Effects of the timing of marriage and first birth of the spacing of subsequent births

Analyzing data from a fifteen-year follow-up survey of high school students originally surveyed in 1957–58 and resurveyed in 1973–74, this paper examines the effects of the timing of marriage and first birth on subsequent child spacing, holding constant the effects of other variables that may be sources of spuriousness. The results suggest that age at first marriage has a causal effect on the occurrence of a short first birth interval and that age at first marriage and premarital pregnancy interact in their effect on the occurrence of a short second birth interval. Age at first marriage has no causal effect on the spacing of the second birth for those whose first child was maritally conceived. The spacing of the first birth, however, appears to have a causal effect on the spacing of the second.     

A Systematic Review of the Assessment of Quality of Life in Adolescents

This study examined how the quality of life (QoL) affects an individual’s disaster preparedness behavior (PB); furthermore, it also considered and examined the mediating effects of trust in government (GT) and the moderating effects of self-efficacy (SE). One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to test the differences in QoL, GT, SE, and PB, by socio-demographic, and the study hypotheses were verified by using hierarchical regression analysis based on 1682 samples. The Johnson–Neyman technique was used to test the conditional effects of SE on QoL and PB. All the hypotheses presented in this study were supported: (1) QoL had a positive effect on PB; (2) QoL had a positive effect on GT; (3) GT had a positive effect on PB; (4) GT mediated the relationship between QoL and PB; (5) SE moderated the relationship between QoL and PB. Specifically, when SE was high, the positive relationship between QoL and PB increased; (6) SE moderated the relationship between GT and PB. Specifically, when SE was high, the positive relationship between GT and PB increased; and (7) SE moderated the indirect effect of QoL on PB. Specifically, when SE was high, the mediating effect of GT on the relationship between QoL and PB increased. This study makes significant contributions in terms of identifying the mechanisms of QoL on PB based on the moderated mediation model. Improving individuals’ QoL is not only an important societal goal, but also an effective way to enhance people’s positive behavioral outcomes. Therefore, QoL improvement should be considered in the top-level design of government policies, and it should also be regarded as an important indicator of government performance assessment.

     

Cross-Cultural Analyses of Determinants of Quality of Life and Mental Health: Results from the Eurohis Study

Recent projects on international instrument development have produced a wide array of health indicators that may be used for cross-cultural field-testing, however more information on their cross-cultural performance in relation to health determinants is necessary. The current study approaches one step for international conceptual validation by analysing the association between various health determinants and different types of health outcomes (mental health, quality of life) across a range of countries or geographical areas. The current study is based on the EUROHIS project that has been conducted in a sample of 4849 adults across 10 European countries. Results highlight that interactions between health determinants with subjective mental health, general health and quality of life (QoL) differ between Western European countries, Eastern European countries and the Newly Associated States as well as Israel. Using a MIMIC model approach, we were able to show that the impact of each of the sociodemographic variables cannot be interpreted on the basis of its single loading but only seeing the interacting with other indicators. Future studies should include sociodemographics in MIMIC models in each latent factor before carrying out regressions on a larger scale. Future investigations will require larger and representative samples to (a) test models on latent factors of mental health and QoL and (b) on the basis of these findings test overall structural models across countries.     

基于国际人力资本流动视角的中印技术创新模式比较研究

文章通过构建企业创新生产函数并引入国际人力资本流动因素,对中印两国技术创新的影响因素进行计量分析,并重点考察了国际人力资本流动的作用。实证结果表明,中国的技术创新主要来自高研发投入和以FDI技术溢出为代表的国际技术扩散,而印度则更多地依赖国际人力资本流动引致的技术创新、内需及制度方面的政府支持,以FDI为代表的国际技术扩散对其技术创新作用甚微。印度在国际人力资本流动推动技术创新方面比中国更具优势,中国技术创新模式虽然取得了一定成绩,但与印度依靠人才国际化推动创新的模式相比潜力相对不足。     

Quality of Parent–Child Relationship, Family Conflict, Peer Pressure, and Drinking Behaviors of Adolescents in an Asian Context: The Case of Singapore

Analyzing data from a probability sample representative of secondary school students in Singapore (N = 1,599), this study examined the independent impact between the quality of mother–child relationship, the quality of father–child relationship and family conflict on the frequency of drinking and drunkenness, and whether each dyadic parent–child relationship quality and family conflict moderate the effect of direct peer pressure on the frequency of drinking and drunkenness among Singaporean adolescents. A series of ordered logit analyses revealed the following results: The quality of father–child relationship had no main effect on either drinking behavior, yet had a moderating effect on the association between direct peer pressure and drunkenness, with the stronger effect of direct peer pressure for adolescents on good terms with their fathers than for those on poor terms with their fathers. Family conflict had a main effect on drunkenness and a moderating effect on the association between direct peer pressure and the frequency of drinking, with the stronger effect of direct peer pressure on the frequency of drinking for adolescents experiencing high family conflict than those experiencing low family conflict. The importance of the father–child relationship quality and family conflict for adolescents’ well-being in Singapore as an Asian context was discussed.     

北京街头无照经营商贩生存状况调查研究

对城市无照街头商贩的管理和服务问题,以往无论是政府还是学者都从“管理论”的视角去研究这一问题,很少有从商贩本身的角度或需要进行切入。本文以北京市无照商贩的生存状况为研究起点．通过社会调查了解北京街头商贩的工作情况、生活质量、各种关系及需求,最终使读者及相关部门对街头无照商贩的生存处境和需求有一个较清楚的认识,同时也为这一问题的合理解决,实现商贩和城市的共同、和谐发展提供了意见和建议。     

How reporting delay,duration of follow-up and number of cases affect the estimates of the incubation time of transfusion-associated AIDS cases

The authors discuss the impact of reporting delay, duration of follow-up, and number of cases in a sample on estimates of the incubation time of transfusion-associated AIDS cases. "This article comes to the conclusion that the accuracy of the incubation time estimate would depend on the sample size rather than on the duration of follow-up." (SUMMARY IN FRE)     

人力资本配置问题的研究意义探讨

人力资本对经济发展的推动作用取决于人力资本的存量及有效配置 ,我国是一个人力资本存量相对匮乏的国家 ,实现人力资本的有效配置 ,提高人力资本的利用率尤为重要。本文综述了国内外对人力资本配置问题的研究现状 ,概括了人力资本的有效配置对我国的经济发展、就业、产业结构调整、区域均衡发展等的重要意义     

The effects of breastfeeding and pace of childbearing on mortality at early ages

The effects of the pace of childbearing and breastfeeding practices on infant mortality have rarely been considered together. In this paper, we design and use a set of methodological tools to test a variety of hypotheses postulating the effects of breastfeeding and pace of childbearing on mortality in infancy and early childhood, the mechanisms through which those effects operate, and the contingencies that strengthen or weaken them. The strong effects of both length of breastfeeding and the pace of childbearing on the risks of child death suggest that neither of them exerts an impact on mortality totally mediated by the other. Social and demographic factors (such as age of child, education of mother, and region of residence) also condition the impact of breastfeeding and pace of childbearing on mortality.     

Fertility effects of the abolition of legal abortion in Romania

Abstract There is much interest to-day in governmental actions and regulations designed to have an effect on fertility. Widespread concern with the implications of population growth has led to unprecedented attention to the design and implementation of governmental policies intended to affect fertility. Unfortunately, there is very little empirical evidence of the effect of governmental action, largely because of the difficulty of interpreting the causal relations between changes in laws or programmes on the one hand, and fertility trends on the other. For this reason, the drastic alteration of the fertility laws in Romania in 1966 is of special interest in that it provides something approaching an experimental context for examining the effect of a legal code on fertility.     

老龄化对储蓄和社会养老保障的影响研究

本文从一个两期的世代交叠模型入手,分析了人口老龄化对储蓄和社会养老保障支出的影响。在此基础上运用动态GMM模型对我国2000～2008年地区面板数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明:第一,人均居民储蓄滞后项对基期储蓄的影响作用较大且高度显著;当期老年人口抚养比对人均居民储蓄的影响为负,上期老年人口抚养比对居民储蓄并没有显著影响。第二,人均养老保障支出滞后项对当期人均养老保障支出影响作用较大且高度显著;当期老年人口抚养比对人均养老保障支出有促进作用,而上期老年人口抚养比抑制了人均养老保障支出的增加。     

Modelling the effects of population aggregation on the efficiency of insect pest control

Summary A methodology is developed to assess the effects of spatial distribution on the efficiency of insect pest control. This methodology is especially applicable to pest control methods whose efficiency of action depends either positively or negatively on pest density It is applied here to the sterile insect technique and pheromone trapping for male annihilation, which both depend negatively on density. This methodology relies on quantifying clumps of various size and then relating this to efficiency of control and predicting the total pest production given the information on clump sizes and efficiency of control for each clump size. It is found that control is about four times as difficult for a population that is highly clumped (k of the negative binomial distribution=0.25) as for a regularly dispersed population.     

二代流动人口——对新生代流动人口的新划分与新界定

"新生代流动人口"或"新生代农民工"的提法将随着时间的推移越来越不符合现实情况的需要,本文在全面梳理国外二代移民研究成果的基础上,提出"二代流动人口"的概念和划分方式,通过与现有的"新生代流动人口"从理论上进行对比论证了"二代流动人口"群体在未来流动人口研究中的重要意义,最后为人口普查和各项有关流动人口的专项调查提供了数据采集方法上的建议,并提出了未来一些相关的研究议题.     

避孕方法知情选择影响因素的干预分层解析

国际经验表明,全球范围内的避孕方法知情选择在现实与理想之间仍存在一定的差距。文章按照干预实施的需要,运用文献回顾和数据资料从个体/社区、服务提供以及政策措施三个层面剖析我国开展避孕方法知情选择的影响因素。结果显示:首先,我国的相关法律、法规和政策对避孕方法知情选择既有有利的因素也有不利的因素;第二,在服务提供层面,管理人员对避孕方法知情选择的认识有误或认识不足严重阻碍了当地知情选择的开展;第三,社区/家庭等个人密切接触的小环境容易被忽视,这一层次的因素应予以充分重视和足够关注。基于以上认识,提出了开展避孕方法知情选择的干预策略。     

Estimation of european corn borer egg masses density by sampling of runs

Summary Spatial distributions of individuals may be considered in two ways: Firstly, individuals are situated on a continuum. Secondly, individuals are situated on discrete units, for example, insect eggs on plants. The aim of this paper is to show that sometimes, in the latter case, sampling methods based on infestation runs can be of interest in estimating population density. Analytical results are obtained under complete spatial randomness hypothesis and alternative hypotheses. Sampling procedures with limited cost are discussed and the European corn borer (ECB) case is mainly considered.     

甘肃省人才问题研究

本文对近10年来甘肃省人才状况进行了简要总结和分析.通过对人才总量及相对存量、人才的地区分布、人才的行业、职业构成以及科技、教育(主要是师资)状况的分析,就我省人才现状及存在的问题进行了剖析,并指出了症结所在.     

流动儿童社会融合的代际传承

文章利用"人口迁移与儿童发展的跟踪研究"数据,从状态与变动两个方面,讨论了社会融合在代际间的传承问题,以及家庭因素对流动儿童社会融合的影响作用。分析结果显示,社会融合在代际间具有传承性,充分的亲子交流能够促进流动儿童社会融合状况及其发展;控制家庭背景后,学校效应依然显著。结论认为,社会融合不仅具有代际的传承性,而且具有一定的可塑性。传承结果决定了流动儿童社会融合的起点,而亲子交流决定其方向和速度。因此,必须更加重视家庭环境建设与家庭教育方式的改进。     

生命历程视角下的“流动”与“留守”——第二代农民工特征的对比分析

文章利用2010年农民工权益保护理论与实践研究的外来工抽样调查数据资料,按照年龄及少年儿童时期有无流动或留守经历,在新生代农民工中界定出深受父母乡-城流动和外出打工影响的第二代农民工,并对他们的各种特征进行了对比分析。分析发现,第二代农民工的现状与流动或留守经历高度关联,他们更可能成为城市和农村之间真正的两栖人;同时,乡-城流动、外出打工的代际传承并未使第二代农民工获益,并未提升他们对城市的认同。对此,本文建议继续密切关注流动和留守儿童;并且,在新生代农民工问题的研究和解决中,要关注有过流动或留守经历的第二代农民工;另外,建立对流动和留守儿童以及新生代农民工的生命历程资料搜集系统。     

Inter-generational Heritage of the Assimilation of Migrant Children

This paper discusses the inter-generational heritage of the assimilation,and analyzes the effect of the parent-child communication and some family backgrounds on the situation and development of the assimilation of migrant children,based on the panel data(PSDMC).The results show that,better communication between parents and migrant children helps to develop the children’s assimilation.Meanwhile school effect is significant after controlling for the effects of individual characteristics and family background.The assimilation of migrant children has the properties of inheritance and plasticity.Inheritance affects more on the beginning level,and the parent-child communication determines the direction and slope.Therefore,it is more important to improve migrant children’s family environment and adapt better parent’s teaching approach.     

On the Modernity of Traditional Contraception: Time and the Social Context of Fertility

Many studies of fertility implicitly equate temporal management, biomedical contraception, and “modernity” on the one hand, and “tradition,” the lack of intentional timing, and uncontrolled fertility on the other. This article questions that equation, focusing on the widespread use of periodic abstinence in southern Cameroon. Drawing on field data and the Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey, the article investigates how local concepts of timing shape both contraceptive choice and the evaluation of methods as “modern” or “traditional.” Cameroonian women prefer periodic abstinence because they perceive it as “modern,” a modernity tied both to the social context in which it is taught and to its unique temporal form. By contrast, Depo‐Provera, pills, and the IUD are seen as less‐than‐modern, because they are less exigent of temporal control. The reliance on a behavioral, rather than technological, contraceptive method parallels the experience of the European fertility transition. Cameroonian women draw on a complex social repertoire in making contraceptive choices; methods are preferred or rejected not only on the basis of their efficacy in averting pregnancy, but also because of their correspondence to models of legitimate social action. Reproductive practices may have social motivations that are unrelated to fertility per se.