关心下属应“八戒”

<正>时下,不少领导者觉得下属难管,有的也想了很多办法.但仍收效甚微。笔者认为,一个领导者要关心好、管理好下属,不能不做到“八戒”:     

下属对抗权:抑制领导者权力腐败的另一路径

领导从来不是领导者向下属发号施令影响下属的单向过程,而是领导者与下属之间相互影响、相互依赖、相互交换的双向过程.在这一过程中,下属的需求、价值观、个性特质和能力等状况会或强或弱、或明或暗、或积极或消极地左右着领导者手中权力的运用. 一、下属的盲从、逢迎和依赖是领导者权力腐败的重要促成因素 安弗莎妮·纳哈雯蒂的权力腐败循环理论认为,私欲膨胀是领导者权力腐败的开端,而导致领导者私欲膨胀的除了个人因素和组织结构因素外,还有来自下属的因素. 首先是顺从型下属.顺从型下属被罗伯特·凯利看作是“积极的但却没有任何批评精神的依赖者”,是领导者的“应声虫”(yes people).他们缺乏独立性,唯命是从.只要是上级命令,无论是否违反组织原则和规范,他们都毫不犹豫立即去执行.他们行为的动机并不复杂:可能出于对领导者手中权力尤其是强制权和奖酬权的畏惧或期待;可能因为卑躬屈膝和自我轻视的个性倾向,也可能为不想给自己找麻烦而避免与领导发生冲突.无论哪种情况,他们的总是服从让领导者产生“服从的幻觉”——相信自己总是英明正确的,否则下属为什么总是没有异议地服从呢?于是,领导者变得飘飘然而逐渐自我膨胀,滋生并不断强化自我特殊性的意识,越来越轻视下属,从心底认为他们无能并进而无视他们的参与权,直至无视组织规范,大权独揽,独断专行.     

重视下属的非经济需求

据有关调查统计,在影响人才流动的各项因素排名中,经济待遇仅居第四位,而非经济待遇如晋升机会公平、领导重视、人际关系和谐则分列一、二、三位。可见,领导者应高度重视下属的非经济需求。重视尊重需求。科学发展观强调以人为本,它要求领导者充分尊重下属。尊重下属,首先要尊重下属的人格。领导者若总是居高临下,采取“家长式”作风,动辄刺伤下属的自尊心,就会使下属本能地产生一种离心力和强烈的逆反心理,从而影响上下级关系。为此,领导者要以平等的心态善待下属,多表扬,少责备。其次要尊重下属的个性。每个人都有不同的个性特征和兴趣爱…     

善于为下属建好"三台"

作为一名领导者,要想领导好下属,最大限度地调动下属的工作积极性,不断提高他们的工作效能,就要让他们施展才华有平台、角逐竞争有擂台、成就事业有舞台。那么,如何才能为下属建好“三台”呢?笔者有以下几点认识。当好“班长”建平台。为下属创造一个良好的工作环境,建起良好的工作平台,是确保下属保持良好工作状态和发挥好个人主观能动性的根本所在,同时也是保证领导工作顺利开展和取得成功的重要因素。对于领导者来说,要想为下属建好工作平台,首先,要当好“班长”,带领和团结好领导班子。领导工作是分层次进行的。作为领导者,带领和团结好…     

善于培养“不听话”的下属

在工作实践中,有的领导者总是对那些温顺如羊、言听计从的下属宠爱有加,而对那些个性鲜明、拒绝盲从、敢于质疑且有独特见解的下属颇为头疼,认为其"不听话",脑后有"反骨".诚然,下属"听话"固然有助于树立领导威信,提高办事效率,降低管理成本,但过度"听话"带来的弊端也显而易见. 其一,不利于民主政治建设.一个崇尚个人权威、痴迷"舆论一律"、喜好下属盲从的领导,必然是唯我独尊、自我感觉良好、难容异见者.他们往往独断专行,缺乏民主作风,钟情"一言堂".同时,对有独特见解的下属有着天然排斥感,会自觉不自觉地压缩他们的生存和成长空间,剥夺其张扬个性和独立思考的权利.     

领导者要善于赏识下属

赏识下属是指领导者善于认识和发现下属的才能和取得的工作成绩,并予以重视或赞扬.领导者的赏识过程,实际上就是调动下属积极性的工作过程.综观古今中外,但凡成功的领导者都有一个共同的特点:善于赏识下属.     

如何开发下属的潜能

每一个生命个体都有潜能,不但能量巨大,而且很少开发利用.有一个著名的冰山理论形象、生动地解释了潜能的开发情况.大多数人的自身潜能只开发了冰山一角,而成功人士则连同海下冰山也一起开发利用了,也难怪他们会成功.作为一个现代领导者,并不需要你事必躬亲.要知道,一个领导者如果太勤快,下属就会有依赖性,而一个领导者对工作如果事事关心,同样会挫伤下属的工作积极性.领导者的任务是统领全局,把握大方向,同时给下属以自由,让下属各司其职,各尽其责.要避免下属的能力被浪费闲置,最好的办法是让他们充分挖掘生命潜能,各自鸣奏出生命的最强音.领导者如何开发下属的潜能,笔者有以下几点建议.     

企业领导激励下属的"艺术"

领导者对下属实施激励是其永恒的课题.企业领导与其他方面的领导相比,其激励下属的方式、方法有重大差别,对于中国企业的领导者来说,更具有特殊性.企业的领导者在激励下属时必须注意以下六个方面:     

避免下属对你『审美疲劳』

领导者和下属长期相处,下属对其处世态度、行事风格、工作方法、脾气性格等都了如指掌,就可能导致下属对其失去新鲜感,我们把这种现象称为"审美疲劳".下属对领导者的"审美疲劳"会不同程度地削弱领导者的亲和力、号召力和单位的凝聚力.因此,领导者如何在下属面前保持恒久的人格魅力、影响力和号召力.是一个值得重视和研究的问题.     

领导恩威并施激发下属追随力之方略

恩威并施是一种有效的激励手段,也是一门领导艺术,运用得当,能很好地激励下属。领导者要想发挥好个人威信的效用,就必须从树立威信入手,即以德立威、以行立威和以法立威。以德立威,要求领导者为政以德;以行立威,要求领导者以身作则;以法立威,要求领导者依法治人。领导者应当关心下属的实际利益,既要善用物质激励手段对下属施惠,也要巧用感情激励手段对下属施恩,还要以豁达的胸怀包容下属,恰到好处地赞美下属。     

县委书记、县长如何成为好“搭档”

县委书记与县长的关系如何,影响着一个县的工作成效。因为他们之间的关系不只是个人与个人之间的关系,从某种意义上讲,也是县委与县政府关系的缩影,所以在一个县的领导层中,党政一把手的团结特别重要,上上下下对此都十分关注。可以说,上级组织在搭配班子……     

上级怎样帮扶下级一把手

现在什么工作都强调抓一把手,一把手抓,一把手负总责;工作没有做好,拿一把手是问,要求一把手引咎辞职……这些做法有其一定道理,是符合现代管理的能级管理原则的。但是,作为下级一把手如果离开了上级领导……     

给后任留下一片天

领导者离开原来的领导岗位,一般有这样几种情况:被提拔重用,平调交流,离休,退休,降职,免职或撤职等.不管属于哪种情况,都会有后任来接替其领导工作.作为前任领导者,能否正确对待后任,能否恰当处理与后任的关系,事关领导工作的延续与发展,必须慎重对待.笔者认为,前任领导应该为后任领导留下一片有利于发展的天空,具体应注意以下三个问题.     

上级如何为下级挑担子

人非圣贤,孰能无过?当下级工作出现某些失误时,上级往往会为下级承担一些责任,这就是所谓的挑担子.这既是上级的职责所在,也是体制所规定的.但是,这种挑担子,决不是无原则的庇护.为下级挑担子,要在搞清楚失误的性质、责任归属、主客观因素的前提下,有选择地"挑".无原则地"挑",既是对干部的放纵,也会给今后的工作造成更大的隐患,反而会害了干部;有原则地"挑","挑"好了,则可以达到爱护干部、调动干部积极性、融洽上下级关系、促进工作之目的.那么,如何为下级挑担子呢?     

Toward a Framework for Achieving a Sustainable Globalization

Widespread trade liberalization and economic integration characterize the current era of globalization. While this approach has resulted in significant job creation, improved living standards, and a wider variety of cheaper consumer goods and services, opponents question if globalization's benefits outweigh the dislocations and downsides that it causes. Protestors are intent on stalling or rolling back globalization's progression and our review of the history of globalization reveals that a backlash is not without precedent. The article carefully examines the myth and reality of these two opposing positions on four key areas of the globalization debate: jobs; inequality and poverty; national sovereignty and cultural diversity; and the natural environment. This information is then utilized to derive a broad set of feasible policy recommendations that could help bring about a more sustainable form of globalization.     

Choosing a diversification project in a regulated economy

Choosing a diversification project in a regulated economy involves consideration of a large number of micro and macro issues. In order to make an optimal choice of strategy, a formal approach to diversification planning is necessary. This article develops an approach which aims at breaking up the problem of identification and selection of projects into manageable components. The approach involves three steps: identification of broad industry groups: identification of specific projects within each broad industry group; and comprehensive feasibility study. The major benefit of this approach lies in providing a systematic mechanism for reducing the number of alternatives and in recognizing the link between the internal management processes of strategy formulation with the political and administrative processes in government and regulatory bodies. The article is based largely on the Indian experience.     

Estimation When a Parameter is on a Boundary

This paper establishes the asymptotic distribution of an extremum estimator when the true parameter lies on the boundary of the parameter space. The boundary may be linear, curved, and/or kinked. Typically the asymptotic distribution is a function of a multivariate normal distribution in models without stochastic trends and a function of a multivariate Brownian motion in models with stochastic trends. The results apply to a wide variety of estimators and models. Examples treated in the paper are: (i) quasi-ML estimation of a random coefficients regression model with some coefficient variances equal to zero and (ii) LS estimation of an augmented Dickey-Fuller regression with unit root and time trend parameters on the boundary of the parameter space.     

Finding a Length-Constrained Maximum-Density Path in a Tree

Let T = (V,E,w) be an undirected and weighted tree with node set V and edge set E, where w(e) is an edge weight function for e E. The density of a path, say e₁, e₂,..., e_k, is defined as ^k_{i = 1} w(e_i)/k. The length of a path is the number of its edges. Given a tree with n edges and a lower bound L where 1 L n, this paper presents two efficient algorithms for finding a maximum-density path of length at least L in O(nL) time. One of them is further modified to solve some special cases such as full m-ary trees in O(n) time.     

Is a powerful rival a right partner?

This paper explores why powerless firms are faced with the dilemma of whether or not to collaborate with other powerful firms. Two natures of power, competitive and cooperative natures, are compared to study such an imbalance between firms in market power and social power. Testing the syndicated underwritings in the U.S. from 1998 to 2009, we find that egos of low market power are less likely to partner with alters of high market power. In contrast, egos of low social power are more likely to collaborate with alters of high social power. Moreover, the results show that collaborations with powerful partners are not necessarily beneficial or detrimental for the performance of powerless focal firms; only when the high power partners possess a high network constraint which constrains opportunism and facilitates trust, do collaborations with such partners help the performance of powerless focal firms.