城市、城市化与中国研究——兼论“乡土中国”与“城市中国”

"中国研究"在西方学术界已走过六十年历史,期间经历了若干次的研究范式反思与重构。但关于中国常被集体性解读为单一性的"乡土中国"这一现象仍未提升到这些反思或重构的学术中心,城市或城市中国是不在场的。它的话语逻辑,仍是西方以及西方学术界对中国研究的霸权。当下,城市拆迁与业主维权等有关城市化运动的两幅图景正在重塑"国家—社会"关系,但遗憾的是,"国家—社会"这一理论框架在海外中国研究中又遭受到了质疑。相对于已形成研究路径依赖的西方学者来说,中国学者对于中国城市化运动在学术上更敏感,将是找回中国研究主体性的一次机遇。     

简论城市郊外化

城市郊外化也叫逆城市化,是西方发达资本主义国家城市化发展到一定水平之后出现的一种现象,它大约已有一百多年的历史了,但在近几十年,城市郊外化发展趋势更为明显,已经成为西方城市经济学和城市规划研究的一个重要内容。 城市郊外化是指人口和经济活动由城市中心向城市郊区发展的一种趋势,反映在城市地域景观上就是城市地域的不断扩大,城市景观的向外延伸。城市郊外化发展的最根本原因是技术的进步,特别是交通技术的进步使得城市远距离通勤成为可能。城市中心地区的变化也是促使城市郊外化发展的一个     

轨道交通对城市空间的影响分析——以天津为例

正一、研究背景(一)城市与空间随着经济的高速增长,中国正经历着高速的城市化,现在的城市化速度远远高于过去几十年西方发达国家的城市化速度,也远远超出地方政府的想象。有研究表明,城市化较晚的国家或地区其城市化速度往往更快。随着高速的城市化,城市的用地规模和人口规模也高速增长。经过对北京、上海、天津、重庆、广州、大连、苏州及福州等城市的统计,大部分城市均提前5年以上突破现行总体     

韩国城市空间拓展特点及对中国城市化的启示

研究韩国城市空间拓展的模式、特点以及不足,综合分析中国城市化的现状与趋势,在中国现有城市化发展的基础上,结合韩国城市化发展的经验和教训,构建中国未来城市化战略和城市空间设计,力求为提升中国城市发展水平提供借鉴。     

科学发展观引领下的中国城市化速度探讨

步入新世纪之后,中国城市化实现了加速发展,每年均以超过1%的速度推动城市化,城市现代化的进程也在迅速发展.这无疑成为中国走向现代化,实现民族复兴的重要内涵.     

日本东京都市圈的空间结构变动、规划变迁及其启示

随着全球经济一体化和国际分工日益加深，单一的城市已经日益扩大为大都市圈与都市带，成为城市现代化进程的重要特征。大都市圈的形成与发展使城市地域空间形态发生了重构，资本、产业、劳动力等要素出现了新的流动与空间配置方式，对城市管理、产业发展、地域均衡等都构成了重大挑战。东京都市圈是世界上四大都市圈之一，二战后迅速形成与发展，其间又经历了逆城市化与再城市化，显然，东京都市圈的形成与发展过程中经历了诸多挑战。     

论上海城市化过程中的社会分化和整合

伴随城市化过程的是日益明显的社会分化。在西方资本主义社会现代化的发端时期，由社会分工所导致的职业分化是城市化的显著性标志，同时这一职业分化也促进了资本主义社会的繁荣与发展；资本主义发展到今天，城市化已高度发达，甚至出现逆城市化的趋势，社会分     

试析不同社会文化环境中的群体差异--转型期城乡儿童社会化比较

城市与乡村作为两种不同的人类生活环境,存在着许多差异.在世界城市化浪潮中,一些已实现城市化的国家城乡之间的差距正在逐渐缩小,甚至出现了逆城市化趋势,严格意义上的城乡差别已变得模糊.我国也正在向城市化方向迈进,但由于长期的城乡二元社会、经济结构的存在,市场经济条件下城乡面临不同的发展机遇而发展不同步等原因,目前中国的城乡差别依然是不容忽视的.     

中国城市发展引发的地质问题与绿色对策

中国快速的城市化带来了许多资源环境交织的矛盾与问题,其中与城市地质环境相关的问题越来越突出。工程经济活动已成为城市地质环境的重大影响因素。城市绿色转型将带动中国城市化向更高的水平推进,也为城市地质环境问题的解决提供了新思路。从理性与适度增长、转变城市化的推进模式、系统地建设生态环境、优化经济布局、转变建设和管理模式和城乡地质环境的统筹等绿色战略方面出发,可以提高城市地质环境政策制定的立意高度,在未来城市的地质环境发展中充分地显示经济、社会和环境相协调的绿色思想内涵。     

城市化发展、城市居住空间结构分化与城市农民工居住空间分析——以上海市为例

城市化既是“人口的城市化”,也是“空间的城市化”。随着城市化发展,城市内部空间结构重组明显,社会分层现象明显体现在居住空间分化上,城市居住空间分异程度加剧。通过上海人口城市化的发展历程分析,对城市化进程中的上海市城市居住空间结构演变及特征进行剖析,进而对农民工居住空间演变、特征及存在问题进行分析和研究,并提出相应的对策建议。     

Urban policy,economic policy,and the growth of large cities in China

It is argued that despite a Chinese national urban policy large cities are still growing rapidly. Policy implementation is considered weak. It is suggested that a better strategy for increased urbanization in large Chinese cities would include integrating urban with economic policy, improving urban facilities, and planning and managing large cities. A short review is given of theories on city size and development in developing countries. Chinese economic reforms and their impact on urban growth are described. During 1978-90 the level of urbanization rose from 17.9% to 26.4%. Five periods during 1949 to present are identified as exhibiting distinct development profiles. Over the 40 year period, policies pertaining to cities of a particular population size changed constantly. During the early 1950s, development focused on major coastal cities and newly expanding industrial centers. After the 1950s and the Great Leap Forward (1958-60), rural areas and small urban places were the focus of Maoist development. Large cities were de-emphasized. The early 1970s emphasized the development of rural industries and small urban places in order to reduce rural-urban inequalities. A national urban policy was prepared in the early 1980s. The aim was to control the size of large cities, to develop medium sized cities, and to develop small cities. This policy was amended later and is now China's Urban Planning Law. However, the percentage of the nonagricultural population (NAP) living in cities of a million or more persons increased from 37.5% in 1978 to 41.6% in 1990. The share of NAP living in small cities increased to 21.5% in 1990. Temporary migrants were an estimated 5-15% of large city populations. Most cities were beyond their population control limit. Large cities had served important roles in development: greater efficiency in the industrial labor force and more profits; centers for culture, education, politics, and transportation; and links to foreign countries. Economic reforms fueled growth. At present controlled growth is an obstacle to economic development in large cities. Improvement is needed in urban management.     

Changes in the urban population of the USSR, 1939-1979

The authors analyze trends in the spatial distribution of the urban population among the republics of the USSR between 1939 and 1979. The increase in the number of large cities and changes in the percent of the country's urban population living in these cities are discussed, and the relationship between levels of urbanization and industrialization is examined     

旧城保护与更新：国际经验及借鉴

旧城保护与更新是一项复杂的系统工程,本文结合快速城市化背景下我国城市更新面,临的主要问题,通过对欧美国家旧城保护与更新的实践及其经验教训分析,从中探寻旧城保护与更新_的有效途径与模式,为我国的城市更新与可持续发展提供有益借鉴,     

论中国特色新型城镇化发展的体制机制

建设中国特色的社会主义,必须坚持走中国特色新型城镇化道路,完善城镇化健康发展的体制机制。要着力推进以人为核心的城镇化,着力推动大中小城市和小城镇协调发展,着力推进区域城市协调发展,着力推进城乡一体化发展。     

How small cities affect the biodiversity of ground-dwelling mammals and the relevance of this knowledge in planning urban land expansion in terms of urban wildlife

Fundamental principles regarding urban biodiversity are based on studies conducted in large cities. However we cannot know whether the same phenomena occur in smaller cities or how small cities affect biodiversity. Small cities are an inherent element of urbanization and in the future, most global urban growth is expected to take place in small and medium-sized cities. Understanding the effects of small cities on biodiversity will be an important aspect in planning urban land expansion. Our study examined the effects of a small city on communities of small ground-dwelling mammals on 41 sites arranged in a four step gradient of urbanization. In 6700 trap-days, we caught 2333 individuals comprising 15 species. In the downtown area the same phenomena as those described for large cities were observed: a reduction in species richness and diversity, a decline in the abundance of urban sensitive species and an increase in synurbic species. However, in contrast to large city studies, green areas outside the downtown area did not differ from rural sites in small mammal population parameters. This phenomenon of relatively unchanged fauna outside the downtown area shows that small cities have the potential to maintain a high level of diversity of small ground-dwelling mammals if appropriate planning of further building expansion is implemented. More studies of small cities are needed to better assess their impact on biodiversity. This knowledge can then be applied in better planning for urban wildlife. Generalizations based solely on large city studies are inadequate and may lead to incomplete or inappropriate conservation strategies for small cities.     

我国城市房屋征收补偿存在的缺陷与对策研究

随着国民经济持续高速发展和城市化脚步不断向前推进,城市建设中的房屋征收问题逐渐成为各方关注的焦点。在我国许多城市都出现了暴力强制征收的恶性事件,征收纠纷已成为一个日益严重的社会问题。对被征收人进行合理补偿可以在一定程度上缓和征收人与被征收人之间的矛盾。文章从我国城市房屋征收补偿存在的问题入手,对于完善我国城市房屋征收补偿制度提出了几点建议。     

A comparative study of urban fragmentation patterns in small and mid-sized cities of Idaho

Urbanization has a massive impact on ecological function and impedes the provisioning of environmental services. The interaction between urbanization and the environment has been researched extensively. However, the existing research focused on the urbanization characteristics of large metropolitan areas. In this paper, we investigate the urban fragmentation patterns of small and mid-sized cities in Idaho, USA. To capture the urban morphology for each site within the study we use both concentric ring and transect analysis as well as several spatial/landscape metrics. Our results show that the characteristics of urbanization in small and mid-sized cities (and those in second-tier regions that attract relatively little scholarly attention) are consistent with growth phase theory of urbanization, urbanization along a gradient, and urbanization patterns of metropolises.     

从“他者”到“群我”:城市化进程中随迁子女融入问题

中国"农民工"现象是城市化进程的产物。农民进城务工常态化,其随迁子女城市入学问题随之产生。由于中国社会长期沿袭的城乡二元分割文化体系及其以等级意识进行身份界定的社会心理支撑,使农民工子女城市就学存在制度障碍及跨文化适应障碍。开展社会机制建设,确保农民工合法权益,消除农民工及其子女面临的身份歧视,实现文化调试(跨文化适应)与文明融合,是促进农民工随迁子女学校融入与社区适应的规范路径。     

Spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization over the past three decades: a comparison between two large cities in Southwest China

China’s economic development over the past three decades has been remarkable due to the establishment of the “Reform and Opening-up” program. Meanwhile, urbanization, one of the most intensive human activities, has significantly changed the land cover across China. Here we used remote sensing data and landscape metrics to explore the spatiotemporal patterns of urbanization in two large Chinese cities, Chengdu (1978–2010) and Chongqing (1976–2010). Results suggested that urban land in both cities experienced a significant growth and became 9.8 and 6.3 times larger than the initial for Chengdu and Chongqing, respectively. The edge-expansion was the major urban growth form for both cities, accounting for more than 40 % of total three types (i.e., edge-expansion, infilling, and outlying) although fluctuating during the whole period. Both cities started a spurt growth in the 1990s although the starting times were different (1992 and 1996 for Chengdu and Chongqing, respectively) because of different policies. Spatial distribution of the newly developed urban lands was largely constrained by topography. Landscape analysis not only revealed an increasing fragmentation and complexity in the study area under the impact of urbanization, but also tested the hypothesis on urbanization patterns.     

市场主导下的快速城市化地区更新规划初探——以深圳市香蜜湖为例

快速城市化背景下,随着经济的快速增长和城市空间的不断拓展,通过城市更新进行存量土地资源的整合和潜力挖掘,已经成为实现城市社会经济可持续发展的重要途径。同时,深圳相对成熟的市场化环境也使得当地城市更新面临着更加复杂的局面。本文试图通过对深圳近年来城市更新规划实践的梳理,基于实证分析总结市场化背景下城市更新的经验和教训,为国内其他城市的城市更新实践提供一些参考。