少数民族习惯法的国家法功能调试价值探析——基于非正式制度视域

在少数民族的历史发展和文化传承中,少数民族习惯法具有正式规范不可替代的作用,基于历史和现实的原因,它对于少数民族群体及其成员的文化心理、思维模式和行为方式都具有极为重要的影响.在现代社会中,少数民族习惯法依然具有传承文化、增强民族凝聚力、维持社会秩序、规范个体行为等重要价值.在以法治为标志的社会治理现代化进程中,少数民族习惯法表现出与法治理念的价值断裂、经济社会转型中的价值递减和民族社会发展中的个体价值认同弱化等问题.在推进全面依法治国的进程中应努力实现国家法体系的功能和习惯法价值的协调适应、加快习惯法在法治进程中的价值适应性、发挥社会转型中习惯法的独特价值、以群众的广泛积极参与增强习惯法的法律实效,使习惯法逐渐适应法治国家建设的目标和要求.     

民族地区中国法治建设路向探析——以凉山彝族习惯法流变的田野考察为例

民族地区中国法治建设路向,这一提法所要解决的是在国内视野下如何理解全国统一法治体系与区域法治建设的关系,目前学界从法人类学、法社会学视角,在国家与社会的二元结构框架下论证法治多元的客观性已成为一种趋势,存在过分夸大习惯法的价值和作用之嫌;实证调查资料或许论证了由于习惯法自身的模糊性、发展性和变化性等等,使得传统习惯法在市场经济冲击下有恶性流变的趋势,不断地破坏国家整体法治建设,难以成为法治建设中的重要的一极;实证调查资料结论似乎表明:民族地区法治建设路向,应当回归到一元法治的正确道路上来。     

“习惯法”概念的追溯性推演

习惯法是中国法治建设进程中不可或缺的因素,同国家制定法处于同等的地位,习惯法在中国具有丰富多样的表现形式和内容,根据习惯法生成的社会关系的性质不同又可以分为:宗族习惯法、村落习惯法、业缘习惯法、民族习惯法、宗教习惯法五种。在法治至上的现代社会,对习惯法概念的探析需要通过对法的概念进行一个本源字义的追溯性考量和定位,发掘习惯法本身所蕴含的价值和意义,这对于建设中国语境下的以善为主导的法治社会、民族记忆的保存和大国法治的建设无疑具有十分重要的意义。     

乡村治理视野下少数民族习惯法碑刻文献整理与研究——以广西桂林龙胜各族自治县为分析样本

法律碑刻文献作为古代法律实践的珍贵原生史料资源,其承载着地方治理的重要信息.具有地域性、民族性、自发性与制度性的龙胜各族自治县少数民族习惯法碑刻文献,其数量、时空分布与内容凝固了当时地方治理的样貌.龙胜各族自治县少数民族习惯法碑刻文献整理与研究目前存在收集不全、识文断句有讹误,欠缺整体梳理、研究取向较为单一,抽象概括不足、理论高度有待提升等不足.我们应该通过以现代手段促进习惯法碑刻文献收集整理、以多元视角开展习惯法碑刻文献系统研究、以哲学高度凝练习惯法碑刻文献内涵意蕴等方式来进一步挖掘龙胜各族自治县少数民族习惯法碑刻文献蕴含的地方治理信息,从而为当地的新时代乡村治理提供传承与创新式的启迪.     

少数民族习惯法与构建和谐社会

少数民族习惯法生于民间，源于禁忌和习惯，它代表和满足了一定地域、族群内人们的需要。作为历史文化遗留，习惯法有巨大的惯性力量，是实际存在于中国现代社会的有效秩序和规范之一，因此，应充分发掘少数民族习惯法的源泉、认同、规范功能，促进民族地区和谐社会法治建设。     

少数民族习惯法类型化研究

少数民族习惯法类型化研究,作为民族地区法治建设中首先要解决的基础性问题,直接影响到法治化建设工程的推进速度;以类型化研究为视角,包括少数民族习惯法的分类整理和善恶分类这两个逻辑相连的递进层次,以便为民族地方的立法和司法提供直接的立法资源和适用参照,从而加速习惯法与国家法的融合。     

川滇毗邻藏区习惯法对国家法的影响及启示——以凉山州木里藏族自治县为例

通过考察,发现川滇毗邻藏区传统习惯法并未随着社会经济的变迁而淡化,相反对国家法的执行依然发挥着不容忽视的影响力。由此可以看出,习惯法将以其特有的方式长期存在,并与国家法形成长期的互动,理性看待现阶段国家法在民族乡村的有限性并注意引入民间习惯法的一些好的做法,使民间习惯法与国家法进行相互塑造与互动,以达到法律效果与社会效果的有机统一将是国家法在民族地区乡村取得成功的关键。     

回族伊斯兰习惯法的功能

回族伊斯兰习惯法以回族社会为基础,有其功能发生的根据,但由于回族伊斯兰习惯法处于国家法的规范和约束之下,从文化的角度看,它处于一种非主流文化状态,其功能主要包括两个方面内容。一为规范功能,包括心理调适、行为导向、民族凝聚、秩序稳定、文化传承等功能;一为公共功能,主要表现在政治、经济、宗教、道德、法治等领域。在现实条件下,回族伊斯兰习惯法功能中的反功能和非功能或不发生作用,或影响无足轻重。     

少数民族习惯法与国家法的均衡路径探析

在民族法研究领域,国家法与少数民族习惯法之间的互动关系一直是研究的热点和难点.本文在综合前人研究的基础上,尝试采用经济学的相关理论对少数民族习惯法与国家法之间的关系进行新的阐述,同时辅以博弈论为分析工具,以探索国家法与少数民族习惯法之间关系的均衡路径,并计算出二者关系的均衡值域.     

新疆少数民族婚姻家庭的法律问题探析

新疆少数民族婚姻习俗及伊斯兰习惯法与国家现行婚姻法之间存在着基本原则、婚姻成立的实质要件和形式要件等方面的冲突。解决这些问题,必须让国家制定法与伊斯兰习惯法对接,充分协调好国家现行婚姻法律制度及新疆维吾尔自治区补充条例与伊斯兰习惯法的关系,减少或消除二者之间的冲突。     

2011年中国民族法学研究述评

2011年中国民族法学研究成果颇丰。这些研究在内容上的有以下特点：一是内容较为全面,其中民族司法的研究增多且有理论突破;二是出现了一些梳理性、反思性研究成果;三是应用性研究成果增多。这些研究在方法上的有以下特点：一是研究视角的多元化,法律政策学、软法话语成为研究的新视角;二是注重实证研究;三是注重比较研究。在全面梳理的基础上,笔者根据研究内容所涉及的民族法学基本理论、民族权利保护、民族区域自治、民族法制建设、民族习惯法、民族法制史、民族司法等方面分别对其主要成果进行了介绍与评价,在辨别良莠、展示精华的同时,力图为中国民族法学研究的不断繁荣提供可借鉴性的年度综合史料。     

论民族习惯法的渊源、价值与传承--以苗族、侗族习惯法为例

民族习惯法是民族地区适用的民间法,内容丰富但形式上因民族而异,刑事习惯法占据重要内容.民族习惯法具有裁判、教育、调整价值,应当整合三种价值,传承民族习惯法之积极因素,构建新的民族法律文化,推进民族地区法治.     

创新理念 推进自治制度运行和自治地方治理现代化

Deepening reform, promoting the rule of law, and implementing the “Five Develop￣ment ” concepts have had a deep influence on the modernization of governance in ethnic autonomous regions. Based on a review of 30 years of success￣ful experiences in implementing ethnic regional au￣tonomous law, and focusing on the concepts of“innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing”, we need to conduct in -depth research on the ways to:promote governance by law, realize the modernization of governance;and promote the efficient implementation of ethnic autonomous systems in the ethnic autonomous re￣gion.
The 155 ethnic autonomous areas of China cover 64% of the total area of the country. There￣fore, the governance of the country cannot be a￣chieved without modernizing the governance in the ethnic autonomous regions. Modernizing the gov￣ernance in ethnic autonomous regions is a necessa￣ry element for modernizing the governance of the nation. The modernization of the ethnic autono￣mous regions actually means the legalization of the governance in ethnic autonomous areas, which is a main part of the legalization of the ethnic affairs.
The comprehensive, deepening of reform, and promoting governance by law have been strongly promoted. We should start from reality, respect differences, and take the development concepts of“innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing” into consideration so as to promote the ef￣ficient implementation of ethnic regional autono￣mous systems through various methods. We should update our concepts, weaken specificity, solidify locality, intensify new thinking, innovate the run￣ning of ethnic autonomous systems, and promote the modernization of governance in ethnic autono￣mous regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the theories and practices used since the imple￣mentation of ethnic regional autonomous regula￣tions, and under the premise of intensifying “the legalization of ethnic affairs”, we should deepen the comprehensive reform of the ethnic autonomous regions, comprehensively promote the governance by law, and realize the goal of building a moder￣ately prosperous society as scheduled through im￣proving and innovating the running of ethnic re￣gional autonomous systems.
“Ethnic areas are districts with rich resources and water sources; they are ecological screen zones, cultural characteristic zones, border areas, and poor areas.” At the same time, due to histori￣cal, social and natural factors,“the natural condi￣tions of most ethnic areas are not good; their be￣ginning phase of development is low; they have many historical debts; they are located far away from the central markets and urban areas;their ur￣ban-rural gap is very obvious”, and “their gap with the eastern areas ( of China) is growing larger and larger”. The reform and the promotion of gov￣ernance by law in ethnic autonomous areas should put more emphasis on locality, ethnicity and “au￣tonomy”. Of course, we must avoid of “artificial￣ly” intensifying ethnic consciousness, and creating ethnic “differences”. Meanwhile, we should “im￣prove the capability for legal management of ethnic affairs”, “intensify the construction of laws and regulations related to ethnic work”, “legally han￣dle those issues involving ethnic factors”, “insist on resolving issues involving ethnic factors by the law, and avoid of regarding civil and criminal problems related to ethnic people as ethnic prob￣lems, or regarding common disputes in ethnic are￣as as ethnic problems. ”
We should affirm that China’s ethnic relations are harmonious, and that their economics are de￣veloping rapidly. Since the implementation of the policy of “reform and opening -up”, especially since 2005 , the economics in ethnic autonomous regions have developed dramatically; the people’s living conditions have continuously improved;bas￣ic infrastructure has significantly speeded up; and ecological protection has solidly improved. Howev￣er, the problems still prevail. For example, the poverty in ethnic areas is still serious—there are more than 25 million poor in ethnic rural areas. Therefore, the task of poverty alleviation is still very tough. In addition, the gap between urban and rural areas and between different regions is very large in ethnic autonomous regions. Finally, the rate of urbanization is very low.
In sum, during the process of modernizing so￣cial governance in ethnic autonomous regions, we must pay full attention to the five“stage character￣istics” of ethnic work in China which are the:( i) co - existence of opportunities and challenges brought by the “reform and opening -up” policy and the socialist market economy;( ii) co-exist￣ence of the state’s constant support to the ethnic ar￣eas and its low level of development; ( iii ) co -existence of the state’s constant support to the eth￣nic areas and the weak level of basic public service capability in ethnic areas; ( iv ) co -existence of the constant exchange and fusion between various ethnic groups and the disputes involving ethnic fac￣tors;and ( v) co-existence of the great achieve￣ments in anti-national splittism, religious extrem￣ity, and violent terrorism, as well as the active ter￣rorism activities in some areas. Only when we rec￣ognize this situation, can we understand the speci￣ficity of doing ethnic work in China. The innova￣tion of governance of ethnic autonomous areas and the promotion of governance by law in the whole country must start from this actual situation.
At present, we still need to clarify the conno￣tations of autonomous rights. Based on a clear clar￣ification of the basic meaning of ethnic regional au￣tonomous rights, we should deepen reform, active￣ly transform the governance of the ethnic autono￣mous regions, further deepen relevant theoretical studies, and positively promote the ethnic regional autonomous system. The main purpose of the eth￣nic regional autonomous areas is to promote the de￣velopment of the various affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic regional autonomous areas. The purpose for improving the ethnic regional autonomous sys￣tem is to ensure the development of ethnic minori￣ties and ethnic regional autonomous regions. Im￣proving the ethnic regional autonomous system should transform from one of preferential treatment to one of nuanced development.
Looking back to the past, the legal construc￣tion of ethnic regional autonomy has made great a￣chievements. However, the preferential policies of the state and relevant institutes are still the real factors promoting the development of the various af￣fairs of the ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas. As described in this article, there are multi￣ple factors which influence the efficiency and per￣formance of the ethnic regional autonomy. The eth￣nic autonomous regions are restricted by natural conditions and economic development, therefore, they have to depend on assistance from the state and the relevant institutes—this is the objective re￣ality. However, the improvement of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system must change the status of the past, and enable the ethnic regional autono￣mous system play out its actual role so that the va￣rious affairs of ethnic minorities and ethnic autono￣mous regions can step onto a road of nuanced de￣velopment.
The future development of the ethnic regional autonomous system depends on the consensus of theoretical and practical circles, i. e. a long-term mechanism whose purpose is to enable the system itself play its actual role should be established. Only by such a mechanism, can these puzzling problems be solved and gradually improved. Tak￣ing the breakthrough of the actual effect of the sys￣tem as the starting point of the ethnic regional autonomy’s deepening of the reform, one should take the following aspects into consideration:1 ) re-examine existing laws and regulations, and im￣prove them on the basis of institutional norms, en￣hance normalization, uniformity and manipulability of the ethnic regional autonomous regulations; 2 ) sort out the relationship between the institutions in ethnic autonomous areas and the upper levels of the state institutes, as well as the relationship be￣tween the institutions on the same level;on the va￣rious institutional levels, enhance clear cognition on the position, role and organizing principles of the ethnic regional autonomous system, and avoid taking the ethnic regional autonomous system as the affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas;3 ) im￣prove the supervisory mechanisms for running the ethnic regional autonomous system; and 4 ) im￣prove the mechanisms for handling disputes on the running of the ethnic regional autonomous system.
We must work closely, share the achieve￣ments, and promote the operation of the ethnic re￣gional autonomous system. For this purpose, we should:1 ) standardize the management of the eth￣nic regional autonomous system, and weaken the“specificity”;2 ) promote the governance capabili￣ty of the ethnic regional autonomous areas, and so￣lidify the concept of“locality”;3 ) enhance auton￣omous awareness and capability, intensify “new thinking”, motivate initiatives from the autonomous areas, and improve the autonomous system from the bottom-up, and rationally allocate the power and rights of the high-level organs and the auton￣omous organs in the ethnic autonomous areas.     

水族习惯法及其变迁——以贵州省三都水族自治县塘党寨为例

本文通过对贵州省三都水族自治县的一个典型水族村寨——恒丰乡塘党寨——的田野调查,描述了水族习惯法的表现形式、维护机制及其变迁。文章认为,水族地区社会经济的发展、国家权力的深入、长期的“送法下乡”活动以及宗教信仰等文化背景的深刻变化,是水族习惯法发生变迁的主要原因。研究这些变迁及其原因,对于理解和认识少数民族地区乃至整个农村的法治建设,具有不可忽视的作用。     

2012年中国民族法学研究述评

2012年中国民族法学研究成果颇丰。其中,论文约有320余篇,比2011年增加了100余篇。这些研究在内容上有以下特点：一是内容较为全面,其中,民族习惯法、民族司法的研究比往年增多,民族政治权利成为年度重要话题;二是内容上的交叉研究增多;三是出现了一些综述性、反思性研究成果;四是关注了一些热点事件和话题;五是应用性研究成果较多。这些研究在方法上有以下特点：一是研究视角的多元化,协商民主成为年度新话题;二是注重实证研究;三是注重比较研究。在全面梳理的基础上,笔者根据研究内容所涉及的民族法学基本理论、民族权利保护、民族区域自治、民族法制建设、民族习惯法、民族法制史、民族司法等方面分别对其主要成果进行了介绍与评价,在辨别良莠、展示精华的同时,为不断繁荣中国民族法学提供可借鉴的年度综合性史料。     

凉山彝区本土司法实践现状——以越西县的调查分析为例

通过对越西县彝族本土司法实践的实证考察,发现彝族习惯法长期在当地应用于司法实践的事实。这一事实显示习惯法使用的实际权威在彝族社会诸多时候会超出国家法的权限,因此主张国家法应当主动关注并实际承认习惯法的存在,认可或为其保留一定的合法地位和空间。这样,既有利于当地国家法的有效实施,又能满足保护文化和维持村寨秩序的现实需求。     

锦屏林业契约、文书研究中的几个问题

贵州省锦屏一带,苗、侗民族在清朝时期签订了大量的山地买卖、租佃契约,现存部分成为研究中国经济史和法制史的重要要资料,但仅仅从契约,甚至是部分契约的内容来准确揭示锦屏林区家族林业管理方式和在林业经济的背景下国家法与民族习惯法的互动问题是不够的,还必须利用诉讼文书、官府告示及口承资料与其进行互证.文章就一些学者在锦屏林业契约研究中提出的林区家族私有制、林业纠纷的民间处理等观点提出了质疑.     

多元一体法文化:中华法系凝结少数民族的法律智慧

作为世界五大法系之一的中华法系,是以汉族为主体,各民族共同缔造的,它凝聚着少数民族的法律智慧,吸纳了少数民族优秀的法文化成果,是各民族的法律文化与法制经验相互交流与吸收的结果。各个少数民族在中华法系的形成和发展过程中,都做出了自己的贡献,而少数民族的习惯法与民间法,同样构成并丰富了中华法系的内涵。在统一多民族的古代中国,经过经济、政治、文化等多方面的推动,形成了多元一体的中华法文化。     

我国少数民族权利法律保护探析

通过法律规范保护少数民族的合法的权利、帮助他们融入到主体社会,是解决民族矛盾与创造和谐社会的前提。我国《宪法》和其他法律法规通过专门条款规定禁止民族歧视,保护少数民族的语言、宗教和文化特性,促进少数民族的各种机会。这些规范在保障我国少数民族的各项权利方面起了重要的作用。但是,由于我国民族法制建设还不够完善,少数民族法律工作人员数量不足,法律的执行遇到了一些困难。本文通过透析中国民族法制保护少数民族权利的作用,分析我国少数民族权利法律保障的状况以及存在的不足,进而寻找完善我国民族法制的途径。     

复线逻辑:“行动”中的壮族习惯法及其未来面向研究——以贵州省N自治县为表述对象

以时间为自变量,空间为他变量,辅之田野方法,方可促成对壮族习惯法演化机制的立体解构。就实践表征而言,壮族习惯法并非静止不变,它既与本民族在区域社会中的生存状态、经济活动、社会地位、文化生活息息相关,又体现出族群在面对不同政治经济环境时所做出的竞争、协商与妥协。"国家在场"对壮族习惯法的形塑,采取的是一种复线逻辑,并聚焦于载体重构、机制再造、属性蜕变三重维度。在壮族习惯法的未来发展面向上,应实现三个转变,即支配逻辑层面的"效力外溢"到"效力紧缩",传承策略层面的"单一型范"到"兼容并蓄",生存契机层面的"法律一元"到"多元司法"。