Towards a Psychology of Global Consciousness Through an Ethical Conception of Self in Society

Globalization has brought people around the world closer together in ways that have created greater uncertainty in their identity politics. This has sometimes strengthened local identities, despite attempts to create ‘universal’ forms of identity that impose one standard of appropriate conduct in the face of difference. Drawing from Dialogical Self Theory and from cosmopolitanism, we propose that adequately responding to the ethical and identity challenges presented by globalization requires having Global Consciousness: “a knowledge of both the interconnectedness and difference of humankind, and a will to take moral actions in a reflexive manner on its behalf”. We argue that this approach can ground a distinctively normative psychology of globalization. We consider negative and positive aspects of the golden rule in equal and close relationships, and benevolence in unequal power relationships as behaviour guides for global consciousness, and theorize about institutional leadership that supports the provision of public goods. We offer empirical tests of this approach.     

从全球生态危机看发达国家与发展中国家的合作

生态危机的全球性迫使各国认识到跨国合作的必要性 ,各国追求自身利益的强烈冲动与国际社会的根本特征决定了这种合作关系自始至终与其对立面———冲突交织在一起 ,合作是在冲突中实现的。国家间的能力差异对国际合作具有特别重要的意义 ,发达国家与发展中国家的合作关系是全球生态领域合作的焦点。伴随着冲突的合作关系表现在道德的价值取向、经济问题、政治问题和公平问题四个方面。     

政经合一与中国周边外交的拓展

新世纪中国周边外交的拓展有赖于平衡安全合作与经济增长两个方面。本文首先梳理了周边外交在整个中国国际战略和外交格局中的地位,进而分别以中国亚洲贸易格局调整与企业“走出去”战略为例,论述了贸易、投资如何与安全合作、地区合作相互促进,拓展了中国的周边外交。中国～东盟自由贸易区和上海合作组织的制度建设快速增进了东南亚、中亚与中国的投资贸易关系,而投资贸易关系的深化又促进了中国的周边外交。中国与周边国家的关系进入了一个日渐均衡的相互依赖阶段。     

The relationship between open innovation,entrepreneurship, and introduction of new business models in Korean and Indonesian information technology enterprises

This case study sought to identify the relationships that can exist between open innovation, entrepreneurship, and the introduction of new business models at the enterprise level. Eleven Korean enterprises and five Indonesian enterprises were chosen, to obtain minimum research generality. While the number of enterprises is not great, it provides enough samples to determine the concrete relationships among these factors. The article starts by pointing out the general relationship between entrepreneurship, open innovation, and the introduction of a new business model. It examines two different contexts: the difference between the Seoul and Daegu regional innovation systems, and the difference between the Indonesian and Korean national innovation systems.     

What are the Links Between Theory of Mind and Social Relations? Review,Reflections and New Directions for Studies of Typical and Atypical Development

Twenty years after research on children's ‘theory of mind’ began, this field continues to be a leading influence in the study of developmental psychology and psychopathology. In this review we examine the contribution of research on children's theories of mind to our understanding of children's developing social relationships. Evidence shows that for both typical and atypical populations this relationship is neither uniform nor unidirectional. Theory‐of‐mind skills are multifaceted and the nature of the developmental relationship between different aspects is not yet known, and there is evidence that theory‐of‐mind skills both transform and are transformed by interpersonal and family relationships and by language communities. To understand the multifaceted and complex nature of development in this area, we need clearer definitions of the skills under investigation, as well as research designs that capture the transactional nature of the relationship between theory of mind and social relations. Addressing these issues should help to clarify (i) the processes by which children's developing understanding of others is influenced by the social environment, and (ii) issues concerning the specificity of theory‐of‐mind impairments in atypical populations and the processes by which these impairments develop.     

国有企业制度变迁及改革

我国的国有企业制度是在特定的体制条件和特殊的经济背景下形成的 ,既有其存在的必然性、合理性 ;同时也存在着与市场经济的相悖性。针对国有企业制度性缺陷 ,我们进行了一系列改革 ,从放权让利、立足于调整国家与企业利益关系的适应性改革 ,到转换经营机制、着重于对企业制度中的经营制度进行改革 ,再到建立现代企业制度、力求实现国有企业制度的根本变革。国有企业改革逐步深入 ,国有企业制度变迁渐进完成。进一步改革 ,要继续突出以建立现代企业制度为中心 ,实现国有企业制度的全面创新     

我国汉语国际推广教育问题探析

全球化背景下,国家间的关系日益密切,软实力越来越成为决定一国国际影响力的关键因素。作为文化“走出去”战略的重要组成部分,汉语国际推广与我国的国际关系和国际教育发展密切相关。我国汉语推广的国际教育发展还处于初级阶段,仍存在着招生宣传方式单一、师资力量不足、教学资源配置不均衡等问题,这严重制约了我国汉语国际推广的发展。汉语推广的国际教育应积极建立双向机制,调整教育管理模式,培养教育师资队伍,着力推进汉语推广国际教育的发展。     

An International Study of Research Misconduct Policies

Research misconduct is an international concern. Misconduct policies can play a crucial role in preventing and policing research misconduct, and many institutions have developed their own policies. While institutional policies play a key role in preventing and policing misconduct, national policies are also important to ensure consistent promulgation and enforcement of ethical standards. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information about research misconduct policies across the globe. We found that twenty-two of the top forty research and development funding countries (55%) had a national misconduct policy. Four countries (18.2%) are in the process of developing a policy, and four (18.2%) have a national research ethics code but no misconduct policy. All twenty-two countries (100%) with national policies included fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism in the definition of misconduct, but beyond that there was considerable diversity. Unethical authorship was mentioned in 54.6% of the misconduct definitions, followed by unethical publication practices (36.4%), conflict of interest mismanagement (36.4%), unethical peer review (31.8%), misconduct related to misconduct investigations (27.3%), poor record keeping (27.3%), other deception (27.3%), serious deviations (22.7%), violating confidentiality (22.7%), and human or animal research violations (22.7%). Having a national policy was positively associated with research and development funding ranking and intensiveness. To promote integrity in international research collaborations, countries should seek to harmonize and clarify misconduct definitions and develop procedures for adjudicating conflicts when harmonization does not occur.     

Does globalization drive long-run inequality within OECD countries? A guide to policy making

We analyse around four decades of annual time-series data revisiting the long-run relationship between globalization and income inequality for 24 OECD member countries across different geographical regions, applying the Yamamoto-Kurozumi multivariate vector autoregression (VAR) framework. We observe that rapid globalization is not the key cause of rising long-run intra country inequality. This result is obtained by controlling for growth, terms of trade, minimum wage legislation, and unionization and found robust by further controlling education. Most of the countries in our study with a long-run relationship reveal the robust reverse causal impact of rising globalization on reducing inequality. Our impulse response breakdown across various sub-components of globalization suggests that economic globalization is not a primary contributor to long-run inequality for developed industrialized countries. Our framework guides future research to concentrate more on country-specific relationships, with policy guidance tailored for each country based on their level of economic development and institutional quality.     

Leading for research excellence and integrity: A qualitative investigation of the relationship-building practices of exemplary principal investigators

We conducted semi-structured, telephone interviews with 52 federally funded researchers nominated as exemplars for their integrity and professional conduct, and their scientific achievements. The aim was to identify the practices they report utilizing to build respectful relationships in their teams. We found four practices, holding meetings, providing supervision and guidance, encouraging shared ownership, and expressing values, which were also important to performing high-quality, compliant research, were essential to fostering relationships. The most common practice described for building relationships was actively and deliberately cultivating a positive team environment. Additionally, exemplars described the need to lead by example, tailor their approach to the needs of individuals, address interpersonal conflict, and hire team members cautiously. We also identified practices the exemplars reported as important to managing the demands of their work and found that encouraging shared ownership and tailoring to individuals supported this goal. Additional strategies related to prioritization and planning, seeking advice, engaging in self-care, and managing emotional reactions. Finally, we identified priorities guiding the exemplars’ practices. Key priorities included providing outstanding mentoring, building collaborations and relationships, and engaging in discovery and innovation. Investigators require exceptional leadership skills but receive limited systematic leadership training. Addressing this gap would advance research excellence and integrity.     

A Right to Benefit from International Research: A New Approach to Capacity Building in Less-Developed Countries

This article proposes a means by which benefits provided in international research collaborations might be employed to strengthen health care, research, and other capacities in less-developed countries. The Declaration of Helsinki and CIOMS Guidelines define certain expectations of benefits, but these requirements are ambiguous, logistically problematic, and studies suggest they are inconsistently upheld. Drawing on the principle of respect for persons, a right to benefit from hosting externally-sponsored research is proposed. This right guarantees host communities benefits of a certain value, the nature and use of which is controlled by indigenous personnel. Suggestions are made as to how implementation of this right, using structured incentives, may systematically promote capacity building in host communities.     

Media exposure and the engaged citizen: How the media shape political participation

Media exposure is widely known to increase institutional forms of political participation such as voting. Less well understood is whether media exposure also affects protest, a less institutional form of engagement. This paper examines the mechanics through which this relationship operates by considering the media's direct and indirect effect on voting and protesting, via political trust, efficacy, and knowledge. We make these comparisons by analyzing the unique Jennings panel dataset that collects information on respondents at three separate points. The results show that media exposure affects voting more than protesting and that these relationships operate through different mechanisms. While media exposure leads to voting because it increases political knowledge, it is associated with protest via external political efficacy. Furthermore, while this relationship is causal for voting it is only correlational for protest. The results illustrate the importance of disentangling forms of political engagement when considering media effects.     

A right to benefit from international research: a new approach to capacity building in less-developed countries

This article proposes a means by which benefits provided in international research collaborations might be employed to strengthen health care, research, and other capacities in less-developed countries. The Declaration of Helsinki and CIOMS Guidelines define certain expectations of benefits, but these requirements are ambiguous, logistically problematic, and studies suggest they are inconsistently upheld. Drawing on the principle of respect for persons, a right to benefit from hosting externally-sponsored research is proposed. This right guarantees host communities benefits of a certain value, the nature and use of which is controlled by indigenous personnel. Suggestions are made as to how implementation of this right, using structured incentives, may systematically promote capacity building in host communities.     

Rising earnings inequality and the role of education revisited

Numerous studies have found a strong positive association between the level of education and economic returns (i.e., earnings). This relationship, however, has received less examination in the context of institutional or temporal variability. Drawing on the experience of South Korea in the decade after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, this study examines the role of education in rising earnings inequality under a radically changing institutional environment. Based on data from the Korean Labor Income Panel Study and Theil index decomposition, this study finds that despite the robust association between education and earnings inequality in post-crisis South Korea, a substantial amount of the rise in overall inequality is primarily attributable to rapid increase in within-education-group inequality rather than between-group inequality. This demands renewed attention to the role of education in earnings inequality to fully account for the changing dynamics of inequality in the twenty first century.     

The Policy Roundtable Model: Encouraging Scholar–Practitioner Collaborations to Address Poverty-related Social Problems

Robust exchange between those who make and carry out social policy and those who study social conditions can improve both policy and research. This article presents a programing model, Policy Roundtables, which promotes interchange and creates greater capacity for collaboration between two disparate communities, academic researchers and local policy practitioners. Data come from a formative evaluation of the host center’s programing. We asked academic scholars and community-based practitioners about what they learned from participating in the Roundtables and how they used that knowledge. Analysis of interviews with nine respondents and surveys of 35 informants suggest that the Policy Roundtables inform participants, spread learning back to organizations, and create social capital that can be deployed in the form of collaborations between research and practice communities.     

Ambiguity and risk taking in organizations

Kunreuther, Meszaros, and Hogarth (1993) argue that insurers are risk averse and ambiguity averse, and that they use cognitive reference points and constraints in making pricing decisions. They further claim that insurer ambiguity may be a factor that has a role in market failure at the industry level. Arguably, ambiguity may be an important aspect of decision behavior. In this article, research on managerial risk taking is reviewed with a focus on the relationship between ambiguity and risk taking. In particular, the effects of the organizational and institutional context are highlighted. It is argued that the political aspects of insurer decision behavior should be considered as well. Implications for further study and understanding of decision making are discussed.     

组织嵌入性与求职:以高校毕业生就业为例

新经济社会学自格兰诺维特的开创性研究以来已经取得了巨大的进步。很多实证研究关注了劳动力市场上的工作找寻行为。然而，这些研究的分析单位通常放在个体之间的强关系或弱关系这样的联系上。布莱顿和卡瑞亚的研究扩展了已有的分析框架，提出了组织嵌入性的求职方式。使用这种求职方式的人通常隶属于某个组织或机构，而该组织或机构同用人单位具有某种联系。我们把组织嵌入性应用于中国高校毕业生的求职上，研究了不同的招工渠道对工作的影响，主要分析了组织嵌入性求职方式与受教育水平、高校声誉和学生表现，以及毕业生的起薪等因素之间的关系。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： ECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION AND BEAUTIFUL CHINA The Man-Nature Relationship in Chinese History： A Study from Multiple Perspectives

所谓“天人之际”,即天道与人事的关系,两千多年来一直是人们关注的问题,也是历史学研究的根本问题之一。这里需要思考的：一是空间的差异,我国地域辽阔,人与自然的关系差异很大;二是时间的差异,社会发展变化引起人地关系的差异;三是多民族统一帝国形成和发展与人地关系。今后环境史研究应从以下几方面入手：第一,区域研究应是人地关系研究的重要途径;第二,人地关系中的人为因素曾起过十分重要的作用;第三,地域政治与人地关系。首都所在地往往成为环境恶化最严重的地区。第四,近几十年现代化、城市化过程中人地关系的变化。     

国际贸易与气候变化的关系研究

国际贸易和气候变化的交互作用对于国际社会尤其是发展中国家而言意义重大。国际贸易与气候变化之间的作用是双向的。国际贸易对减缓气候变化有积极影响,也有消极影响。气候变化可能会改变国际贸易的格局和一个国家在国际贸易中的地位,影响国际贸易的运输链。减缓气候变化政策对国际贸易的发展有积极和消极的双重影响。我国应充分认识国际贸易与气候变化的复杂关系,采取相关措施,关注国际贸易与气候变化关系研究的新热点。