移民对赫哲族商业经济的影响

自清朝开始,外来移民给赫哲族的社会经济文化各方面带来很大的冲击,同时也促进了赫哲族商业经济的发展。移民为赫哲族地区的农业、手工业提供劳动力和技术支持,使商业经济的产生获得基础。移民又充当商品流通的载体,向赫哲族输送充裕的可交换的商品并把当地民族土特产品输出外地。最后,移民在赫哲族地区开设私营店铺,为商业贸易提供良好的交易地点。在移民积极影响下,赫哲族的渔猎产品化程度加深,商业经济得到一定的发展。     

柏林中国移民调查与研究

以柏林中国移民为对象,深入研究其生存状态、组织状况、移民目的及意愿,展现中国移民在柏林的历史与现状。结合对德国移民政策与管理的分析,发现政策的严格与管理的不合理使中国人很难将德国视为理想的移民目标国。在丰富欧洲与德国华人移民研究的同时,指出还应当突破传统欧洲华侨华人的研究范畴。此外,认为中国应在移民研究的基础上制定合理的移民政策,促进移民与移民国的共同发展。     

全球化与中国海外移民

全球化是当今世界发展的客观进程 ,是现代经济和高科技发展国际化的历史新阶段。国际移民是全球化过程的重要因素 ,它改变了世界民族的分布 ,促进了不同民族之间的融合 ,也引发了不同民族之间的冲突。自明中叶以后 ,中国人开始较大规模地移居海外 ,它是国际移民的重要组成部分。中国海外移民的族群关系 ,充分反映了全球化过程中引发的一些民族问题     

中国近代西北移民及其影响

西北移民是晚清移民的重要组成部分 ,它的出现具有深刻的历史背景 ,并对近代社会产生了积极的历史作用     

汉族移民与六朝时期珠江三角洲的经济开发

在珠江三角洲经济开发史的研究方面,移民问题始终是一个值得关注的课题。近年来,相关成果有所增多,然于六朝仍显薄弱。本文认为,六朝是珠江三角洲经济开发史上一个比较重要的时期。来自岭北的大量汉族移民,充实了其经济开发的基本力量;与此同时,六朝政权又采取了较为积极的政策措施。因之,珠汪三角洲的经济开发取得了新的成就。 举凡农业、手工业、商业、交通和城市等均有不同程度的发展,特别是海外贸易的再度崛起,为广州港市的持久繁荣注入了新的生机。这使得珠江三角洲不仅在当时岭南区域经济开发中首屈一指,而且正在逐步改变其落后于中原和江东的形象,走上与全国同步发展的道路。     

中国延边朝鲜族自治州的移民资本流动

显著的移民资本流动已经在南朝鲜与延边之间发生.延边当地政府支持劳动力移民,支持随后的汇款额利用所带来的渐进利益.官方对成功的移民者和他们同延边经济发展的整合不感兴趣.他们已经采取措施推动移民但是并没有出台有效的政策用以将新资本转移到延边,并将它们注入当地发展中.到目前为止重要的资源并没有被触及.     

美国民俗学的移民研究传统——兼论对中国民俗学的启发

美国是一个移民国家,美国民俗学拥有大量与移民—族裔及其民俗传统有关的研究成果。在移民研究的早期阶段,美国民俗学者主要以关注遗留物与口头传统为主,而在美国民俗学成为独立学科前后,逐渐形成了以"经验"、"过程"与"认同"为关键词,以及以"什么是美国的民俗"为核心问题意识的研究传统。本文通过对美国民俗学移民研究成果的梳理,一方面肯定了民俗学在移民研究方面具备较强的解释力,另一方面也提醒中国民俗学应加强对包括美国民俗学在内的世界民俗学界的移民研究的借鉴与反思。     

亚洲城市移民:中国、韩国和马来西亚三国的比较

从对人口迁移有影响的都市化和工业化进程、移民政策、国家政策、经济发展水平等不同的层面,比较和分析了中国、韩国以及马来西亚等三个亚洲国家的城市移民之间的差异:韩国的城市化水平最高,其集聚经济效应也最高,人口迁移的驱动力较强.马来西亚的城市化水平中等,其集聚经济效应较高,人口迁移的驱动力中等.中国应该提高城市的集聚经济效应、减少国内移民政策的限制和缩短城市移民的适应过程,由此,加速城市化进程,以便解决城市贫民问题.     

南非中国新移民与当地黑人的族群关系研究

本文以南非的中国新移民为研究对象,通过深度访谈收集资料,阐释了南非中国新移民与当地黑人之间的族群关系,研究发现中国新移民在社会交往、文化交流、居住格局等方面与当地黑人有明显的差异,努力学习与适应当地的文化是增进族群和谐的重要途径。     

我国西部劳动力转移影响因素分析

目前,我国农村正处在社会主义市场经济的建立和向现代化农业的转变时期,由于东西部经济发展不平衡,西部农村劳动力的转移问题成为西部大开发和农民增收不容忽视的难题,同时也是其农村经济发展的突破口,只有顺利转移出农村的劳动力才能缓解人口过多对经济发展造成的压力.因此,探索影响西部地区实际需要的农村劳动力转移影响因素,是现实与发展的需要.     

农村劳动力流动对壮族乡村文化的影响——以广西板隆村为例

青壮年劳动力外出务工,客观上改善和提升了壮族乡村的生活质量,人们的衣、食、住、用等物质生活水平有了显著提高.与此同时,壮族乡村文化传统也受到了冲击,主要表现在:老人的传统地位下降,经济因素起重要作用;女性地位上升;传统文化活动迅速衰减,文化传承面临危机;互助范围缩小;传统养老模式面临挑战;乡村生活群体弱势化等方面.乡村劳动力流动的影响有积极的作用也有负面的因素,对于负面影响,我们要做的是理性面对并积极寻求解决的办法.     

云南少数民族老年妇女经济保障的结构性脆弱——社会性别视角

I. The current situation of ethnic minority women’ s economic security One of the most prominent problems faced by the international community is how to ensure the e-conomic security of the elderly, and how to help those elderly people who have lost the ability to work to be properly cared for. According to Yang Shijie’s investigation, 75% of the poor population in Yunnan are ethnic minorities, and of this fig-ure, minority women are more impoverished than men. 1 . The poverty rate in Yunnan is a little bit higher than the national average poverty level. Although Yunnan’s economic indicators have made considerable progress, they have yet to reach the national average because of the province’s ho-mogenous industrial structure, low level of indus-trialization, and high proportion of resource indus-tries. The average wage of workers in Yunnan is only 85. 85% of the national average wage, and the poverty rate is higher than the national aver-age. 2 . There is a significant number of elderly women without pensions, and their poverty rate is high in Yunnan. Due to the dual urban-rural structure of the social and economic system, as well as the design issues related to the social pension security system connected with employment, the number of elderly women without pensions is quite significant in Chi-
na. In ethnic minority areas, only 24. 12% of peo-ple over the age of 60 have a pension, among them, the number of women is considerably lower than for men, accounting for only 10%. Elderly women from ethnic minorities are further excluded from the social pension security system. Only a small population of elderly ethnic women enjoy the benefits of the system, and their average monthly pension is significantly lower than that of the men. Compared with elderly men, elderly women rely more on other members of the family. 3 . The high rate of widowhood brings difficul-ties to the elderly. According to a sampling survey of 10% of the national population in 2010 , the widower ratio is 29. 55%, and widow ratio is 70. 45% among eth-nic minorities aged over 60 . Ethnic minority women devote more energy to unpaid housework in their youth and middle age, and their chances of finding employment are low. This means they normally de-pend on their spouse when they become old, how-ever, the loss of their spouse makes them even poorer, and increases their risk of falling into pov-erty. 4 . The ethnic minority women ’s property rights are difficult to be protected. Because of the influence of outmoded feudal i-deas in the ethnic minority villages, women gener-ally have no right to inherit property. For example, among the Pumi, property is inherited by the men, and women generally have no right to inherit. The
case is the same with the Naxi ethnicity. In the in-heritance systems of the ethnic minority people in Yunnan, wives rarely have the right of inherit-ance;the custom of“passing property to the men, but not the women” is still quite prevalent. If the husband dies, the wife will not only find it difficult to inherit her husband’s property, but may also lose her own property, including land rights. This leads to a low rate of property ownership among widows. II. Analysis of the causes of vulnerability of the gender structure 1 . Cultural lag American sociologist W. F. Ogburn was the first to use this concept, which refers to the time lag between material culture and non - material culture in the course of social change. Generally speaking, change in material culture occurs faster than in non -material culture, and they are not synchronized, so there is a gap between them. Ethnic minority women in Yunnan have been af-fected by the patrilineal system up to the present day, which influences the thought and behavior of all ethnic groups, and gradually builds a psycho-logical barrier in the ethnic women’ s minds, con-straining their talent and creativity. Yunnan is lo-cated in China’s southwest frontier region, and the ethnic minorities live in remote and isolated moun-tainous areas, where the concept of the low status of women is ingrained, and thus not easily changed. 2 . The cumulative effect of education and em-ployment Compared with boys, there are different edu-cational expectations on or investments in the girls in the social culture, which brings disadvantages to women looking for employment of in their youth and middle age. Because they can generally only involve themselves in housework, it is not possible for them to accumulate employment experiences, and this leads to a negative economic status when they become old. 1) Low level of education. Due to the tradi-tional influence of “valuing sons over daughters”,
the number of ethnic minority women who have not attended school is significantly higher than that of men; the number of ethnic minority women who have never received an education is more than twice as high as the number of men. The phenome-non of early marriage and childbearing in ethnic minority areas is still prominent. Due to the influ-ence of early marriage culture, the girls do not generally wish to receive a higher education. Addi-tionally, because of the development of tourism, girls tend to drop out of school very early and in-volve themselves in business or becoming tour guides. All these factors lead to ethnic minority women’s lower level of education. Because they do not receive a higher, or even elementary educa-tion, women’s lives are concentrated around the family and housework. 2 ) Devotion to housework. The elderly ethnic minority women not only have to take part in agri-cultural production, but they also have to take care of the “left-behind” children whose parents have left to work in urban areas. For instance, De’ang women play an important role in family, social and economic activities; they have to bear the load of heavy housework every day, including carrying wa-ter, collecting firewood, cooking, feeding pigs, cattle and children, weaving, washing clothes and farming. The Bulang women, together with the men, have created the ancient Bulang culture, and women play the role of “main tentpole” in the housework and farming. According to our investi-gations of the Yi in Chuxiong of Yunnan province, Yi women spend on average over six hours each day on housework, and most men almost never par-ticipate in housework. 3 ) Unemployment or low paid occupation. Ethnic minority women’s degree of participation in social labor is low, however, their housework du-ties are taken for granted, and not recognized by the wider society, so their labor value is underesti-mated, even ignored. Due to their low level of ed-ucation and contribution to unpaid housework, a lot of ethnic minority women are unemployed. E-
ven though a small number of them are in employ-ment, their jobs are concentrated in the low in-come industries, and few of them are supported by social insurance. 3 . Traditional gender roles in the division of labor Because of the traditional gender roles in the division of labor, the social expectations for the women’s role is still family-centered. This means women have to bear a lot of housework duties and child rearing responsibilities. Due to women’s spe-cial physiological characteristics, women have a double burden: the responsibility of human pro-duction and social production. However, under the influence of gender inequality, women who have made great contributions to the development of so-ciety and humanity have been subjected to unfair treatment. Their contribution is regarded as a bur-den unique to women or indeed the women’s natu-ral weakness, and can even become a discrimina-tory factor in employment and promotion—this is a great injustice to women. In summary, it seems that the structure of the fragility of elderly ethnic minority women is a sim-ply an issue of sex difference, but it essentially re-flects the social system and conceptual culture of“valuing sons over daughters” which is ingrained in the minority areas, and is an issue of gender in-equality. III. Countermeasures and suggestions The elderly ethnic minority women are a spe-cial group in China’s aging population. This group shows a structural vulnerability due to such as in-fluences of ethnicity and regional location, eco-nomic conditions, educational level, marital sta-tus. From the perspective of social gender, this paper studies the economic security status of ethnic aged women, analyzes the problems of economic security for this group, and puts forward some poli-cy recommendations for improving the economic se-curity situation of the elderly women in ethnic mi-nority areas. 1 . The state should increase investment in tye economic development of ethnic minority areas in order to provide more jobs and solve the problem of employment of women. Economic development in the minority areas could provide adequate economic security to improve the living conditions of the eld-erly women in those areas. 2 . The concept of gender equality needs to be strengthened. Women should enjoy equal rights in education, and equal employment opportunities as men, as well as equal rights in the husband-wife relationship. In addition, we cannot simply take each gender as exactlythe same, but should under-stand the psychological and physiological difference between men and woman, and pursue gender e-quality in terms of society, personality, opportuni-ties, and rights. 3 . National policy should afford some recogni-tion to women and their capacity for childbirth. Due to physiological factors, women have to take the responsibility of childbirth and feeding the child, however, they also have to work . Women’s contributions to the family will inevitably lead to their inferior position in terms of social professional competition. Therefore, when policies are drawn up, the physiological characteristics of men and women should be considered, moreover, gender awareness and gender equality should be a part of various policies. 4 . Policies should protect women’s employ-ment rights, and ethnic minority areas should en-courage women to go out to work. The state should make policies to protect women’s employment rights, solve the problem of sexual discrimination which might exist in the workplace, and create e-qual employment opportunities so as to reduce the probability of elderly women from ethnic minority areas becoming impoverished . 5 . Improve the urban and rural pension sys-tem, and improve women’s pension insurance cov-erage rate.     

论伊拉克战争对我国安全的影响

伊拉克战争是美国民主改造和“先发制人战略的试验场 ,也是美国实现其全球霸权的重要举措。它不仅改变了中东地区的战略格局 ,而且改变了世界的政治格局、能源格局。它对我国的政治安全、经济安全、军事安全和地缘安全产生了深刻而长远的影响     

20世纪末以来俄罗斯哥萨克复兴运动解析

哥萨克是俄罗斯一个典型的亚民族,在俄罗斯历史上曾起过举足轻重的作用。1919年"非哥萨克化"政策实施后,哥萨克作为一个独特的军事阶层被取消,失去其军事功能和社会地位。20世纪80年代,随着苏联国内政治环境的变化,哥萨克复兴运动在苏联境内外骤然兴起。时至今日,俄罗斯哥萨克的复兴运动经历了自发复兴阶段、社会地位确立阶段、注册和发展壮大阶段。俄罗斯政府针对哥萨克颁布相应的法规条文,确立哥萨克的社会地位和权利义务及其发展趋势。     

中国少数民族地区经济发展质量研究

加快经济发展方式转变,实现经济社会又好又快发展是“十二五”及以后相当长时期我国国民经济和社会发展的主要任务,同时也是我国少数民族地区（以下简称民族地区）经济社会发展的主要任务。转变经济发展方式,不仅要有高速持续的经济增长速度,而且同样重要的是在发展质量上的增长。本文从发展质量的界定开始,认为发展质量是一个综合性很强的概念,包括的内容十分丰富,涉及到经济效率、社会公平、卫生保健、教育、居住条件、安全保证、人口发展、环境质量、增长的可持续性和稳定性等方面。然后,主要从经济增长的效率和稳定性、社会公平、卫生保健、教育发展、环境质量等方面讨论民族地区改革开放以来,主要是西部大开发以来经济发展的质量特征。最后,基于这些分析,探讨了民族地区转变经济发展方式,提高发展质量,实现国民经济又好又快发展的路径和措施。     

中华民族共同体视域下阿富汗重建对新疆民族地区安全与发展的影响及应对

铸牢中华民族共同体意识是全国各族人民团结稳定的基石,是新时代民族工作的主线,也是贯穿新疆安全与发展的主线。新疆民族地区是中华民族多元一体格局的重要组成部分,在新疆民族地区铸牢中华民族共同体意识的实质就是增强新疆各族群众对中华民族共同体的认同。当前美国为首的联军完全撤出阿富汗,阿富汗塔利班重掌阿富汗政权,阿富汗重建出现了新的局面。虽然阿富汗局势发生重大变化,但是难民问题、毒品问题、恐怖主义等非传统安全问题依然是阿富汗重建过程中必须面对和解决的。中国新疆与阿富汗接壤,阿富汗重建对新疆的安全与发展产生诸多影响。成功的阿富汗重建会消解其毒恐外溢的效应和强化新疆在丝绸之路经济带建设中的核心区地位。通过打击“三股势力”和毒品犯罪以维护好新疆社会的稳定为新疆的经济发展提供良好的安全环境。新疆经济持续健康发展,新疆各民族群众的生活持续向好,就会带动整个新疆民族地区的认同感增强,反过来又消除了“三股势力”和毒品犯罪赖以生存的土壤。安全与发展两者相辅相成、互为因果。新疆的安全与发展既是铸牢中华民族共同意识的实现路径,又是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的目标所在。     

Immigrant involvement in the informal economy: the Portuguese case

"This article demonstrates how Portugal, despite appearing to be a country which would be [an] unattractive country to immigrants, is rapidly becoming a country of immigration. The existence and extent of opportunities for immigrants in Portugal is assessed with this objective in mind. On the basis of an analysis of the country's labour market, the immigrants' economic profiles and the Portuguese informal economy--and the interaction of these factors--it is concluded that the Portuguese economy is currently generating labour demands which the immigrants are satisfying. In some cases they complement and in others they substitute for the domestic labour force."     

从汉文文献看历史上百夷的经济生活

百夷是元、明时期汉文文献对今日之傣族的称谓,主要分布在云南的西南部,在西南民族发展史上具有相当重要的位置。地理与气候决定了稻作农业生产是百夷最主要的生产活动,也是其最基本的生活资料———稻米获得的主要途径。作为农耕经济的重要补充,畜牧业和家庭副业生产在百夷的经济生活中也起着重要的作用。本文将从百夷的生产方式、生产技术以及经济交往等三个方面对其经济生活进行论述。