职业流动的途径及其相关因素对上海市劳动力市场的实证分析

“职业流动”是经济学和社会学共同关注的重要主题之一。对于这一现象,经济学家往往站在“理性人”的角度上,把劳动者解释为追求利益最大化的“理性”行动者(霍夫曼,1989:20),流动与否、采用何种途径流动以及相应的结果都是其理性决策的过程。在他们看来,劳动者的职业流动如果不是因为劳动力市场产生了职位空缺需要有人去填补(White, 1970; Tuma & Hannan, 1984),就是因为劳动者预计流动后的收益大于不流动的收益(陆铭,2002:135 137)。但在社会学家看来,这些解释显然不够充分,因为他们发现职业流动中劳动者的行为往往混杂着对非经济目标的…     

西安旅游业应对世园会的策略研究

西安承办的2011年世界园艺博览会,将强化西安及其毗邻地区城市旅游功能,提升城市的国际地位,拓展城市品牌形象。为了更好地应对世园会给西安旅游业带来的机遇与挑战,西安旅游业应以资源的有效开发为目标,遵循旅游观念、结构、营销、管理创新的策略,采取发展城市旅游、拓展旅游圈层、完善旅游产品谱系、开发会展旅游商品等有效措施,构建国际旅游目的地城市。     

Disparities in Educational Opportunities and Outcomes: What Do We Know and What Can We Do?

This article examines disparities based upon poverty and race/ethnicity. After framing the issues by looking at national, state, and local data, it illustrates ways that social scientists can be involved in shaping educational practices and policies, focusing on the types of skills that are useful and on ways of thinking about the types of collaboration that are needed. Skills discussed are methodological as well as substantive; both types draw from existing knowledge bases. For collaboration, the model described is that of action research. Approaches are illustrated through personal examples drawn from collaborations with urban public schools. They include defining expected growth for students at different achievement levels, school accountability issues, and setting up long-term collaboration .     

A simulation model of infant feeding and family economics in developing countries

Malnutrition is one of the major problems in the Third World. Rooted in mass poverty. It has implications that seriously hamper the ability of poor countries to reach higher standards of living Malnutrition affects the biological development of human beings, which limits intellectual growth and therefore hampers social and economic betterment. At the same time the cultural fabric in many countries has been badly torn, with an increasingly large share of population moving into grossly underemployed and gravely underpriviledged communities within urban areas. This change has altered most traditional life styles: one of its major consequences has been the marked decline in the breast-feeding of infants. The nutrition and welfare of the family affected by new infant feeding practices, not only interact with the household economy, but affect and are affected by social forces and external conditions.This paper presents a model to address these issues and measure the extent by which the above mentioned interaction threatens economic growth and standards of living encouraging a vicious circle of worsening quality of life and declining economic potential. The model is applied to the economy of Malaysia on the basis of statistical information generated by random sampling techniques. The model is designed to provide a simulation mechanism which although bared on expectations and known input conditions takes into consideration random determination events within predetermined probable patterns. The basis of the procedure is a profile of areas occuring within a single family over a span of 10 years.     

Coordination in Urban Settings

In recent years a number of programmes have been developed which focus on the urban community rather than the individual as the beneficiary of welfare allocations. Working on the assumption that different views of social malaise will generate different programme types, this paper takes an analytical framework developed by Roland Warren and applies it to an Australian situation. The problem at stake is one of creating conditions in which a newly formed organization can enter an urban situation and begin to coordinate local activity. This paper discusses the difficulty a new organization has in breaking into the inter-organizational field, the difficulty of achieving legitimacy, and means by which its activities may be prevented, blunted and repelled. These are illustrated with examples in metropolitan Adelaide.     

Food Security: Rights, Livelihoods and the World Food Summit–Five Years Later

An international Summit was called for June 2002 aiming to reaffirm the commitments of the 1996 World Food Summit and intensify efforts to halve the number of hungry people in the world to 400 million by 2015. However, progress on achieving this target is open to question. This paper analyses recent policy debates in two areas: first, the right to food and freedom from hunger; and second, the measurement of food insecurity at global and national levels. It agrees that the "World Food Summit–five years later" (WFS–fyl) should reaffirm commitment to the right of all people to food and freedom from hunger and the commitment to raise the resources required to achieve this. A rights–based approach to food security implies that policies be defined and actions taken to reduce hunger by a range of local, non–governmental, governmental and international actors. However, reliable information on who the hungry are and where they are situated is required in order to track progress to WFS targets and identify and implement appropriate actions at the global, national or subnational levels. The inter–agency Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems (FIVIMS) plays a key role in generating information on trends of the numbers of food–insecure in the world, but the robustness of its "undernourishment" measure has been debated. The paper concludes by outlining practical ways to improve food security analysis, indicating the potential contribution of rights–based and livelihoods approaches.     

International Impacts of protection: model structure and results for FC agricultural policy

A dynamic international commodity trade model is introduced that combines stochastic production with three features: multimarket dynamics, endogenous trade policy behavior, and endogenous stock-holding behavior. The significance of these features is illustrated using versions of the model with each excluded in turn. Their role in policy analysis is examined by using each version to measure the impacts of the grain-meat components of the European Community's Common Agricultural Policy. The absence of each is found to alter significantly the estimated terms of trade, trade volume, and welfare effects. Endogenous stock holding is found to be especially important when insulating trade policies are reprented in the model.     

The therapeutic value of women's adult friendships

Abstract

In 1980, thirty‐five years after the end of World War II, the long‐term impact of war‐trauma on individuals’ lives led to concern about Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder. While the focus here is not on “disorders,” it is on interactive patterns of “defensive” caretaking behaviors which contribute to intergenerational transmission of anxiety, silence and losses related to the Holocaust. In this long‐term group, defensive caretaking patterns are conceptualized as second‐generation behaviors which focus on parental needs thereby avoiding addressing second‐generation vulnerabilities. Relevant concepts of Sullivan, Winnicott, Bion and Fairbairn are applied. In an innovative trauma group design, defensive caretaking patterns are illustrated through clinical examples and interventions by the therapist as a “validating object” work to mitigate transmission to still the next generation.     

The World Bank model for global interdependence: A quantitative framework for the World Development Report

This paper describes the basic structure of the Global Model used in preparing various parts of the World Development Report (WDR) issued annually by the World Bank. The report is designed to help clarify linkages between the international economy and the domestic strategies of developing countries. The paper is divided in four parts. The first two present different aspects of the model structure and discuss the reasons that induced the authors to orient themselves towards given functional specifications. In the final parts the policy relevance of the exercise is studied in light of the results that the model has produced for 1975–1985.     

Simulation of a debtor country: The example of Colombia

A dynamic model, illustrated on Colombian data, simulates the functioning of an open economy under specified parametric conditions and selected policy scenarios. Unlike the usual two-sector models, the rate of growth of GDP is generated endogenously. Whereas related models perform sensitivity analysis for variations in parameters our procedure makes n possible to simulate policy alternatives under balance-of-payments pressure. The simulations explore the implications of policy options when debt services on inherited and new foreign indebtedness act as constraints on the debtor's growth, especially when new external borrowing is limited.     

差别暴露、差别职业和差别体验——中国城乡居民环境关心差异的实证分析

本文利用2010年中国综合社会调查数据,比较分析了城乡居民的环境关心差异：城乡居民在看待环境问题的方式上存在一种相似且连贯的心态体系;城乡居民的环境关心水平存在显著差异,城市居民在诸多方面都较乡村居民表现出更多的环境关心;国外关于“居住地假设”的三种理论,只有“差别暴露理论”可以解释一部分城乡差异,其余两种理论均没有得到数据的有效支持;环境知识和媒体使用在城乡居民环境关心差异形成过程中具有重要的中介作用;城乡居民的环境关心差异在趋于缩减,并开始走向同构。     

Optimal control of large nonlinear models: An efficient method of policy search applied to the Dutch economy

A modification of optimal control for an economy under uncertainty, by splitting the technique into a simulation phase and a control phase, makes policy optimization feasible for large-scale nonlinear models. The advantages of this approach in a policy search are clearly illustrated by an application to Dutch economic planning. A historical analysis shows that it is important to treat unemployment and the balance of payments as the key targets. That dual target strategy, worked out for the current planning period, leads to economic expansion and employment creation rather than retreachment.     

Applying WHO’s Age-Friendly Communities Framework to a National Survey in China

ABSTRACT

The World Health Organization (WHO)’s Age-Friendly Community (AFC) initiative has gained worldwide momentum. Yet, measures have not been validated in regions with various levels of socio-economic development. This article used a nationally representative dataset in China to (a) analyze community-level measures within the framework of AFC and (b) compare the age-friendliness between rural and urban settings in China. Chi- square and t-tests examined the rural and urban differences. Results suggest that many AFC concepts did not apply well in developing areas. The Chinese survey measured important environmental aspects in developing regions that were missing in the WHO AFC framework.     

Social development strategies of a non-governmental grassroots women's organisation in Nigeria

Social development initiatives of rural and poor urban women in Africa are efforts that redress the post-colonial economic development planning oversights of many African nations. Grass roots movements are responsive initiatives that have provided rural women with bottom-up management and planning opportunities focused on quality of life issues for themselves, their families, the community, and, ultimately, the nation. Since 1982, Country Women's Association of Nigeria (COWAN), a non-governmental organisation, has addressed the needs of rural and urban poor women through economic activities that have empowered them and increased their levels of self-sufficiency. With COWAN's emphasis on popular participation and indigenous leadership, macro-community development practices are employed, as is the recognition of individual and collective skills and talents. Social workers of today should be aware of commonalities that exists in the struggles of these and other Third World women, for their struggles are not unlike those of oppressed groups found in the USA and other developed countries.     

World Development and the Restructuring of the Industrial Economies

This paper reports on the joint SPM/CRANEC Catholic University of Milan symposium on “World Development and the Restructuring of Industrial Economies” held at Bellagio, Lake Como, Italy during the week of 10–15 September 1979. The symposium was organized to discuss the adjustments required by the industrialized economies when adapting to the changes inherent in present world development trends, as well as to help define national and international policy measures that might be used to facilitate the restructuring process. This report reviews the key issues, alternative strategies for restructuring, and policy measures for restructuring discussed at the symposium. It also offers some conclusions based on the results of the symposium.     

上海：引领低碳城市建设 抢占低碳研究前沿

目前,上海正在借助世博会契机积极倡导低碳理念,引领低碳城市建设,努力转变经济发展方式。同时,以上海社科院为代表的科研机构通过多种方式抢占国内低碳研究前沿,积极为政府决策和城市发展服务。     

我国工业化与城市化模式及其协同机理研究进展

20世纪末至21世纪初的城市化模式研究重点为：对世界城市化模式的借鉴、制度视角与转型期的城市化模式、西部城市化模式选择;而工业化模式研究聚焦在西部工业化模式选择或创新、具体区域实证分析等。应从二者关系的测度、理论阐释、产业结构升级和城镇空间结构协同等方面研究工业化与城市化协同机理。当前,我国面临复杂情形,需从多维度和多尺度建构中国理论。     

Social work and sustainable rural development: The practice of social economy in China

The impact of globalisation on local agriculture and food systems has brought issues such as food security and rural sustainability to the forefront of policy‐making in developing countries. In China, the restructuring of domestic agriculture and liberalisation of trade following accession to the World Trade Organization have led to the growing reliance on imported food and raised concerns for food self‐sufficiency and safety. Inspired by the concept of social economy, social workers in China have explored alternative pathways towards sustainable food production and consumption through local initiatives. Based on participatory action research in a Chinese village, this study examines the potential contribution of social work intervention in responding to China’s agrarian challenges. It is shown that by linking rural cooperatives with the local food system and allowing farmers to sell directly to urban consumers at fairer prices, social economy initiatives provide a viable pathway for sustainable transformation by empowering rural producers while giving urban consumers access to sustainably produced food.     

城中村外来人口类型及居住问题调查研究——西安市西八里村的实证研究

根据对西安市西八里村调查数据的统计分析,对城中村外来人口特征、居住现状、居住履历及居住意向等进行了研究。结果表明,对于外来人口而言,城中村不仅是其进入城市首选的居住地,而且还是其中一部分人工作和生活的场所。鉴于此,在我国目前的社会经济背景下,建议在进行城中村改造时应充分关注城中村外来人口这一群体特殊的居住与生存权益问题。     

社会工作视角下的城市居民最低生活保障制度

我国经济发展和社会转型时期,城市居民最低生活保障被称作是城镇居民的"最后一道安全网"。本文阐述了中国城市居民最低生活保障制度实施的历史和现状,在对城市居民最低生活保障政策实施过程中出现的问题进行分析基础上,探讨运用社会工作的方法实施城市居民最低生活保障政策。