基于获取决策优先权的零售商战略联盟效益分析

对于由一个供应商和多个零售商组成的单一产品、单周期供应链,在确定型市场、零售商成本对称以及供应商具有关于零售商成本结构完全信息的情况下,考虑了同时带来运作成本与决策权分配变化(基于获取决策优先权)的零售商定货数量决策联盟。利用博弈论方法,研究了获取决策优先权的零售商战略联盟对参与联盟的零售商、未参与联盟的零售商、供应商以及供应链整体收益的影响。证明这种零售商战略联盟不可能使供应链中所有成员都同时增加收益。但在一定的条件下,联盟能实现某种部分"多赢";使供应链整体、供应商和参与联盟的零售商收益增加,或使供应商和参与联盟的零售商收益增加。     

双渠道供应链的产品互补合作策略研究

在供应链中,直销渠道和零售渠道商品的可替代性导致渠道冲突。考虑零售商在传统渠道中附带销售直销渠道商品的互补品,建立了渠道产品互补合作的供应链Bertrand博弈模型。发现若消费者对零售商处互补品的价格敏感,则供应链中互补品的价格下降,制造商产品的渠道价格增加,同时直销渠道的需求和收益均上升,对零售渠道中制造商产品的销售和收益增加有利。利用上述模型,通过算例得出,如果零售商选择合适的互补品在零售渠道进行销售,将能促进双方收益的增加,渠道产品互补合作策略是可行的。     

欺压与风险分担:B2B电子交易市场环境下均衡策略分析

B2B电子交易市场为生产商和零售商提供了新的销售和采购渠道,从而改变了传统供应链结构.在考虑了随机需求和随机电子市场交易价格的基础上,文章研究了在B2B电子交易市场环境下单一生产商和单一零售商组成供应链的最优策略.在销售期之前,生产商首先决定批发价格和生产数量;作为跟随者,零售商决定零售价格和订购数量.在销售期,生产商和零售商可以在B2B电子交易市场中交易.研究结果表明,对于零售商,B2B电子交易市场可以作为投机市场或者第二采购渠道,而生产商在定价策略中通过欺压目的或者风险分担目的来进行风险管理.     

我国零售商品价格行为研究——来自长三角15个市超市的微观证据

本文使用2010年8月~2012年10月长三角15市87个超市134种零售商品的月度价格数据,对微观商品的价格行为及其影响因素进行实证研究。结果表明:(1)我国零售商品平均价格调整期为4.24个月,调整较为频繁且幅度较小,具有明显的季节性规律;(2)对商品分类研究发现,酒类、食品类以及软饮料类商品价格变动集中在第一和第三季度,家电类商品价格调整集中在7月至9月,日用品价格不存在季节性变动;(3)预期通货膨胀率、市场需求、市场结构和超市规模对零售商品价格调整具有正向拉动效应,外资超市对零售商品价格的调整幅度偏小。     

3C零售商商业模式研究:促销与贸易方式交互影响

苏宁、国美两大3C零售商商业模式的变迁,是问题的来源.考察一个由生产商和零售商组成的供应链系统,生产商和零售商之间的战略博弈,并分析谈判力对博弈的影响.发现:首先,只有两种模式是有效率的,这两种模式的共同特点是在供应链成员中,一方完全控制市场而另一方作为合同的领导者决定利润的分配.不管是生产商还是零售商当其处于强势地位...     

直销模式对存在强势零售商零售渠道的影响

在传统的零售渠道中,制造商不仅通过弱势的中小零售商同时也通过强势的大型零售集团进行销售,大型零售集团在整条供应链的博弈中往往享有更大的权力.随着网络经济的兴起,越来越多的制造商可以通过直销模式来重塑自身的零售渠道,进而在供应链中获得更大的利润.研究主要集中在两个方面:1)制造商的直销模式如何影响存在强势零售集团的零售渠道;2)满足何种条件,制造商可以通过直销模式提高自身的利润.     

定价权争夺视角下买方势力的作用及效应研究

由于商业惯例和反垄断法立法较晚,中国零售市场中制造商控制产品终端价格的现象普遍存在.买方势力的增强促使大型零售商和制造商争夺定价权,从而形成买方势力在中国零售市场的一种特有表现形式.从产品定价权的争夺入手,分析定价权争夺形式下的买方势力作用机理和经济效应.首先,在确定性市场环境下考察了定价权争夺的激励,发现大型零售商通过定价权的争夺可以获得“纵向定价先动优势”,从而压低产品批发价格、提高自身毛利水平.在此基础上,论文引入市场需求不确定性,分别从零售商风险态度和需求预测能力两个角度对模型进行扩展,发现定价权的获取可以转移零售商面临的不确定性风险,获取“风险转移收益”;还可以增强零售价格对需求波动的反应程度,获取“灵活定价收益”.福利分析表明,定价权争夺形式下的买方势力经济效应与市场需求特征、零售商风险特征等因素有关,买方势力增强并不总会提升消费者福利,还可能推高终端价格,降低消费者福利.基于上述结论,对买方势力的反垄断规制策略进行了探讨.     

零售业供应链企业RFID技术应用决策研究

采用RFID技术产生的成本是制约RFID应用的主要因素.通过采用报童模型分析了由1个生产商和1个零售商组成的供应链,考虑了零售商商品摆放错误对供应链利润的影响.分别研究了集中决策和分散决策情况下,采用RFID技术对生产商和零售商利润的影响,以及可以承担的最大RFID标签成本,为供应链成员企业采用RFID技术的决策提供了定量化、模型化的依据.     

订单生产模式下垄断竞争市场的延期支付契约研究

在垄断竞争的市场结构环境下,研究按照订单生产模式进行生产时,由生产商和零售商组成的供应链为应对外部市场环境的变化,采用延期支付契约前后的利润变化情况;从生产商和零售商两个视角,分别针对传统市场长期均衡情况、实施延期支付契约后的短期均衡情况、实施延期支付契约后的长期均衡情况建立利润模型,介绍模型的求解过程;通过具体的算例,结合灵敏度分析方法,讨论在垄断竞争巾场中应用延期支付契约时随着产品需求弹性系数的变化供应链利润的变化情况.分析比较后发现,通过应用延期支付契约,短期内可以使生产商和零售商获得巨大的超额利润;而在长期均衡状况下,实施延期支付契约前后供应链中各成员企业的利润变化并不明显.     

精益零售环境下的库存策略

随着近年来零售市场需求的多元化、个性化和复杂化,针对终端客户的零售商们不得不改变库存策略,实施精益零售.这也使得作为供应链中的上一级经销商的经营受到市场竞争和零售商精益销售策略的双重压力,不得不改变过去那种依据市场预测进行库存管理的策略.本文以一家虚拟的公司为例提出了混合库存策略、动态混合库存策略以及局部动态调整策略以适应在精益零售环境下的库存管理,旨在建议管理者针对市场的变化对库存进行实时调整,以规避风险、提高利润.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

The Challenge of Political and Economic Change in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe

This article discusses political and economic changes in Poland, Central and Eastern Europe emerging since the demise of the ‘closed system’ in 1989. The presentation explores the range of change, the method and the sequence of change. General lessons in economic transition as identified by Polish Finance Minister Lezak Balcerowicz are discussed. The challenges involved in macroeconomic stabilization, radical liberalization, currency convertibility, subsidy reduction and conversion of state-owned enterprises are reviewed. Despite their complexity, economic and political reforms proved necessary and inevitable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and preview of productivity research and applications

During the last two decades, productivity research and applications have not been given adequate importance when trying to attain excellence in the management of manufacturing enterprises. Recent developments in managerial philosophies Total Quality Management and Business Process Re-engineering , manufacturing technologies Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Computer Integrated Manufacturing, etc. and Information Technology innovations have made the traditional productivity improvement techniques obsolete. This article presents a review consisting of analyses of literature on productivity and a survey of manufacturing enterprises. A five-step preview strategy on productivity is enumerated which provides a meaningful direction towards future productivity research and application. The article is concluded by briefly describing the current research that is being carried out based on the preview strategy evolved.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.     

Definitions and linkages between operational and strategic flexibilities

This paper aims at clarifying the concept of strategic flexibility, starting from that much more common of manufacturing flexibility (or operational one). After characterizing the dimensions of the latter, a classification of strategic flexibility is presented which distinguishes four categories. The measures of strategic flexibility are also investigated. Then two analogies are pointed out with the operational flexibility. The first, of the cause-effect type, is on two levels: at the business level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of practices, while the strategic flexibility measures the effect obtained on performances; at the corporate level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of competences, while the strategic flexibility evaluates the change in business. The second analogy, related to the classification variables, permits the main types of operational and strategic flexibilities to be placed in a single framework. So this study seeks to provide a framework—which has not been proposed in prior literature—for analyzing and evaluating the correlated concepts of operational and strategic flexibilities, to create a theoretical foundation for future research and empirical testing.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.     

Additive and Multiplicative Models and Multistage Carcinogenesis Theory

In light of the Armitage-Doll multistage carcinogenesis theory, this paper examines the assumption that an additive relative risk relationship is indicative of two carcinogens that affect the same stage in the cancer process. We present formulas to compute excess cancer risks for a variety of patterns for limited exposure durations to two carcinogens that affect the first and penultimate stages; and using an index of synergy proposed by Thomas (1982), we find a number of these patterns to produce additive, or nearly additive, relative risk relationships. The consistent feature of these patterns is that the two exposure periods are of short duration and occur close together.