企业创新系统的序变协同演化模型与仿真研究北大核心CSSCI

将企业创新系统界定为由技术创新子系统与商业模式创新子系统构成,基于B-Z反应模型,建立由技术创新、商业模式创新和企业绩效协同演化的序变协同模型;同时,基于演化方程组的仿真分析,描述了技术创新与商业模式创新的协同演化关系,以及二者序变协同对企业绩效的影响。研究表明:不同创新系统之间存在协同演化,协同演化的结果取决于演化过程中起支配作用的慢弛豫参量;技术创新会推动商业模式创新的发展,随着商业模式创新水平提升,也会推动技术创新的发展,同时二者会使得企业绩效不断提升;为了促进企业技术创新与商业模式创新协同发展,企业应做到多层次实施技术创新和商业模式创新,保障二者的协同发展。     

技术创新与中小企业雇佣需求——基于员工技能结构的再审视

创新是经济持续增长的动力, 企业雇佣需求是维护社会稳定的基石.本研究结合中国经济发展转型的背景, 在区分产品创新与工艺创新的基础上, 通过数理模型推导, 分离出技术创新对中小制造业企业雇佣增长影响的直接途径与间接途径, 并利用2012年世界银行对中国中小企业运营环境的调查数据, 实证考察了中小企业技术创新对其雇佣增长的影响.研究结果表明, 技术创新不仅会通过工艺创新的“价格效应”与“生产率效应”以及产品创新的“市场效应”与“替代效应”四种直接途径影响中小企业雇佣增长, 还会通过“员工技能结构高级化”的间接途径影响中小企业雇佣增长.与国外研究不同的是, 对中国中小制造业企业而言, 工艺创新的“生产率效应”与产品创新的“替代效应”是阻碍其雇佣增长的主要途径;与国内研究不同的是, “员工技能结构高级化”是技术创新促进中国中小企业雇佣增长的重要途径.进一步研究发现, 技术创新对中低技术制造业企业雇佣增长的影响更为敏感.本研究从微观层面证实了技能偏向性技术进步对中国中小企业雇佣需求的重大影响, 同时也为缓解中国“就业难”与“招工难”的结构性问题提供了政策依据.     

耗散结构理论视角下大中型企业技术创新研究

应用耗散结构理论对大中型企业技术创新问题进行研究,在指出布鲁塞尔模型转译中存在问题的基础上,对需要研究的具体问题进行布鲁塞尔模型的转译.同时,对布鲁塞尔模型进行了推导和求解,结合我国2008年各地区大中型企业的相关统计数据进行实证研究.通过我国30个省市地区大中型企业的实证研究发现,一方面,目前仅有20％地区中的大中型企业技术创新系统形成了耗散结构;另一方面,部分经济十分发达的省市并没有形成耗散结构.最后,基于协同学视角,对大中型企业技术创新系统进行进一步的分析,结果表明模仿创新等后发“创新”可以使得企业技术创新系统从无序走向有序.     

基于结构-过程的公共R&D投入技术创新效应机理分析

以公共R&D投入的技术创新效应为研究对象,提出基于结构-过程的公共R&D投入效应分析框架,以中国国家创新体系为例,建立公共R&D投入与技术创新产出关系的系统动力学模型,模拟分析公共R&D投入的技术创新效应.研究发现:①企业作为公共R&D经费执行主体的地位有所增强,公共研发机构的作用有所减弱;②调整公共R&D投入结构是促进公共R&D投入目标实现的重要手段.     

中国高质量技术创新：情境叙事与测度体系

面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革下颠覆性、变革性、前沿性技术冲击,如何识别和测度高质量技术创新是中国创新驱动发展战略的重大课题。基于中国技术创新典型事实的情境叙事,本文试图构建高质量技术创新的识别框架和测度体系。具体而言,本文首先基于中国技术创新顶层设计的政策文本倾向、高新技术企业申报时的“数量跃进”和专利追赶计划带来的“质量滑坡”等特定情境,揭示了技术创新质量测度的困难性与必要性;其次,基于基因编码的类比叙事、文本分析方法、语义引用逻辑和中国授权发明专利数据库,本文构建了高质量技术创新指标并测度了中国企业层面的技术创新质量;再次,在综合对比现有指标的基础上,本文识别了被引次数这一常用指标在特定情境下存在的系统性偏误和个体性偏误,并利用颗粒工具变量等方法验证了本文技术创新质量指标的有效性;最后,基于现有指标与拓展指标的结合,本文构造了高质量技术创新指标的家族图谱及其应用场景。本文的研究,既可以为正确评估中国技术创新质量和创新激励政策提供学理依据,还可以为学界结合具体应用场景正确使用技术创新质量指标提供有益启示。     

企业技术创新体系建设战略的理论初探

鉴于我国多数企业的创新活力不足,本文从宏观、中观和微观三个层次分别对企业(尤其是大型企业)技术创新体系建设战略的理论进行探索,对创新中的资源禀赋、创新动力源、创新能力、创新行为与创新绩效间的关系进行了系统探究.此外,在问题导向的思路下,本文从理论溯源出发,探索了企业技术创新体系构建的双核模型:创新能力体系和创新动力体系(及其相关的六个子系统).     

中国企业技术创新体系建设的对策分析

技术创新是企业生存和发展的基本动力,没有持续不断的技术创新．再好的企业也会逐渐衰弱。因此,研究技术创新和实施技术创新是目前我国企业走出困境、不断发展壮大的根本要求。企业技术创新本质上是一种市场行为．市场机制在配置创新资源、构建创新体系中起着基础性作用。企业技术创新体系应该是一个以企业为主体、产学研相结合的技术开发体系,以科研机构、高等院校为     

辽宁构建以企业为主体的技术创新体系

2007年2月27日至28日,辽宁省召开了全省科技大会。此次会议颁布了《辽宁省以企业为主体的技术创新体系建设工作实施方案》,决定在2006年工作基础上,全面启动以企业为主体的技术创新体系建设,通过开展创新型企业创建、企业科研体制机制创新、研发平台建设、产学研合作等工作,力争在“十一五”期间基本建成功能完善的技术创新体系。     

技术创新成功中的“导火索事件”研究

不少技术创新都是在“导火索事件”的推动下获得商业化成功的.通过对大量典型技术的发展历史进行归纳分析,总结出“导火索事件”的主要类型,并针对不同类型的“导火索事件”分析其作用机理;基于此,研究了企业在技术创新过程中挖掘和利用“导火索事件”的思路和要点.     

质量的泛化效应研究

从质量泛化的角度提出了企业技术创新模式的选择逻辑;从质量工程学出发提出基于企业技术创新过程中质量泛化的效应假设,即质量管理泛化效应是质量管理的优化技术与企业的技术能力的内生函数,据此建立质量泛化效应的柯布-道格拉斯函数模型;通过对模型的平衡分析,证明质量泛化效应存在成本极值点;通过对质量泛化效应平衡解的动态分析,进一步揭示出质量泛化存在两种效应,即形成质量泛化成本优势的技术效应和形成质量泛化效用优势的空间效应;在此基础上,把企业技术创新的模式相应地归纳为基于技术效应的质量成本创新和基于空间效应的质量效用创新两类,通过对这两类企业技术创新模式特征的分析,提出了基于质量泛化效应的企业技术创新模式的相机选择标准.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.