immigration and globalisation, many Western constitutional democracies
have moved from a number of religions sharing a common culture to today’s age of diversity. What current democracies are facing
is the lack of overlapping consensus over basic constitutional “values”. The nature, scope and force of such values are likely
to be affected by competing and, sometimes, contested fundamental reasons and worldviews. From here stems the dilemma between
“unity” and “diversity”. This essay starts with a broad consideration on the principle of religious freedom, strictly related to
the separation as well as collaboration between secular States and Churches; then the author analyses two case-studies (France and Canada), pointing out some specific
legal approaches. In particular he focuses the analyses over the French “droit commun” and the Canadian arbitral tribunals
that, especially in family law, allow disputes to be arbitrated using religious jurisdictions. 相似文献
12.
David A. Nock 《The American Sociologist》2002,33(2):57-85
Arthur K. Davis was President of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association in 1975–1976 and in 1995 received the
association’s Outstanding Contribution award. In Canada, he was particularly known for his article on “Canadian Society and
History as Hinterland Versus Metropolis,” originally published in Ossenberg’s anthology of 1971. This article was frequently
cited from 1972–1994 and was reprinted a number of times. Davis was also known for his articles on Thorstein Veblen, which
continue to receive citation.
Davis’ career merits careful study for at least two reasons. The first is that he was a Ph.D. product of the early Harvard
sociology graduate program, which has received much less attention than it deserves from sociological historians (unlike the
Chicago School). As such, Davis studied under of Talcott Parsons, Pitirim Sorokin, and Robert K. Merton. The second reason
is that Davis’ career clearly illustrates the usefulness of Robert W. Friedrichs’ distinction between the priestly and prophetic
roles that sociologists may fulfill. Davis’ career started under the influence of a priestly orientation (as symbolized by
his doctoral supervisor Talcott Parsons) and then gravitated to a prophetic stance as influenced by Pitirim Sorokin, Paul
M. Sweezy, and, more distantly, by Marx and Veblen. Since this transition took place just when the Cold War was falling, his
career reveals some of the pitfalls that await the prophetic sociologist in times that favor security and conservatism rather
than activism and change. 相似文献
13.
Catherine L. Coghlan 《The American Sociologist》2005,36(1):3-22
There has been a concerted effort in the last three decades to identify early female sociologists and to add or restore their
works to the sociological canon. This effort has generated a substantial body of work, much of which examines the relationship
between the women and men of the Chicago School in its early years (1892–1920). Two primary assumptions about this relationship
have emerged over the years: (1) the women were frustrated sociologists; frustrated by a lack of acceptance in the discipline
and a department run by men; and (2) the women were displaced sociologists, forced out of the discipline by the men into disciplines
such as household administration and social work. This paper examines these assumptions through a case study of the life and
work of Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge. Breckinridge is among those characterized by the literature as a frustrated and displaced
sociologist, but Breckinridge’s own words to a friend, “Please don’t think of me as a sociologist,” suggest that this was
not always the case. 相似文献
14.
15.
Dennis H. Wrong 《The American Sociologist》1998,29(1):7-15
My family has included professors for four generations, most of them associated with the University of Toronto. This accounts
for my attending that university as an undergraduate where I first studied sociology, and perhaps suggests that I was fated
to go on to become a professor myself. I also embraced as a teen-ager the now obsolete identity of “intellectual,“ centered
on left-wing political convictions and literary aspirations. This led me into the orbit of the “New York intellectuals“ when
in graduate school at Columbia and later to sympathetic identification with my former teacher C. Wright Mills's argument in
The Sociological Imagination. My father's posting as a diplomat in Washington during the early years of the Cold War made me, however, a critical supporter
of American foreign policy and a liberal opponent of the New Left of the 1960s, a salient presence in the New York University
sociology department where I have long taught. The collapse of communism in the early 1990s has led to the death of socialism
as an ideal and a decline in the influence of Marxism within sociology. It is difficult to foresee what the effects of this
on the field will be in the long run.
Dennis H. Wrong, author of The Problem of Order: Power, Its Forms, Bases, and Uses. 相似文献
16.
Bernard S. Phillips 《The American Sociologist》1988,19(2):138-151
Gouldner’s call for a “reflexive sociology” in 1970 remains a largely unexamined idea, yet with the breakdown of functionalism’s
begemony and the present ferment in theory its time may finally have come. In attempting to clarify and reconstruct Gouldner’s
idea, I begin with his concepts “background assumptions” and “domain assumptions,” linking them with Kubn’s ideas. Employing
levels of abstraction to approach Gouldner’s material systematically, I proceed to develop and illustrate two contrasting
background assumptions or world hypotheses: “stratification” and “interaction.” Finally, I examine some methodological implications
of these world views, centering on defining problems, ratio scales and images of measurement, sampling and multivariate-analysis
procedures.
Introduced to sociology by C. Wright Mills, Bernard Phillips studied with Robin N. Williams, Jr. and taught at the University
of North Carolina and the University of Illinois (where he overlapped with Alvin W. Gouldner for a year) before coming to
Boston University. A cofounder of the ASA section, Sociological Practice, Phillips’ interests are in Societal Change, Theory
and Methods. 相似文献
17.
Samuel Estreicher 《Journal of Labor Research》2004,25(2):191-197
18.
Keith Doubt 《The American Sociologist》1989,20(3):252-262
A short story titled “‘Color Trouble’” by Harold Garfinkel was published inOpportunity in 1940,The Best Short Stories 1941, andPrimer for White Folks in 1945. Garfinkel wrote this short story before World War II while a research fellow at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill under Howard W. Odum, the founder ofSocial Forces “‘Color Trouble’” narrates poignantly the racial victimization of a young black woman traveling on a public bus through the
State of Virginia. The short story provides sociologists with a different medium through which to examine the seminal interests
of ethnomethodology’s founder. In a literary form, the short story depicts such ethnomethodological concepts as the breaching
experiment, the “et cetera clause,” “ad hocing,” and the status degradation ceremony. Garfinkel’s “‘Color Trouble’” also suggests
the way in which ethnomethodology overlaps with, as well as diverges from, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective.
He received his doctoral degree from the graduate program in sociology at York University, Toronto, Ontario. His article “Autonomy
and Responsibility in Social Theory” will appear inCurrent Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 10. 相似文献
19.
Jeff Borland 《Journal of Labor Research》1986,7(3):293-307
An alternative interpretation of the Ross-Dunlop debate of the 1940s is provided, which reveals little difference in the opinions
of these two theorists on the role of optimizing behavior and of economic factors in explaining trade union behavior. Importantly,
both saw theories of union activity based on simple economic maximands as unable to incorporate some “political” features
of those unions. The recent wave of economic analyses of trade unions however seems to have answered such criticism to a large
extent. A survey of this work is provided to show how many of Ross’s “unanswered questions” can be explained by models where
rational trade unions maximize relatively straightforward objective functions.
This work is based on chapter 1 of the author’s M.A. thesis at the University of Melbourne. Many thanks are due to Ian McDonald
for his generous help, and to Greg Whitwell for his comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The author is presently a
graduate student at Yale University. 相似文献
20.
This paper examines Charles Tilly’s relationship to the schools of thought known as historicism and critical realism. Tilly
was committed to a social epistemology that was inherently historicist, and he increasingly called himself a “historicist.”
The “search for grand laws in human affairs comparable to the laws of Newtonian mechanics,” he argued, was a “waste of time”
and had “utterly failed.” Tilly’s approach was strongly reminiscent of the arguments developed in the first half of the 20th
century by Rickert, Weber, Troeltsch, and Meinecke for a synthesis of particularization and generalization and for a focus
on “historical individuals” rather than abstract universals. Nonetheless, Tilly never openly engaged with this earlier wave
of historicist sociology, despite its fruitfulness for and similarity to his own project. The paper explores some of the possible
reasons for this missed encounter. The paper argues further that Tilly’s program of “relational realism” resembled critical
realism, but with main two differences: Tilly did not fully embrace critical realism’s argument that social mechanisms are
always co-constituted by social meaning or its normative program of explanatory critique. In order to continue developing
Tilly’s ideas it is crucial to connect them to the epistemological ideas that governed the first wave of historicist sociology
in Weimar Germany and to a version of philosophical realism that is interpretivist and critical. 相似文献