论集体理性政策偏好的形成及价值

集体理性政策偏好为政治体系解决公共事务和制定公共政策提供了明确的方向.公共政策对公共资源分配所产生的效用流是社会成员表达和关注政策的前提,而社会成员在政策过程中会产生随机性而非系统性错误,这是集体理性政策偏好形成的基础.正是在随机性错误的基础上,各种意见通过聚合过程形成稳定的、可预期的集体理性政策偏好.因此,政策体系应积极回应集体理性政策偏好以提升回应强度,并最终实现政策目标与政策结果之间的有效衔接.     

政策分析研究方法文献综述

20世纪40-50年代以来政策科学、政策分析逐渐成为了大多学者关注的焦点,各种有关公共政策的流派和学说不断涌现。不同流派的有关公共政策的内涵差别极大,不可避免地对政策分析的方法存在争议。文章从政策分析一些概念界定,政策分析理论基础以及政策分析的路径研究进行文献综述。     

社会生成过程视角下的创新政策体系构建

创新的本质是新思想和新知识在一个社会中孕生,并通过诸多环节最终进入现实社会生产活动的过程,它不单纯是一个技术的、经济的或管理的过程,它还体现为一个递进的社会生成和演进过程.以创新的社会生成过程为视角作以透视分析,创新产生依次经历着新思想和新知识孕生、知识孕生后的社会承接、知识的传播和扩散以及生产性转化等环节.基于不同环节的要求和特点,我国建设创新型国家,在政策体系构建上,应着眼于构建坚实的社会知识基础,培育创新的企业家精神,完善社会知识交流系统,推进创新激励体系建设.     

基于新政府范式的技术创新政策

基于新政府范式的公共政策强调创新及其扩散 ,创新政策是促进产业技术进步的一种重要手段 ,创新政策的制定必须考虑竞争和垄断等方面的内容。不同国家的不同环境 ,或者国家创新系统的不同 ,将影响到企业的技术创新活动。技术创新政策的制定不仅受国际环境的影响 ,也深受一国经济和社会目标的制约。政府的作用是为技术创新提供良好的外部环境和制度 :制定产业技术发展战略 ,加大科技投入力度 ,支持中小企业创新 ,强化知识产权保护 ,建立创新服务体系     

事业单位绩效工资政策执行梗阻之防控

公共政策的执行是公共政策目标得以实现的决定性环节,事业单位绩效工资政策目标是否能够实现主要取决于政策执行的情况.事业单位绩效工资政策在执行过程中会出现"上有政策,下有对策"、搞"土政策",自行其是、"照搬照抄,敷衍了事"等问题,造成政策执行梗阻.对政策执行梗阻现象进行分析有助于我们避免事业单位绩效工资政策失败并提高其政策效果.为了消解政策执行梗阻,我们应主要从提高政策执行者的素质、加强监督机制的建设、优化政策执行环境等方面采取对策.     

政策咨询网络的构建与运行机制设计——以澳门特别行政区为例

强化和完善政策咨询是提升公共政策民主性和科学性的重要方面。如何从网络和机制上做好政策咨询工作是当前公共政策理论和实践关注的焦点。经过十多年实践探索,澳门特区并不缺乏政策咨询的组织设计,唯多元咨询机构之间缺少必要的协调、合作和贯通。新一届特别行政区政府立志在科学决策上有所作为,但要实现这些目标,必须善用专家和民间智慧,建立起结构良好的政策咨询网络。同时,应在组织设立的基础上,设计出多元、多层咨询机构间的协调、协同与协商机制。     

公共政策失败的利益冲突因素分析

公共政策过程在本质上是一种利益运动.公共政策之所以发生失败,除了制度因素和环境因素外,还与政策主体的行政伦理水平相关.利益冲突是一个特定的行政伦理问题,当公职人员的私人利益对公共利益造成不恰当的影响时,就会发生利益冲突.实践表明,公职人员的利益冲突是造成公共政策失败的主体根源.对于决策过程,利益冲突会影响公职人员对政策问题的认定、政策信息沟通、决策议程设定及决策方式选择,使决策环节陷入封闭决策和单向决策的困境,政策产品缺乏公共性和客观性;对于执行过程,利益冲突会影响公职人员的政策认知、自由裁量权的运用、政策工具选择及政策资源投入,使政策产出缺乏公正性和针对性,使执行成为谋私工具.这说明,政策失败是一个利益冲突问题,建立健全防止利益冲突制度是保证公共政策合法性和有效性的基础.     

新中国建国初期经济领域的政策转移研究

政策转移是民族国家的政府在政策制定中经常使用的政策工具之一.中国的政策转移有着悠久的历史,特别是在新中国成立初期,由于党和政府严重缺乏治国经验,不得不进行全方位的政策转移,从而形成了所谓的苏联模式.通过对中国经济领域中政策转移的源头选择、政策转移的前导、政策转移的发生历程、政策转移的特点及政策转移的效果进行研究,可以廓清历史的原貌,并为现实的政策转移提供历史借鉴.     

论适应新型农民培养的公共政策创新

培养新型农民是一项复杂的社会系统工程,必须要在城乡统筹发展和协调发展的总体框架中来进行。培养新型农民的过程,不仅是提高农民素质和实现农民现代化的过程,而且也是相关公共政策创新的过程。围绕培养新型农民,政府需要在社会政策、教育政策和文化政策等方面进行变革和创新。     

文件治理中的政策采纳及其影响因素研究:基于国家和省级政府政策文本(2008—2018)数据

“文件治国”是中国国家治理的基本表现形态，不同中央政策在各地被采纳与实施的情况也是国家治理问题的核心研究议题。本文尝试突破以往政策扩散研究多只关注特定单项中央政策在各地扩散过程的局限，结合长时段大样本农村政策文本数据，对中央政府2008—2018年发布的多项农村政策在各地的扩散过程进行实证分析，相对系统地考察了中央层面的行政压力和经济激励，以及地方层面的执行能力和内在动力等因素及其交互作用对政策采纳的影响，进而对中国正式政策文件运作的基本过程和内在机制进行探讨。研究显示，自上而下的行政压力越大，经济激励越大，地方层面的执行能力越强，地方政府采纳中央农村政策的概率就越容易显著增加。从交互关系来看，中央政府对农村议题重视程度的提高会减小不同执行能力省份的政策采纳差异，也会减小不同经济激励政策的采纳差异。     

应对气候变化之政策与政策工具选择

在应对全球气候变化的紧迫形势下,经过多年的博弈,欧美将口号变为实际行动,各国基本实行的是市场机制下的碳税、排放贸易机制混合的碳减排制度,在工具选择上遵循公平性、适应性和有效性的标准。我国目前气候变化政策工具主要采用行政手段,可考虑由专家与政府共同决策,按照共同但有区别原则、分地区集团化进行的减排路径,建立以市场为主、行政为辅、法律监管为后盾的减排政策机制,实现经济工具、政治工具、法律工具的三位一体。     

Disentangling Energy Policy from Environmental Policy*

Objectives. I attempt to disentangle energy policy from environmental policy in order to explain the shifting politics surrounding the former. I can then explain why energy policies have historically provided distributive benefits but also the implications of the fact that energy proposals have in recent years become more regulatory in nature. Methods. I use a range of methods. These include qualitative accounts of the evolution of energy policy, graphic depictions of congressional activity, spending, and partisanship, and multivariate analyses of oversight activities. Results. I find that policymakers have historically treated energy issues as distributive policy, resulting in an emphasis on spending and oversight but not on substantial legislation. Over the last three decades, as policymakers push energy proposals that are more regulatory in nature, energy politics have become more divisive and partisan. Conclusion. Ultimately, I conclude that the enactment of strong energy policies will necessarily involve conditions that have been conducive to passage of other strong regulatory policies.     

积极财政政策下的税收政策取向

积极财政政策作为我国近期宏观调控经济的基本政策,已取得了一定效益.我国继续实施积极的财政政策还有一定的空间和时间,但仅以增发国债为主的积极财政政策有其局限性,而减税在弥补扩大投资的局限性方面有不可替代的作用.减税政策是"十五"期间国民经济发展的客观需要,应保持相对长期的稳定性,并应遵循一定的原则.     

Federalism Policy,Economic Policy and Implementation of the Bailey Report

The Bailey Task Force (BTF) report is reviewed from the perspective of a would-be implementer. The BTF report is partially implementable if its writers were able to resolve three critical issues. First, they might emphasize how its four Program (Block) Grant proposals would influence the economy through opening up employment opportunities. Next, they should spell out how pilot developments of certain Program Grants could proceed with model legislation, and should indicate the contents of that legislation. Finally, they should be more specific about consultative mechanisms involving non-government agencies and local government.     

Economic Policy and Social Policy: Policy-linkages in an Era of Globalisation

This article argues that changes in the role of the state in economic affairs will affect the process of social policy. Growing economic integration caused by globalisation now places a greater constraint upon the discretion of the nation state, bringing about a transformation into a more competitive state. States are increasingly having to compete against each other in order to promote competitiveness and attract foreign direct investment (FDI) from international capital markets. This competition influences in turn the social policy formation requiring the redesigning of social policy. Thus, welfare states may need to reform their social policy towards a "business-friendly social policy". The analysis of social policy inputs and outputs presented here suggests that there are common trends in most welfare states towards: a market-conforming policy on business taxation, a reduction of the share of employer's contributions in social protection revenues, more limited income security programmes, an increased allocation of resources for active labour market programmes and less state intervention in the labour market. All these reforming trends in social policy can be understood as a response of welfare states to the evolving needs of business caused by structural change, notably globalisation.     

Policy Diffusion and Policy Transfer in Comparative Welfare State Research

For many years, comparative welfare state research has followed a ‘methodological nationalism’ in the sense that countries were treated as independent units. Yet the recent ‘spatial turn’ in comparative politics has also influenced welfare state research. For some years now, the field has been witnessing a growing interest in questions about interdependencies and policy diffusion between countries. In this article, we provide a structured overview of the state of the art in the policy diffusion and transfer literature that deals specifically with social policy. We present and critically evaluate existing theoretical concepts and quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches that enable the analysis of interdependencies between countries. Moreover, we summarize the empirical findings of quantitative and qualitative studies on the diffusion and transfer of social policy, from some pioneering studies to the latest findings. Against this background we point out what we believe to be promising avenues for future research. We focus on five areas: theoretical work on the mechanisms underlying diffusion and transfer; methodological approaches; the impact of domestic institutions and policy characteristics on social policy diffusion and transfer; programme‐specific dynamics; and the systematic combination of horizontal and vertical interdependencies.