A Developmental Perspective on Community Service in Adolescence

A substantial number of U.S. adolescents currently participate in community service and there is increased national interest in service programs. This article assesses the assumption of developmental benefits to service participants by critically reviewing 44 empirical studies. It offers a theoretical framework for understanding the findings by connecting them to identity development and delineating three pertinent concepts: agency, social relatedness, and moral-political awareness. These concepts are applied to studies that investigate: (1) the characteristics and motivations of participants, (2) the effects of service, and (3) the process of service. The findings support the conclusion that service activities which provide opportunities for intense experiences and social interactions are often associated with prasocial development. The findings also point to the need for more studies focused on particular service programs and on relationships between service providers and those served.     

Urban America as a Context for the Development of Moral Identity in Adolescence

Moral identity, defined as a self-consistent commitment to lines of action benefiting others, is described in the contexts of adolescence and poor, urban neighborhoods. A model of moral identity development is proposed. According to the model, stable characteristics of the individual and the individual's family, in conjunction with social attitudes, self-conceptions, and opportunities for the exploration of prosocial action, influence the development of moral identity. Analyses from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth provide support for the model, and demonstrate that urban poverty is associated with few opportunities for development of moral identity. We argue that the provision of these opportunities should be given a high priority both to foster good individual development and as a means for increasing social capital in neighborhoods.     

Political Identity: A Perspective from Cultural Identity

Identity is the “sameness” and belonging of identification. In a real sense, cultural identity is often related to ethno-cultural identity, while political identity and national identity are more often inseparable. Cultural identity lays particular stress on the group destiny of a people or ethnic group from which its members cannot withdraw. Political identity, on the other hand, highlights the subjective values and intentions chosen, judged and assessed by the members of society. Since modern times, politics, as the surface of the social structure, has demonstrated increasingly serious conflict and perplexity, and the decline of the political identity has gradually developed into a common social phenomenon. Considering the high complementarity and the mutual stimulation between cultural identity and political identity, we should take cultural identity as the pivot for our entry into the actual practice of community politics, with a view to promoting institutional innovations, making interest adjustments, and intensifying the community members’ sense of belonging. These are exceptionally meaningful for strengthening the political identity of a community.     

基于职业认同的社区教育工作者专业发展研究

基于文献研究,文章以职业认同为分析视角,分析了职业认同与专业化发展的互动关系。鉴于社区教育工作者队伍构成的复杂性,以实践为例,从职业认知、职业地位、职业效能、职业情感等梳理了社区教育工作者职业认同危机的表现及原因,围绕社区教育工作者的职业自主性、职业本土化、职业话语权、职业敬业感等问题提出了促进专业化发展思考与建议。     

广州社区综合服务中心的发展及经验探析

建设社区综合服务中心,是广州加快社会管理模式创新,建设新型社区管理服务体系的重要举措。文章以广州市现阶段社会管理创新热点为研究内容,系统梳理了广州社区综合服务中心的缘起,总结了广州社区综合服务中心的运营经验。     

政治认同的层次分析

政治认同是研究政治心理、政治文化的重要概念.政治认同的层次分析就是根据政治认同者的身份和政治认同的对象所作的分析.政治认同的身份层次是基于认同者的不同身份背景而对政治认同问题所进行的分析,主要有阶级阶层身份、政治身份、民族身份、文化身份、性别身份、年龄身份等.政治认同的对象层次是从认同对象的角度所作的分析,主要有政治主体认同、政治规范认同、政治程序认同和政治意识形态认同.对政治认同进行层次分析的理论意义是可以深化政治认同理论,使之更加具有解释力、穿透力,而其现实意义是便于有针对性地解决现实政治认同危机.     

Governance Change and Political Identity in the Internet Age

The advent of the Internet era has triggered profound changes in national governance, and the profound complexity and highly uncertain nature of governance have imposed new requirements on political identification in the new era. Whether seen environmentally from the point of view of the governance environment or from the point of view of the subjects and structures of governance, the changes brought about by the Internet to national governance have challenged political identity. Therefore, in response to the challenges to political identification posed by changes in Internet governance in the context of the new era, it is necessary to reconstruct new bonds for the political identity of the mass of the people by promoting the modernization of Internet governance on the basis of maintaining a firm grip on domination of cyberspace ideology: implementing integrated governance to achieve developmental identity; strengthening service-oriented governance to build subject identification; and promoting responsive governance to enhance sustainable identity.     

Life Satisfaction of Rural Migrant Workers in Urban China: The Roles of Community Service Participation and Identity Integration

Abstract

China is home to approximately 245 million rural-to-urban migrant workers. The influx of migrants into urban areas has posed various challenges for local social service systems. Recently, increasing number of community services have been developed to meet the growing service demands from the migrant population. However, whether increase in community service use results in improved wellbeing among migrant workers remains critically unexplored. As such, this study examines the role of community service use in migrant workers’ life satisfaction and the potential mediating effect of identity integration in Shenzhen, China. Bootstrapped models were adopted to examine relationship among variables. Drawing from a sample of 1,087 rural-to-urban migrant workers, we found that community service use is positively correlated with both identity integration and migrant workers’ life satisfaction. Moreover, identity integration served as a partial mediator between community service use and life satisfaction. The mediating effect of identity integration was found to increase with age. This study highlights that diverse services should be implemented to address divergent needs of migrants in different age groups. Community service can also serve as a vehicle to foster integration among migrant workers in host communities, especially for older age groups. Future studies may further investigate the relationships between community social capital, community social support, quality of community-based organization and frequency of service use so as to optimize the life satisfaction of migrant workers.     

城市社区党员的组织认同研究

中心城市社区党员对于社区及其党组织的认同差异随着经济社会的发展而变化，党员的组织认同与社区党建有密切关系，重视组织认同研究和管理有重要意义。本文从认知内容、身份角色、内在属性、认识过程和认同程度等方面分析了组织认同的内容，从就业角色与社区身份、素质与需要等角度分析了组织认同的成因，提出了强化党员组织认同管理的建议。     

中国城市社区服务发展方向的反思

研究的缘起 改革开放以来,伴随着社会结构的急剧转型,中国社会发生了巨大的变化,既取得了举世瞩目的成就,同时也出现了一些新的社会问题,如企业原有的福利职能如何向外剥离问题;老年人口如何赡养和家庭互助功能削弱的问题等等.为了有效地应对这些问题,大力发展社会福利、推进"社会福利社会化"成为政府民政部门的核心工作.在这样的背景下,作为社会福利社会化重要标志的城市社区服务在内地各大中城市得到了积极倡导,并呈现出迅猛发展的势头.     

美国思想政治教育中的文化认同及其启示

美国非常重视思想政治教育中的文化认同,并且将价值观教育、道德教育、宗教教育植根于文化沃土之上,创设出浓厚的文化氛围和文化环境,形成独具特色的公民教育模式.推进我国思想政治教育创新发展,可学习和借鉴美国思想政治教育过程中文化认同的经验和方法.我国思想政治教育中的文化认同必须坚持马克思主义理论指导,必须坚持社会主义文化价值导向,弘扬优秀传统文化,从而增强思想政治教育实效性.     

The Family Contexts of Gender Development in Childhood and Adolescence

We review research on the family's role in gender development during childhood and adolescence. Our discussion highlights children's dyadic family relationship experiences with their parents and siblings; additionally, we describe ways in which the larger system of family relationships, including gendered dynamics in the marriage and the differential family experiences of sisters versus brothers may have implications for gender development. We also emphasize the significance of contextual factors—ranging from situational demands and affordances to forces emanating from the larger social ecology—in family gender socialization. We conclude that family experiences may have a more important impact on gender development than has previously been believed, and we highlight directions for future study. These include: (1) applying more complex models of parent socialization and family dynamics to the study of the family's role in gender development; (2) expanding on research directed at the socialization of sex differences to study how family dynamics are linked to individual differences in girls’ and boys’ gendered qualities and behaviors; and (3) further exploring how contextual factors exert an impact on gender socialization in the family.     

Social Work Intervention in Community Service

Gill McIvor, Research Fellow, Social Work Research Centre, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA. Summary The recently introduced National Standards for Community Serviceschemes in Scotland recognize that certain offenders on CommunityService may experience personal difficulties that interferewith their ability to comply with the order of the court andrecommend that where necessary advice and help should be providedto assist completion. A study of twelve Scottish Community Serviceschemes revealed that in spite of their often being acceptedfor Community Service because of the absence of obvious instabilityin their lives, many offenders encountered personal difficultieswhile completing their orders and those who did had a higherincidence of absence from placement. The relatively few instancesof intervention by Community Service staff that were found weremainly of a practical nature. Two schemes were, however, identifiedas offering a more intensive social work service which may haveenabled certain offenders who would not otherwise have doneso to complete their Community Service Orders. The practicalimplications of increased intervention by Community Servicestaff are discussed as is the possibility that such an approachmight enable schemes to deal successfully with a higher proportionof offenders who would otherwise have received a custodial sentence.     

社区服务活动中的英国妇女

英国社区照顾的概念兴起于20世纪60年代早期,当时社区照顾的倡导者着眼于改革养老院缺乏正常人的生活环境、远离生活区和规模庞大的弊端,建议将大型养老院变成小型的并设立在生活区内,形成社区养老的模式,这样有利于老人和病人的身心健康.这是改革倡导者最初的意图,但推动改革的真正动力却不仅仅如此.     

Parallel Service Delivery in Community Long-Term Care

Using data collected in a state-wide study of adult day care (ADC) in Pennsylvania and indices of technicality, routinization and service provision, this study examined the interventive relationship between ADC program staff (n = 59) and participant caregivers, (n = 67). The analysis found the relationship between formal and informal networks to be one of parallel service delivery rather than complementary roles with caregivers providing a wider range of services more frequently than program staff (t = 6.91, p < 601).     

我国社区服务体系建设中存在的问题及解决对策

发展社区服务是全面建设小康社会的必然要求。由于我国社区服务还处于初级阶段,加之定位模糊,致使在社区服务体系建设中还存在着行政化、市场化倾向以及专业化程度低、居民参与率不高的问题。我国的社区服务,是在政府扶持和社会资助下,由社区居民自行组织,以满足全体居民物质和精神生活需要为目的的非营利性、福利性、公益性社会公共服务。明确把握并践行这样的定位,政府应从传统的统包统管中解脱出来,加大规划、投资、扶持和监督的力度;要建设一支专业化的社区工作者队伍,使之成为社区服务的主要承担者和实施者;要培育社区居民的认同感、归属感和参与意识,通过志愿者服务,激活社区发展的内在动力。     

浅析社区残疾人公共服务体系的建构与发展

本文分析了社区残疾人公共服务的概念、特点、内容,并提出了残疾人社区公共服务的组织框架。指出社区残疾人公共服务体系是指政府及其公共部门运用公共权力,通过社区这一平台,通过灵活运用多种机制和方式,根据残疾人的需求为残疾人提供服务的过程。而目前我国的社区残疾人公共服务体系应当是一个以街道、乡镇政府为责任主体、以居（村）委会以及基层残疾人组织为依托和实施主体,以商业性服务为补充的社会公共服务体系。     

Community Social Workers and Political Leaders in Municipal Settings in Israel

Community social workers (CSWs) have, in recent years, entered a community arena which was previously seen as the domain of local politicians. This study describes certain aspects of the extent and nature of their contact with political influentials. Findings indicate that Israeli CSWs interact with local politicians frequently. During 1 year of activity in 32 communities, influence attempts or "pressure" were recorded in 75% of the episodes-primarily against City Hall politicians, or by them. Although most politician pressures were to restrain the CSWs, at least one-quarter encouraged and supported them. Politicians presure social workers primarily for personal or party gain, and workers pressure politicians for the community's benefit and their own professional enhancement. In over two-thirds of the pressure episodes, workers opposed the politicians. There appears to be a group of younger, recently graduated, university-educated CSWs who are more actively engaged with local politicians than are other workers.