美国民族史学知识体系生成的背景环境与影响

美国民族史学经历了百年的发展历程。其从民族学人类学、历史学学科边际中生发出来,作为一种具有专属意义的、独立的、一体化的知识体系的美国民族史学：一方面,美国民族史学既是二战以来美国及西方民族学人类学、历史学学科从分野并行到趋近发展的一种产物,也是美国及西方民族学人类学、历史学学科相互借鉴研究视野方法,逐渐形成新的研究范式,学科知识生产能力得到提升的一种体现;既是文化反思、“他者”重构的一种重要产物。另一方面,美国民族史学的孕育、凸显与繁盛及其知识体系的生成,也对美国民族史学知识体系生成所依赖的特殊的学科知识发展背景以及历史和社会生发环境等诸多因素带来了进一步的推动和影响作用。这些影响,既展示在表层的学科和方法层面,促进了民族学人类学、历史学等学科的沟通和方法的互补;也表现在由表及里的知识层面,促动了民族学人类学、历史学等传统研究范式的转换与知识生产能力的提升;还触及了深层的文化概念层面,解构了“白人中心论”“西方中心论”,重构了“他者”的形象,推动了美国历史和社会的生成发展,促进了当代“美利坚”民族国家的不断建构。     

民族文化心理概念辨析——兼论民族心理学学科特性的显现

民族心理学作为心理学分支,它的学科特性的显现在于服务民族的发展与共同生活,狭义的民族文化心理是其研究的重要内容。从内涵界定:狭义的民族文化心理指受民族历史地积淀的社会文化影响而形成的对人、对事、对物等客观存在和关系的心理行为反应倾向和方式;其外延包括民族的价值观念、态度特征、意志特征、情绪特征、思维方式。相应地,研究方法需从心理学主流的实证研究范式中解脱出来,从相关学科中吸取和借鉴经验。     

露丝·本尼迪克特列传

露丝本尼迪克特是著名美国女人类学家,她的著作众多,以《文化模式》和《菊与刀》最富盛名。本尼迪克特成就显著,她在文化相对论的基础上提出了文化模式理论,将心理学的研究范式应用于文化人类学。她的研究拥有极大的影响力,涉及文化人类学、社会学、心理学等多个领域。国内外学者对她的著作、研究方法、田野工作给出评价,并阐明各自的观点。     

露丝·本尼迪克特列传

露丝本尼迪克特是著名美国女人类学家,她的著作众多,以《文化模式》和《菊与刀》最富盛名。本尼迪克特成就显著,她在文化相对论的基础上提出了文化模式理论,将心理学的研究范式应用于文化人类学。她的研究拥有极大的影响力,涉及文化人类学、社会学、心理学等多个领域。国内外学者对她的著作、研究方法、田野工作给出评价,并阐明各自的观点。     

论民族文化旅游中的舞台真实

在旅游发展全球化、现代化的潮流下,民族文化旅游开发究竟是对文化的保护,还是对文化的破坏,各方结论不一。本文借助西方文化人类学、旅游人类学的舞台真实理论,从民族文化旅游主客双方的心理角度出发,对"想看什么"和"给看什么"进行剖析,探索民族文化旅游中文化表演的舞台真实性问题,以期对民族文化旅游资源的开发与少数民族文化的保护和传承有所裨益。     

民族心理研究的问题及其未来展望

随着民族心理研究的不断发展,在许多成果涌现的同时也常常会出现一些问题,促进心理学和民族学的相互合作、引进文化人类学的理念和方式以及借鉴社会调查方法可以更好地解决问题,有利于民族心理学更好的发展.     

走向作为审美文化批评的艺术人类学研究

西方人类学的艺术研究有着悠久的历史,依据研究方法的不同,可以大致划分为古典主义、现代主义和后现代主义三个时期,20世纪80年代以来,随着跨学科研究的兴盛,人类学的艺术研究开始出现学科建构的迹象,其显要标志是艺术人类学的诞生,这是一门介于美学/艺术学和人类学之间的交叉学科,它内在地具有审美和文化两大属性,在新的文化语境中艺术人类学还应走向作为审美文化批评的研究范式,这一研究范式采取一种“间性”的思维方式,将对艺术的考评放在审美与文化之间,在它们的双向交流互动中把握艺术;在研究方法上,强调田野工作基础上的文化诗学方法;而努力发挥其介入现实、介入生活的文化功能是作为审美文化批评的艺术人类学研究的目的之所在.     

旅游

中西方社会自古以来都有旅游实践,但是旅游的概念却出现得较晚。旅游概念在不同时期意涵各不相同,从艰辛的旅行到休闲享受的旅游,从走入他者社会到虚拟网络旅游,研究对象始终立足于旅游主体与旅游文化。旅游因人的流动和文化的交流互动而成为人类学重要的研究对象,然而旅游人类学直到20世纪70年代才真正发展起来。人类学介入旅游研究带来了新的理论范式,旅游研究也促使人类学重新思考游离于文化内-外的主体与跨越边界的文化生产。旅游人类学研究不仅深化人们对于旅游的认知,也促进人类学研究理论与方法论的发展。     

在异域与本土之间--人类学视野中的文化批评

本文探讨了进化论、民族志、结构主义以及回归本土的人类学研究等范式的文化批评传统。人类学研究在“异域 /本土”之间的跨越或回归 ,人类学家具有了一种宏阔的跨文化视野 ,发现了世界上存在着丰富多样的文化生态 ,与此同时 ,西方人通过异文化反观自身 ,认识到自身文明的诸多缺陷     

存在与超越——论人类学的中国范式

人类学这一西方学科引入中国已届百年。人类学范式中国化的理念与形制也一直在消化、融合、建构和创新,它不仅涉及以西方为中心的“我者”和以东方为边缘的“他者”的范式原型,包括如何在现代性背景中嵌入中华文明家国天下的话语转化,而且表现出中国人类学家的异域、本土化求索的生命历程。文章分析了在人类学范式中民族国家的政治话语背景折射出的中华民族近代以降从颓弱到强盛的历史轨迹,我国乡土社会以宗族为脉络的结构表述,以及中国人类学家从返回祖国到走向海外的历史逻辑。     

Meeting / Derrida

In August 1999, Jacques Derrida gave a number of lectures and seminars in Melbourne and Sydney. The seminar of 13 August, held at Sydney's Seymour Centre Theatre, was open to the public. It consisted of a question-and-answer session with Genevieve Lloyd, David Wills, Paul Patton and Penelope Deutscher. Its title, 'Themes from Recent Work', reflected interests in the work from Specters of Marx (1994) onwards which some, including Paul Patton, have referred to as deconstruction in its affirmative phase. What follows is a by-no-means verbatim record of the event. Rather it is but one member of the audience's account of what transpired in the seminar – an account which is therefore necessarily selective and pressed through the grid of my own quasi-philosophical interests. Following this account of the seminar, I offer some marginal notes on the open discussion following the seminar, then, finally, some reflections on a particular matter discussed at the dinner which followed that – madness.     

Defining ‘real India’: representations of authenticity in independent travel

As an alternative to the stereotypical mass tourism, independent travellers – travellers who travel for extended periods on low budgets while ostensibly avoiding formalized tourist activities and locales – are invested in constructing ‘authentic’ travel experiences. Practices such as ‘off-the-beaten-track’ travel and cultural engagement provide the means by which independent travellers are able to make claims to such authenticity. Authenticity is constructed by travellers through idealizations of intimacy and non-commodification. These idealizations are tangled in narrative representations of ‘real’ India and ‘real’ Indians, their ‘real’-ness typified by an absence of other travellers, tourists and, more generally, Western contamination. In these ways, ‘authentic’ travel is dependent upon actively constructed binaries of Western travelling subjects and exotic Indian objects. Yet travellers' fantasies of the Other are fragile and subject to collapse at moments in which so-called Others articulate their subjectivity in a way that is inconsistent with travellers' expectations. Through a focus on travellers' narratives of their experience, both the requirement for an Orientalist dichotomy as well as the ruptures that continually challenge this dichotomy, will emerge.     

Oestrogen Rising 2016: Ireland’s stained and bloodied cloths

A weaver, seamstress, laundress and artist, in this essay I shall spin a yarn, tangle a web, and construct a text(ile) of the inter-weave of narrative and identity that I define as my intellectual, textual, somatic and material/visual practice obsessions. My work explores ‘the places in-between’ in the entanglements of Irish and Northern Irish gender and identity, and in the abject fabrics of death and of desire. As an Irish feminist, sense-making of the complexities, conundrums, challenges and contradictions of my land, my cloth, my body and my culture owes much to Irish women before me who fought for female suffrage, and Irish women now – north and south of the border that divides the island of Ireland – who still struggle for equality of citizenship, social justice, human rights, and full reproductive autonomy. My contention is that when we accept that Ireland herself is a many-layered cloth, a stained and bloodied cloth, a cloth marked irreversibly by history, conflict, denial and abuse, stained by its own repression, marked through denial of all its people’s rights and needs, and bloodied by its greatest export, the haemorrhage of its people, then – polemical, didactic or reflective, with more compassion, empathy, humility and heart – we just might make peace with our past.     

The changing configurations of self-(m)other dialogue in North Cyprus

This paper deals with issues of identity, nationalism, postcolonialism, and self-other relations with a focus on a period of transformative events in North Cyprus. It notes how nationalism has been the dominant means of identification for Cypriots in their modern history, and argues that unless weakened and supplanted by a radically pluralist democracy, nationalism imagines one's identity as an indivisible unity and has no place for different others within the nation. However, a pressing relationship with others and otherness is no stranger to Cypriots either, which makes it clear that the border that defines the ‘we’ of such nationalism is, at the same time, the line that divides the self intrinsically, indicating the otherness of the self or its alterity. Subjectivity involves subjection to the other.     

三江源自然保护区生态旅游开发的SWOT分析

本文就三江源自然保护区开发生态旅游产品的可行性及发展潜力,运用SWOT分析模式进行客观分析,并得出三江源开发生态旅游产品是实现该地区可持续发展的最佳途径。     

Changing patterns of mobility,citizenship and conflict in Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Mobility and migration are inherent ingredients of Indonesian cultures. In an archipelago with thousands of islands of various size, character and nature, mobility is an important means to make a living and to survive by migration. The right to free movement in Indonesia is constitutionally granted. It can create mobility and give expression to equal citizenship rights at the same time as it can trigger the enforcement of borders among cultural groups and the ethnification of local and regional politics. Mobility thus always comes along with immobility. Physical mobility of one group of people might cause immobility of another group or it might create cultural and political immobility in the same group. In places such as Eastern Indonesia, people have developed reciprocal means to integrate newcomers. Whereas the immigrants are usually disadvantaged citizens with regards to land and customary rights, those living in the area for generations have nonetheless become integral parts of quite peaceful local settings, one way or the other. The advancement of decentralization, democratization and direct elections of political representatives can lead to political empowerment, the promotion of ethnicity as election capital and changing patterns of belonging. This paper illustrates these ambivalences by looking at mobility in Indonesia more generally and how changing national policies and laws lead to reinterpretations of mobility patterns and trigger changes in relations between local population groups and existing mechanisms of cultural and political inclusion and exclusion. Butonese migrants in Maluku will here serve as a case study.     

热贡鲁若中"玛泽"与藏族历史的渊源关系

文章从历史学、宗教学、民俗学等角度,将流行于黄南藏族自治州同仁县隆务河流域的六月会主体节目之一"玛泽"的文化内涵进行了新的探讨,并就"玛泽"节目的历史和宗教渊源关系,民俗形成过程,以及对军事、生产活动中的意义提出了自己的看法.     

‘Both an Arab and a woman’: gendered,racialised experiences of female Palestinian citizens of Israel

Following feminist and postcolonial discourses, this paper uses the concept of ‘everyday experience’ as a tool to trace the social world of educated Palestinian women in Israel. The term refers to the complex array of these women's experiences in racialised and gendered social sites, as well as within the class, religious, and ethnic contexts in the subordinated group and its relations with the dominant Jewish group. Based on 108 in‐depth interviews with Palestinian women citizens of Israel, the paper claims that educated Palestinian women are located in a ‘third place’ between cultural, gender, class, national and racial structures that generates a continual ambivalence. Within this marginal, ‘unhomely’ space women negotiate their own identities and challenge dominant social definitions. Women create various modes of interim spaces and multi‐dimensional, shifting identities for themselves. The ambivalent attitudes generated by the women's experiences expose the possibility of shedding categorising markers. The omnipresent existence of the gendered, racialised regime of knowledge makes every place a potential site of subversion and resistance.     

羌族宗教信仰与藏文化的关系考察研究

岷江上游羌族宗教信仰是多元混杂的,导致这种现象的产生,既有历史的因素,又有现实的因素.历史的因素可追溯到古羌人时代,从那里我们可寻羌族宗教信仰之渊源的一些踪迹;现实的因素可从羌族地处藏彝走廊,受汉藏文化影响的现状中去采撷一些实际的表现.本文拟就羌族原始宗教信仰中的藏文化因子,羌族天神信仰与藏族民间宗教信仰的渊源,羌族和藏族有关人类起源传说的相似与区分,羌族原始宗教信仰与佛教文化的糅合等方面对羌族宗教信仰与藏文化的关系作一较为深入的考察分析.     

Identification,the exercise of democracy and the fear of the Other – the June EU referendum in the UK

ABSTRACT

The focus is the oscillation among leave voters in the EU referendum from the exercise of rights - an act of dis-identification – towards the assertion of identity as members of a British community. This was mediated by voters acting in an association of citizens calling on the equalising agency of the British people whilst claiming membership of a locally circumscribed community, perceived as injured, through entanglement with the Other prominent among them Europeans. Hence the recovery of the injured community as the object of the denunciators’ desire for identity coupled with the fear of the Other. Predicated on this was the resumption of class, gender and ethnic roles reflected in division among voters. The denunciation of togetherness with Europeans served leave voters to substitute the exercise of rights with a longing for identity. Instrumental in this was the lack of deliberation in the plebiscite to articulate the will of individual voters through a general will. The ‘direct power’ exercised enabled many to cast away their role as citizen in an attempt to claim their privileges as members of a racially and culturally demarcated British community. Paradoxically, the voters’ unashamed disavowal of their agency as citizens by seeking to restore a divided social world as the source of their identity was represented as an exercise in democracy. To some playing on words was supplemented by the use of force removing the gap between the discursive exclusion of the Other and the continued physical presence of bearers of different races and culture.