对外直接投资对绿色全要素生产率的空间效应影响

基于2004—2016年中国30个省（市、自治区）的面板数据,通过空间杜宾计量模型（SDM）实证研究了对外直接投资（OFDI）对绿色全要素生产率的空间效应影响。结果显示：各地区绿色全要素生产率及其分解项存在明显的地区差异;绿色全要素生产率、绿色技术进步和绿色效率变化存在显著的空间相关性;OFDI逆向技术溢出能够显著的促进本地区绿色全要素生产率提高,并且存在显著的空间溢出效应;FDI技术溢出对绿色技术进步具有显著的正向推动作用;进口技术溢出和自主研发能够显著促进绿色全要素生产率和绿色技术进步的提升;环境规制强度对我国绿色全要素生产率具有非线性影响。     

能源价格对制造业能源强度调节效应的实证研究

能耗过高影响中国制造业的可持续发展,能源价格是市场体制中调节能源强度的重要因素和手段.引入价格作为调节变量,研究其对于技术进步和能源消费结构对行业能源强度影响的调节效应.运用1995年～2005年的数据,采用层次回归法对制造业24个重要行业的能源价格与能源强度的关系进行实证研究.结果表明,对大多数行业,能源价格的提升并未明显降低能源强度,能源价格对于技术进步对能源强度影响的调节效应不显著,能源价格的调节效应更多地表现为促进能源消费结构转化来降低行业能源强度.     

节能技术创新有助于降低能源消费吗?——“杰文斯悖论”的再检验

节能技术创新被视为提高能源效率和降低能源消费的重要途径.本文以电力要素为研究对象,在手工收集和整理2007年～2016年我国城市节电专利的基础上,采用空间杜宾模型研究了节电技术创新对我国城市电力消费的影响及传导机制.研究结果表明：在全国和分地区层面,节电技术创新不仅促进了城市的总电力消费,也刺激了工业和生活电力消费;在全国和东部城市层面,节电技术创新均存在显著的空间溢出效应.在经过替换空间权重矩阵、改变节电技术衡量方法以及剔除省会或直辖市之后,估计结果依然稳健,说明在我国节能技术创新与能源消费之间存在着“杰文斯悖论”.进一步的机制检验认为,节能技术创新能通过影响产业结构和能源价格,有效降低地区的能源消费.因此,中国在应用和推广节能技术的过程中,可通过配套产业结构升级和能源价格市场化,破解“杰文斯悖论”.     

节能技术创新有助于降低能源消费吗?——“杰文斯悖论”的再检验北大核心CSCDCSSCI

节能技术创新被视为提高能源效率和降低能源消费的重要途径,本文以电力要素为研究对象,在手工收集和整理2007年~2016年我国城市节电专利的基础上,采用空间杜宾模型研究了节电技术创新对我国城市电力消费的影响及传导机制,研究结果表明:在全国和分地区层面,节电技术创新不仅促进了城市的总电力消费,也刺激了工业和生活电力消费;在全国和东部城市层面,节电技术创新均存在显著的空间溢出效应,在经过替换空间权重矩阵、改变节电技术衡量方法以及别除省会或直辖市之后,估计结果依然稳健,说明在我国节能技术创新与能源消费之间存在着“杰文斯悖论”,进一步的机制检验认为,节能技术创新能通过影响产业结构和能源价格,有效降低地区的能源消费,因此,中国在应用和推广节能技术的过程中,可通过配套产业结构升级和能源价格市场化,破解"杰文斯悖论".     

能源价格波动、诱导性技术进步与中国环境全要素生产率

随着能源的"金融属性"日益凸显,科学评估能源价格波动对经济增长和环境改善的综合影响具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文基于参数化的双曲线距离函数,将能源价格因素纳入环境全要素生产率（ETFP）的分析框架,剖析能源价格波动影响ETFP变动的内在机理;在此基础上,运用1995~2015年省际面板数据,考察能源价格诱导性技术进步对我国ETFP提升的促进作用及其时空分异规律,并识别该技术进步的具体偏向类型。研究结果表明：近20年来我国能源价格诱导性技术进步的平均速率为0.22%,其对ETFP变动的提升作用相对较弱,并表现出较强的时空分异特征。此外,从要素投入来看,能源价格诱导性技术进步总体上呈现资本和能源节约—劳动力使用型特征;从产出侧来看,其主要偏向于SO₂的减排,但对CO₂减排和GDP扩张的诱导作用不甚明显。     

中国对外直接投资逆向技术溢出效应的空间格局及传导机制研究

<正>对外直接投资（OFDI）逆向技术溢出作为母国获取技术的新渠道,已成为全球-地区背景下发展中地区经济、技术演变的重要影响因素之一。分析结果表明：全国样本下,相较于FDI和IM技术溢出的滞后提升作用和抑制作用而言,OFDI逆向技术溢出能够显著提升全要素生产率、促进技术发展。中国OFDI逆向技术溢出效应与技术进步效应显著性较一致。分区域水平上,OFDI逆向技术溢出对技术效率和全要素生产率的影响呈现较一致的空间格局。技术进步和技术效率的协调促进作用是国际技术溢出提高区域全要素生产率的内在机制,其中尤以技术效率更为重要。     

考虑环境效应的中国省际全要素能源效率研究

从系统论的角度出发,将能源利用的环境影响纳入全要素能源效率研究框架.运用2000年～2007年中国省际面板数据,以资本存量、从业人员总数和能源消费为投入指标,各省份GDP,CO_2和S0_2排放量为好和坏的产出指标,选取基于投入导向的BC～2-DEA模型,测算包含环境效应的中国省际全要素能源效率,并分析比较全国整体、各省份和三大地区的能效差异;给出2000年～2007年中国省际能源利用效率的4类模式,并采用Tobit模型检验中国全要素能源效率的影响因素.实证分析结果表明,中国全要素能源效率整体水平偏低,各省份、三大地区的能源效率差异显著,节能减排潜力巨大;技术进步、经济结构和能源消费结构的优化对提高能源效率有显著促进作用,市场化水平和能源价格的提升对提高能源效率有积极影响,但是目前这两种机制作用尚未充分发挥.     

技术进步对中国电力行业环境效率提升影响的实证研究——基于SBM超效率-ML-Tobit三阶段分析法

本文综合采用SBM超效率模型和ML模型，从静态和动态的视角分别对2009-2018年中国30个省份电力行业环境效率及其增长率进行测度，并对静态效率和动态效率进行拆分，分析技术进步对其的影响；利用Tobit回归模型，对技术进步等因素对全国及六大电网区域电力行业环境效率及其增长率的影响进行实证检验。结果表明：研究期间中国电力行业环境效率年均值为0.769，还具有较大的提升空间；华中电网和东北电网区域的纯技术效率提升对环境效率的提升贡献较低；南方电网区域纯技术效率显著推动了环境效率的提升；中国电力行业环境效率以年均5.6%的水平提升，其中技术进步年均增长率为3.7%。技术进步对中国电力行业环境效率的提升贡献较大，“十二五”以来，中国电力行业技术进步速度在加快；技术进步是电力行业环境效率及其增长率的关键影响因素，对其具有显著正影响。建议继续加大科技投入、加强科技创新，以继续推动中国电力行业环境效率的提升；各区域应积极主动，且因地制宜地采取有效措施；加快核电等清洁电力能源的发展，优化电源结构。     

我国全要素能源效率的测度与分析

考虑到能源与资本、劳动力等投入要素间普遍存在的替代效应,本文通过全要素能源效率指标考察我国能源利用水平的时空变化特征,并利用计量模型分析全要素生产率各分解部分对能源效率的影响作用。研究表明:我国总体及区域内的全要素能源效率自2001年起出现了退化现象,区域间能源效率的差异性较为显著,且有扩大趋势;全要素能源效率与全要素生产率之间关系密切,技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率对能源效率的改善均具有促进作用,软技术的贡献甚至已超越了传统科技进步的功效。     

基于环境效应的中国能源效率与节能减排潜力分析

运用2000-2007年中国省际面板数据,以二氧化碳、二氧化硫排放量作为能源利用形成的环境效应替代变量纳入全要素能效研究体系,选取基于投入导向的规模报酬不变CCR-DEA模型,测算了包含环境效应的中国省际全要素能源效率,并在此基础上计算得到中国各地区2000-2007年的节能减排潜力,采用Tobit模型检验了中国节能减排潜力的影响因素。实证分析结果表明:当前中国全要素能效整体水平偏低,各地区、三大区域的能效差异显著,节能减排潜力巨大;技术进步、经济结构和能源消费结构的优化对促进各地区节能减排有显著作用,而市场化水平、能源价格对节能减排的影响尚不明显。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.