人民币升值压力根源探究

目前人民币汇率问题的实质是汇率水平长期低估应该调整,而不是汇率机制的改革,扩大浮动只能成为水平调整的形式,出现单边浮动升值的情况,而且加剧人民币升值预期。因此首先不能回避的,就是人民币升值或者不升值的理论依据。本文综合运用国内外经济平衡理论,均衡汇率理论,购买力平价理论,实际汇率和实际有效汇率理论,特别是研究可贸易品和非贸易品价格的双重运动,深入发掘人民币升值压力的来源。同时全面评估了人民币升值对经济的影响,指出重化工业化时期大量进口资源和技术,货币升值首先可以降低进口成本,缓解通货膨胀,促进技术进步,因此不会打击出口,不会扩大贸易逆差,可以改善贸易条件,提高人民币资产价值。文章指出最大的风险在于升值预期而不在升值本身,果断升值并采取系统对策,可使中国经济接近稳定的国内外平衡。     

人民币汇率对美债收益率影响效应的实证分析

本文依据协整理论和误差修正模型,测定了人民币汇率与美债收益率之间的长期均衡关系和短期波动效应。研究发现,人民币汇率升值对美债收益率有较显著的负面影响,从长期来看,人民币汇率升值1%,会带动美债收益率下降1.872%;从短期来看人民币汇率升值1%,会使得美债收益率下降1.638%;当美债收益率偏离其长期均衡时,经济的内在运行机制会以0.163的速度调整美债收益率向长期均衡靠近。     

中美均衡汇率实证研究

近期来,"人民币被低估"的呼声频频出现。同时,美国不断的向中国政府发难,贸易保护主义政策屡见不鲜,极力要求人民币升值。然而,笔者认为我国的汇率水平处于一个合理的水平上,并且将长期保持这一均衡的水平上。本文将借鉴均衡汇率已有的研究成果,以Edwards关于发展中国家的均衡汇率模型为理论基础,选择新的解释变量进行测算中美的均衡汇率水平。     

汇率对中国进出口贸易的影响——兼论2005年人民币汇率机制改革

本文着重研究各种汇率因素变动与中国进口贸易购汇成本变动、出口贸易结汇收入变动之间的关系。基于中国进出口企业所做的真实的外汇保值交易,本文就汇率因素对中国进出口贸易的实际影响进行了定量分析,建立了预测中国进出口贸易汇率风险的数学模型,据此预测了国际外汇市场汇率变动和人民币升值预期对中国进口贸易购汇成本、出口贸易结汇收入的影响。本文结论是:从汇率角度来看,中国出口贸易的最大威胁不是人民币升值2.01%,而是未来国际外汇市场汇率变动引起的汇率风险。最后,本文提出了缓解人民币升值对中国出口贸易不利影响的现实途径,并指出改革人民币汇率机制“三位一体”本质的必要性。     

新发展格局下出口产业结构升级的汇率机制

提高出口产业水平是高质量参与国际经济循环的关键，汇率是重要的考量要素。本文从汇率波动与产业发展的理论关联切入，结合汇率不完全传递理论与产业结构的关系，分析汇率波动对出口产业结构的影响机理，进而构建动态可计算一般均衡模型，模拟人民币汇率分别贬值1%～10%的情景，着重分析人民币汇率贬值5%时对中国出口产业结构的影响和作用大小。研究结果表明，人民币汇率升值（或贬值）对产业的影响存在异质性，3%～5%的人民币汇率波动范围对中国出口产业发展而言最有利。本文的研究意义在于，厘清人民币汇率波动如何影响中国出口产业结构优化，基于中国出口产业结构调整结果把握人民币汇率波动方向和幅度的合理范围，为新发展格局下中国出口产业结构升级的汇率机制及出口产业汇率政策的制定提供参考。     

人民币均衡汇率问题研究述评

中国对外贸易连续是15年经常账户与资本账户的双顺差再次将人民币汇率问题推向国际贸易的风口浪尖上,人民币汇率市场化势在必行,有必要对均衡汇率理论进行综述,通过简要评述FEER、NATREX、BEER和ERER经典均衡汇率理论及其发展,和人民币均衡汇率问题研究的新发展,深入了解人民币均衡汇率问题。     

人民币汇率、升值预期与外汇储备相关性研究

在理论分析的基础上,采用结构变化单位根(ZA)检验对数据进行处理,运用结构变化协整(GH)检验实证研究人民币汇率、人民币升值预期与外汇储备之间的相关性.实证结果表明:人民币汇率(名义有效汇率及实际有效汇率)与外汇储备之间不存在普通意义上的协整关系;而人民币升值预期与外汇储备之间存在发生结构变化的长期协整关系,人民币升值...     

人民币均衡汇率估计——不同方法的比较

本文用购买力平价、外汇的影子价格和因素回归三种不同的方法。估计了人民币和美元的均衡汇率。购买力平价和因素回归两种方法估计的人民币均衡汇率，有相似之处。它们的估计结果都表明，1985年以前人民币汇率存在长期高估的现象，1985年以后则出现高估和低估交替出现的现象，并且人民币高估或低估的平均幅度有所缩小。影子价格方法包括关税和配额两种类型。估计结果表明，现实的人民币汇率介于用这两种类型估计的均衡汇率之间。     

关于人民币汇率均衡水平的研究

2005年7月22日,在人民币的历史上掀开了新的一页,人民银行出人意料地宣布,将人民币汇价升值及汇率形成机制改革同步进行。人民币升值2%,并且改革了从只盯住美元的形式过渡到参考欧元、日元等一篮子货币的有管理的浮动汇率制度。未来人民币汇率将如何演变,其均衡水平怎样形成,这都是人民币汇率发展史上的大事。     

官方新闻对人民币汇率变动的影响——基于TVP-VAR模型的研究

以中国官方发布的汇率新闻为对象的研究,从文本措辞角度对2010年至2023年中国央行和外汇局的官方网站新闻进行分类,构建“汇率升贬”、“汇率弹性”、“汇率制度”、“人民币国际化”和“美元相关”五种新闻措辞指数,进而利用TVP-VAR模型研究官方新闻对人民币汇率的影响。研究表明,官方新闻对人民币汇率存在明显时变特征,产生的冲击效应在短期尤为明显,长期趋近于零;官方新闻中不同措辞类型对人民币汇率的影响存在异质性;在进一步研究中发现,官方新闻指数对人民币汇率有升值影响,对汇率波动有增强效果,且离岸市场受到的影响更大。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.