社区民主政治参与问题——以浙江X村为例

基层民主政治建设,是我国民主政治发展过程中重要的一个环节。农村社区的民主政治制度是农民利益表达的主要机制。文章通过浙江一个农村社区的视角,运用社区权利理论,从农村社区居民参与社区事务的特点出发,探讨社区居民政治参与问题现状,对于存在的主要问题提出针对性的解决措施。     

社会资本对居民社区参与的影响

党的十八大以来,社区建设已成为当前和谐社会建设的重要基础,而积极广泛的居民社区参与则成为了城市社区建设的必然要求和内在动力。本文引入社会资本理论,充分分析其对居民社区参与的影响,并试图通过社会资本理论找出当前居民社区参与不足的原因,提出相应的有效举措解决现状,以此来促进我国和谐社会的建设。     

城市居民社区参与现状及其影响因素分析——以深圳市X社区为例

近年来,城市居民社区参与现状堪忧,表现出参与主体失衡、参与广度和深度有限、参与机制不健全、居民参与潜能欠开发等问题,已成为社区建设深入推进的瓶颈。本文基于对深圳X社区居民参与现状及其影响因素的经验性分析,提出促进城市居民有序社区参与的解决策略。     

社会交换理论视角下社区参与的困境研究

当前,城市发展的促进力量之一便是社区建设,社区参与是社区建设的动力,因而要促进城市发展,社区参与是我们必须面对的一个重要因素。我国社区总体参与率低、参与深度不够、参与目标层次低、参与机制不合理等问题已经成为现实,想要扭转该局面,必须对表象背后的深层原因进行探究。在回归我国社区参与现状的前提下,我们以社区居民和社区两个主体作为出发点,以社会交换理论为指导来分析居民社区参与的困境,希望可以从中找出一条社区参与在"后单位时代"的现实出路。     

浅析我国城市社区管理中的公众参与

本文通过对公众参与的重要性分析,指出了现阶段我国社区管理中公众参与出现的问题,并从制度规范、公民精神、参与渠道三方面进行了探讨,提出了解决的策略。     

多元治理视角的社会组织参与社会保障的思考

改革开放40年,我国公民对社会保障的需求日趋呈现多样性和差异性,仅以政府为主体提供社会保障已远远满足不了公众的需求。从多元治理视角,采用逻辑分析法和实证分析法,对我国社会组织参与社会保障的现状和取得的成绩、存在的问题进行梳理,并从明确社会组织主体地位、资源联动和加强自身建设三个方面给出具体参与途径。     

资源互赖视角下的青年社区参与——基于对X社区新冠肺炎疫情治理三阶段的调查

如何促进青年居民参与城市社区治理是关系到新时代社会治理创新的重要议题。青年的社区参与并非仅是微观的个体选择，亦与宏观的社会环境密不可分。依据资源依赖理论，从外部环境与内在选择两个维度构建分析框架，对X社区在新冠肺炎疫情突发、常态和反弹三个治理阶段下青年居民组织的发展进行追踪分析，研究发现，建立并维护社区治理主体间的资源互赖关系是实现青年长效社区参与的关键，而青年居民在社区参与中增进的团结与信任能促进社区社会资本的重构，进而推动社区发育的进程。     

临汾市公民参与社区事务的现状调查分析

参与式社区自治的核心内容,没有居民参与的社区自治不能称之为自治,没有社区居民参与的社区建设如空中楼阁。行为是意识的表现,作为公民社会应有的公民意识最终还是反映在公民参与公民社会的行为上,因此,公民是否具备了公民社会所需的公民意识可以通过其行为表现来衡量。本文将选取山西省临汾市区120名公民发放120份问卷,有效回收问卷118份,有效回收率98.3%。以这118名公民为研究对象,针对公民参与社区事务的现状进行调查,并针对公民参与社区事务存在的问题及治理措施进行分析。     

基于整体性视角的社区更新:框架、模式与案例 — —以佛山桂华邨社区为例

现行的政府单一主导、政府与开发商合作的社区更新模式与业主的自主更新需求产生了矛盾.针对现有研究对社区更新的系统性缺乏关注的问题,本文从整体视角出发,通过构建"参与主体—程序设计—法规政策—资金调配"四维框架,分析现行社区更新模式与业主自主更新需求产生冲突的内在机制.在优化现有模式的基础上,提出三种适应业主自主更新需求的...     

社区文化参与对西北农村妇女能力建设的影响研究

妇女生产力的发展,主要通过提高与生产方式要求相适应的能力建设推进,因此妇女能力建设问题成为提高妇女综合素质的关键。从社区文化参与视角实地研究西部农村妇女能力建设是本文的创新。社区文化参与对妇女能力建设的本土化、增加妇女对项目的归属感具有十分重要的作用,是妇女能力建设的根本途径。     

Community reintegration for people with psychiatric disabilities: challenging systemic barriers to service provision and public policy through participatory action research

People with psychiatric disabilities represent a growing group within the population of nursing home residents in the USA. Despite a preference for living in community‐based settings, the availability of supportive services for community living is hindered by barriers at both the service provision and public policy levels. Therefore, understanding and responding to the community living and participation needs of people with psychiatric disabilities is a highly relevant area for action research. This paper discusses a participatory action research endeavor carried out in collaboration with key personnel at Centers for Independent Living who work to provide community reintegration services for individuals with psychiatric disabilities. The events of this 15 month partnership are extensively described, analyzed and discussed. Findings reflect the critical need for communication, dialogue and action to support people with psychiatric disabilities in the community.     

Education in the crucible of a postcolonial revolution: community reaction to the challenges of Zimbabwe’s crisis

It is paradoxical that when Zimbabwe was experiencing the worst economic situation in its recorded history and the highest inflation rate ever experienced worldwide by any nation at peace, its educational achievements were unprecedented. The economy had untold negative effects on the education system causing mass exodus of teachers, dilapidation of infrastructure, shortage of library books and even lack of food. However, against this backdrop, the country scored major successes in education. In 2010, Zimbabwe became the highest ranked in terms of literacy on the continent. University enrolment was ninefold by 2006, and technical and vocational education has achieved similar developments. How and by what means? Research on education has so far mainly focused on the institutions of higher learning with little or no concern at all about community activities and efforts to sustain education at various levels. In fact until recently university education in Zimbabwe has had little community participation. This had to change during the last decade when the state could not afford to fund its own army, let alone education. Donor, bilateral and multilateral funding were withdrawn as the sanctions screw tightened. This research explores the community (students and parents) efforts in sustaining education from secondary to tertiary institutions. How did parents and students react to the deteriorating conditions of education and with what effect? The study findings indicate parents responded by supporting teachers with money and food, engaging in economic activities such as cross-border trading, and were involved in teaching the students. The students also responded by engaging in peer education and sharing resources such as books. This study could widen our understanding of community participation in education particularly at university level.     

Community Attachment,Religious Participation,and Quality of Life Satisfaction among Adults Involved in Civic Participation

Civic participation constitutes a range of activities that strengthen participatory democracy, such as voting, volunteerism, association membership, or political and community activism. Factors associated with civic participation are community attachment, religious participation, and quality of life satisfaction. Using a sample of 55 adults, ages 18 to 92 years, the results indicate that this is an engaged sample group in the volunteer arena with high religious attendance, attachment to their communities, and average satisfaction with their quality of life as outcomes of their civic participation.     

What I do I understand: Teaching community work in the Australian Capital Territory

Abstract

Social work students need to develop both theoretical and practical foundations of knowledge. In a period where community practice is becoming more marginalised the Australian Catholic University subject Social Work Practice with Communities is a core component in the two year professional degree program. It combines an experience based learning approach with traditional teaching methods. Through community projects students learn real-life problem solving and gain confidence in their abilities as community workers. The paper focuses on the relationship between gaining knowledge of conceptual frameworks for community work practice and learning skills. It reviews educational considerations in teaching a subject where conceptual, practical and theoretical components are equally important for competent practice. It demonstrates how the School promotes community work.     

Community orientation of services for persons with a psychiatric disability. Comparison between Estonia,Hungary and the Netherlands

This article explores the way mental health services and social services are orientated on assisting people with a psychiatric disability to participate in different areas of community life. A large research project about community participation in three different countries (Estonia, Hungary and the Netherlands) confirms the findings of other studies that – regardless of geographical location – people with a psychiatric disability have difficulty fulfilling social roles in the community. They are often faced with fewer opportunities than other citizens, due to their health problems, stigma, discrimination and poverty [World Health Organisation. (2011). World report on disability. Geneva: WHO]. An important objective of social work is to help people find their way in society. Surprisingly enough, in all three countries, most social workers are mainly focused on solving individual problems, and not on community participation. Shifting the focus starts by having a clear awareness of the notion of community participation. Social workers have to work both on supporting individuals to find their way in the community (individual support), and on supporting social networks in the community to accommodate persons with a disability on the basis of equal and valued citizenship (community support).     

Horizontal Participatory Planning in Prostate Cancer Prevention: An Analysis of the Mississippi Prostate Cancer Project

We examined the Mississippi Prostrate Cancer Project (MPCP) using a 12-point assessment tool organized within three conceptual elements: stakeholder participation, cultural and structural relationships, and partnership synergy. A case study design involving participant observation and content analysis is adopted, and interpretive methods including frame and categorical analysis are used in data analysis. Though MPCP did not meet all the criteria specified in our conceptual framework, beneficiary participation and empowerment was intense. The MCPCP a unique case of community participation where lack of beneficiary project initiation does not diminish quality of participation or empowerment. Horizontal participatory approaches demonstrated in this project, created space for the growth of community social capital necessary for sustainable community development in disadvantaged communities, by cultivating beneficiary project leadership in the planning hierarchy.     

Community Effects on Welfare Participation

This paper conceptualizes and estimates a model of welfare participation that tests for community effects. Theoretically, the model is consistent with Fischer's (1984) notion of urban life, and a welfare participation model developed by Rank and Hirschl (1993). The empirical analysis includes aggregate and multivariate tests, and an identification of these effects in terms of household knowledge and behavior. We find strong evidence that community structure influences the decision to get food stamps, and one notable difference with the Rank and Hirschl findings: community poverty level is a more powerful and global predictor of participation than is population density. The findings suggest emendations to Wilson's notion of the truly disadvantaged insofar as residence in high poverty areas afford opportunities for information exchange and the development of specialized networks.     

Participatory shaping of community futures in e‐waste processing hubs: Complexity,conflict and stewarded convergence in a Palestinian context

This article describes an unconventional participatory development approach carried out in an informal e‐waste hub in South‐West Hebron, an area that has collected and processed the bulk of Israeli e‐waste for over a decade. Our approach contributes to the critique and recovery of community representation in participatory development and the search for ways to facilitate representative community engagement. Specifically, we describe our use of a novel Delphi‐like method that allowed us to facilitate a broadly endorsed development trajectory within a heterogeneous and conflicted community. We show how the results yielded by this approach diverged from those that were likely to emerge from more facile forms of participation in ways that are important for other similar e‐waste hubs internationally, which face a destructive status quo on the one hand, or the economically ruinous international policies that ban e‐waste trade from “developed” to “developing” countries on the other. Despite real tensions and cleavages within the affected communities, the process described facilitated a shift from deadlocked environmental versus livelihood positions towards building capacity and regulating existing informal e‐waste trades to preserve livelihoods dependent on these.     

How Theory and Research Inform Citizen Participation in Poor Communities: The Ecological Perspective and Theories on Self- and Collective Efficacy and Sense of Community

The engagement of residents in poor, disadvantaged communities has been a focus of social work practice since the early part of the twentieth century. In the person:environment configuration, a renewed appreciation is building for community-level factors in human behavior and functioning. Poor neighborhoods are transactional settings that can negatively impact human behavior and development. However, active citizen participation can positively impact neighborhoods, including strengthening residents' individual and collective capacities and relationships. This article uses the ecological perspective to examine the neighborhood as a transactional setting that influences individual and collective behavior and outcomes and citizen participation as vehicle for improving outcomes for residents living in poor communities. The article also discusses theory and research on self- and collective efficacy and sense of community to understand the motivation for and benefits of citizen participation. Implications for social work research and practice are discussed.     

The Significance of Planned Community Participation in Problem Solving and Developing a Viable Community Capability

Abstract

During the last three decades, there has been widespread interest in the role of community participation in development. However, the reasons why grassroot participation is essential have not been clearly and systematically studied. This paper aims to fill that knowledge gap. It argues that grassroots participation in community problem-solving (development) is essential for three fundamental reasons. It facilitates: (1) proper problem diagnosis and needs assessment, (2) sound decision-making regarding choice of relevant and feasible goals/solutions, and (3) successful program implementation. Evidence from recent literature and empirical case studies suggests that voluntary and planned grassroot participation fosters these conditions, and as a result, is a potent vehicle for promoting local, regional, and national development.