Complementary properties of binary relations

After defining the complementary relation R of a binary relation R on a set X, this paper constructs the binary relation C (is a complementary property of) on the set P of nine well known elementary properties that R might possess. It deduces some theorems about C; especially that symmetry is the only one of these possible properties of R on X that is possessed by C on P. The set P may be enlarged to contain other elementary properties of R on X without changing the truth of these theorems, when the symbols of sets are properly modified. Finally, the paper discusses the desirability of a general theory of elementary properties of binary relations for the further development of statistical decision theory.     

Continuous Utility Functions Through Scales

We present here a direct elementary construction of continuous utility functions on perfectly separable totally preordered sets that does not make use of the well-known Debreu’s open gap lemma. This new construction leans on the concept of a separating countable decreasing scale. Starting from a perfectly separable totally ordered structure, we give an explicit construction of a separating countable decreasing scale, from which we show how to get a continuous utility map.      

走向新古典外交：传统战略文化的回归与中国周边安全新战略

新的安全形势呼唤新的安全理念。当前中国＂新外交＂的发展趋势是走向＂新古典外交＂。以周边安全战略的制定和实施而言,这主要表现为三个方面：第一,战略思维的回归,以传统＂二元互补＂为核心内涵的关系思维取代当前以＂二元对立＂为主导特征的机械思维;第二,战略身份与战略目标的回归,即重新思考自身作为一个大国的责任及其与周边国家关系的身份建构问题;第三,安全手段和行为方式的回归,即超越牛顿世界观的单纯机械制衡,转向重构地区认同、社会化地区国家、再造体系文化和体系规范。     

Complementary relations in the theory of preference

(1) This paper uses the following binary relations: > (is preferred to); ⩽ (is not preferred to); < (is less preferred than); ~ (is indifferent to). (2) Savage used primitive ⩾, postulated to be connected and transitive onA (the set of acts), to define the others: [x ~ y ⇔ (x ⩽ y and y ⩽ x)]; [y < x ⇔ notx ⩽ y]; [x > y ⇔ y < x]. Independently of the axioms, this definition implies that ⩽ and > are complementary relations onA: [x < y ⇔ notx > y]. (3) Pratt, Raiffa and Schlaifer used primitive ⩽, postulated to be transitive onL (the set of lotteries), to define the others with a different expression for <: [x < y ⇔ (x ⩽ y and noty ⩽ x)]. Thus, ⩽ and > are not necessarily complementary onL; since ⩽ is not postulated to be connected onL, but connected ⩽ is necessary and sufficient for such complementarity. Since the restriction of ⩽ to the subsetA ofL is connected, ⩽ and > are complementary onA. (4) Fishburn used primitive < onA to define the others with different expression for ~ and ⩽: [x ~ y ⇔ (notx < y and noty < x)]; [x ⩽ y ⇔ (x < y orx ~ y)]. His version of Savage's theory then assumed that < is asymmetric and negatively transitive onA. Thus, ⩽ and > are complementary, since asymmetric < is necessary and sufficient for such complementarity. (5) This analysis provides a new proof that the same list of elementary properties of binary relations onA applies to all three theories: ⩽ is connected, transitive, weakly connected, reflexive, and negatively transitive; while both < and > are asymmetric, negatively transitive, antisymmetric, irreflexive, and transitive; but only ~ is symmetric.     

印度的初等教育

本文对印度初等教育（包括小学和初中阶段）的学校教育阶段的状况、学校教育的资金与管理情况进行了介绍,并从学校的基础设施、教师情况、入学率和教学质量四个方面对印度初等教育体系的表现做出评估。本文认为,印度国情复杂,教育水平提高缓慢且具有地区差异,未来教育水平的提高有赖于政府和地方的共同努力。     

Explaining robust additive utility models by sequences of preference swaps

As decision-aiding tools become more popular everyday—but at the same time more sophisticated—it is of utmost importance to develop their explanatory capabilities. Some decisions require careful explanations, which can be challenging to provide when the underlying mathematical model is complex. This is the case when recommendations are based on incomplete expression of preferences, as the decision-aiding tool has to infer despite this scarcity of information. This step is key in the process but hardly intelligible for the user. The robust additive utility model is a necessary preference relation which makes minimal assumptions, at the price of handling a collection of compatible utility functions, virtually impossible to exhibit to the user. This strength for the model is a challenge for the explanation. In this paper, we come up with an explanation engine based on sequences of preference swaps, that is, pairwise comparison of alternatives. The intuition is to confront the decision maker with “elementary” comparisons, thus building incremental explanations. Elementary here means that alternatives compared may only differ on two criteria. Technically, our explanation engine exploits some properties of the necessary preference relation that we unveil in the paper. Equipped with this, we explore the issues of the existence and length of the resulting sequences. We show in particular that in the general case, no bound can be given on the length of explanations, but that in binary domains, the sequences remain short.     

Simple methods for evaluating and comparing binary experiments

We consider a confidence parametrization of binary information sources in terms of appropriate likelihood ratios. This parametrization is used for Bayesian belief updates and for the equivalent comparison of binary experiments. In contrast to the standard parametrization of a binary information source in terms of its specificity and its sensitivity, one of the two confidence parameters is sufficient for a Bayesian belief update conditional on a signal realization. We introduce a confidence-augmented receiver operating characteristic for comparisons of binary experiments for a class of “balanced” decision problems, relative to which the confidence order offers a higher resolution than Blackwell’s informativeness order.

Where observation is concerned, Chance favors only the prepared mind. —Louis Pasteur (1822–1895).

     

Coalescing,Event Commutativity,and Theories of Utility

Preferences satisfying rank-dependent utility exhibit three necessary properties: coalescing (forming the union of events having the same consequence), status-quo event commutativity, and rank-dependent additivity. The major result is that, under a few additional, relatively non-controversial, necessary conditions on binary gambles and assuming mappings are onto intervals, the converse is true. A number of other utility representations are checked for each of these three properties (see Table 2, Section 7).     

Rational choice on non-finite sets by means of expansion-contraction axioms

The rationalization of a choice function, in terms of assumptions that involve expansion or contraction properties of the feasible set, over non-finite sets is analyzed. Schwartz's results (1976), stated in the finite case, are extended to this more general framework. Moreover, a characterization result when continuity conditions are imposed on the choice function, as well as on the binary relation that rationalizes it, is presented.     

Who Dislikes Whom, and For Whom Does It Matter: Predicting Aggression in Middle Childhood

This study investigated the role of mutual dislike dyads (MDDs) in the development of aggressive behavior across the middle childhood years. Of particular interest was whether involvement in MDDs predicted later aggression, and whether the magnitude of the association between MDDs and later aggression varied based on characteristics of target children and 'others' involved in their MDDs. Data were collected on a community sample of 453 children participating in an ongoing longitudinal study. Classroom peer nomination and rating-scale measures were collected in kindergarten through third grade; aggressive behavior problems were assessed via teacher ratings in the early elementary years (kindergarten and first grade) and late elementary years (fourth and fifth grade). MDD involvement in the middle elementary years (second and third grade) was associated with higher levels of aggression in the late elementary years among boys (but not girls), and these predictions held after controlling for group-level peer disliking in the middle elementary years, aggression in the early elementary years, and demographic variables. The association between MDD involvement and subsequent aggression was also qualified by the aggressiveness of others in children's MDDs: Having more MDDs predicted later aggression only among boys whose MDDs involved mostly non-aggressive others.     

现代汉语中的词位和词位变体

词在语音、词形、语法、意义上的差异所体现的性质、所产生的结果是不一样的,有的属于同一词的不同表现状态,有的则属于不同的词,前者是同一词位的各个变体,后者是不同的词位。现代汉语的词位变体主要有以下四种类型:(1)词的语音形式的变异所形成的词位变体,这种词位变体往往呈现互补分布状态,是一种条件变体;(2)词的书写形式的变异所形成的词位变体,这种词位变体并不呈现互补分布状态,是一种自由变体;(3)词的语法形式的变异所形成的词位变体,这种词位变体主要是通过词的重叠和词内素序的变化来实现的,也是一种条件变体;(4)词的意义上的变异所形成的词位变体,这种词位变体的意义上的变异当然是有限制的,即变异前后的两个或几个意义有着密切的联系,也是一种条件变体。     

The binary search decomposition in a decentralized organization

An analytic model of the resource allocation decision process in a decentralized organization is presented. The model follows the philosophy of Kornai and Liptak in its decomposition procedure but employs the binary search technique in its resource allocation process. Briefly, the model provides two important concepts relevant to the decision making process of a decentralized organization: (1) satisficing technique of coordination and (2) simulation of a resource allocation decision process.     

整合与重建:城市化进程中陕西当代小说研究之反思

长期以来,陕西当代小说研究中的"城""乡"二元对立思维模式,遮蔽了城市化这一动态进程与陕西当代小说创作的现实联系,使得当下陕西小说创作呈现出"断代"、"滞后"等因视角偏差而造成的表象危机,基于此,要想实现陕西当代小说研究的深化和拓展,就应尊重城市化进程与陕西小说创作的多重、互动联系,并在地域文学精神整合的基础上,实现城市化进程中陕西当代小说研究范式的现代性转换。     

企业社会工作及其在企业内部员工关系管理中的运用

企业社会工作是社会工作在企业领域的延伸,在协调企业内部员工关系方面具有重要作用.目前企业社会工作在中国大陆的相关研究积累和实践经验不足,其在我国的发展和应用充满挑战.本文引入企业社会工作这一介入方法,对如何从企业社会工作的视角来协调内部员工关系的实施路径做出深入探索,并从理念、制度和社会工作者角度提出相关政策建议.     

Impact of outward foreign direct investment: Evidence from Asia

The study makes an attempt to contribute to the ongoing policy debate on whether OFDI has a complementary or substitution effect on domestic investment and hence, growth. For the purpose, the current paper uses panel data analysis to understand the impact of OFDI for 14 emerging economies in the period 1981–2019. We supplement the cross-country evidence with a time series analysis for India, given that FDI outflows from the country have been steadily increasing over the years. The results confirm the positive effect of OFDI on economic growth, but the substitution effect for domestic investment. This indicates that the OFDI positively affects growth through its effect on trade and other positive spillover effect, rather than domestic investment. However, in case of India, the findings support the complementary effect of OFDI on domestic investment.     

构架海陆一体化社会生产的经济动因研究

"海陆一体化"自20世纪90年代提出以来,已成为学术界探讨科学发展问题的关注点之一。本文在进一步界定概念的基础上,侧重从经济学基本理论视角,对其合理性和正当性做出解释,指出了它在海陆优势互补、产业链再造、交易成本节约、外部性内化方面的意义;阐述形成海陆一体化的经济动因;提出在管理层面响应经济内在要求的5个领域,即临海产业发展、港口-腹地一体化、交通线路海陆通盘布局、跨海大桥和海底隧道工程、环境污染的海陆综合治理。最后,简述了推进海陆一体化的条件。     

The Impact of Self-Esteem Group Work Practice with Rural Elementary Male Students

The present pilot study examines the effect of a social work self-esteem group as a method for improving the self-esteem and classroom behavior of disruptive male students in an elementary school in rural Georgia. Teachers, educators, and administrators in school systems across the nation are continuously bombarded with a disproportionate number of students who fail to display acceptable standards for appropriate classroom behavior, particularly male students. Research efforts have been directed toward identifying effective social work practice interventions that will bring about meaningful proactive changes to elementary student populations who exhibit such behaviors. A validated outcome measure was included in an uncontrolled pretest–posttest design to determine quantifiable changes. Findings from this study show that after the social work group intervention, posttest scores tended to be lower than pretest scores, which would indicate that there was a notable improvement in elementary students’ self-esteem and class behavior between pretest and posttest assessments. Implications for social work practice are discussed.     

The Relation Between Probability and Evidence Judgment: An Extension of Support Theory

We propose a theory that relates perceived evidence to numerical probability judgment. The most successful prior account of this relation is Support Theory, advanced in Tversky and Koehler (1994). Support Theory, however, implies additive probability estimates for binary partitions. In contrast, superadditivity has been documented in Macchi, Osherson, and Krantz (1999), and both sub- and superadditivity appear in the experiments reported here. Nonadditivity suggests asymmetry in the processing of focal and nonfocal hypotheses, even within binary partitions. We extend Support Theory by revising its basic equation to allow such asymmetry, and compare the two equations' ability to predict numerical assessments of probability from scaled estimates of evidence for and against a given proposition. Both between- and within-subject experimental designs are employed for this purpose. We find that the revised equation is more accurate than the original Support Theory equation. The implications of asymmetric processing on qualitative assessments of chance are also briefly discussed.     

On some suggestions for having non-binary social choice functions

The various paradoxes of social choice uncovered by Arrow [1], Sen [10] and others have led some writers to question the basic assumption of a binary social choice function underlying most of these paradoxes. Schwartz [8], for example, proves an important theorem which may be considered to be a generalization of the famous paradox of Arrow, and then lays the blame for this paradox on the assumption of a binary social choice function. He then proceeds to define a type of choice functions which, like binary choice functions, define the best elements in sets of more than two alternatives on the basis of binary comparisons, but which, as he claims, have an advantage over binary choice functions, in so far as they always ensure the existence of best elements for sets of more than two alternatives irrespective of the results of binary comparisons. The purpose of this paper is to show that even a considerable weakening of the assumption of a binary social choice function does not go very far towards solving some of the paradoxes under consideration, and that if replacing the requirement of a binary social choice function by a Schwartz type social choice function solves these paradoxes, it does so only by violating the universally acceptable value judgment that in choosing from a set of alternatives, society should never choose an alternative which is Pareto inoptimal in that set (i.e., the socially best alternatives in a set should always be Pareto optimal). This argument is substantiated with the help of an extended version of Sen's [10] paradox of a Paretian liberal, and thus a by-product of our analysis is a generalization of the theorem of Sen [10]. The argument itself, however, is more general and applies also to the impossibility result proved by Schwartz [8].We are extremely grateful to Amartya Sen for his helpful comments.

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中国的马克思主义研究向何处去?

作为一种具有学术性的意识形态 ,在中国的马克思主义 (包括其哲学 )研究目前正面临一种危机———一方面 ,其服务于政治实践的成效在下降 ,另一方面 ,其学术水准已明显逊于一些主要的邻近学科。“向何处去”的问题就此显现出来。要克服危机 ,这种研究就必须走向意识形态取向和学术取向的相对分离———前者完全以改革开放和社会发展的政治需要为转移 ,后者则一心求解这个领域中长期积淀的学理问题 ,二者间可形成一种互补结构。其中 ,学术取向的研究应走向与其他学术领域的深度关联 ,走向与国际论坛的积极互动 ,走向观点独立的反思性探讨 ,走向学理资源的创造性转化。