共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 796 毫秒
1.
William J. Moore 《Journal of Labor Research》1998,19(3):445-469
I review the recent literature on the determinants and effects of right-to-work (RTW) laws. The focus is primarily on the
econometric studies published since the early 1980s. Five major areas of impact are assessed: unionization, free riding, union
organizing activities and successes in NLRB elections, wage structure, and state industrial development. While individual
findings are quite sensitive to model specification, the accumulated evidence indicates that RTW laws have at least a significant
short-run impact on all of these areas except perhaps wages. 相似文献
2.
The expected impact of right-to-work (RTW) laws on employer unfair labor practices is discussed within a resource allocation
framework. How RTW laws affect the relative prices of different organizing tactics is also considered. Empirical analysis
based on cross-sectional data for 1970, 1975, and 1980 shows that the impact of RTW laws on employer unfair labor practice
charges is insignificant. Other variables that affect charge activity are also discussed in terms of their effect on employer/union
organizing resource allocation decisions. 相似文献
3.
Greg Hundley 《Journal of Labor Research》1988,9(4):301-323
Analysis of a large micro-data set shows that state public-sector bargaining laws significantly influence state and local
government union membership in several ways. Membership probability is lowest where a right-to-work law is present; it is
greatest when there are mandatory agency shop provisions. Compulsory arbitration leads to a significantly greater probability
of membership than does the right-to-strike. Simulations based on model estimates indicate that policy changes along the lines
of proposed national public bargaining laws could lead to major changes in public-sector union density. Among individual and
demographic characteristics, membership probability is significantly affected by full-time/part-time status and the statewide
extent of private-sector unionism. Although non-whites and males are more likely to be union members, race and gender membership
differentials are shown to be relatively small.
The author thanks Jack Fiorito, Paul Jarley, Joe Stone, and Rob Valletta for their helpful comments. Any remaining errors
are his sole responsibility. 相似文献
4.
There are many reasons to expect that right-to-work legislation should affect unionism, independently of whether or not such
legislation reflects the sentiments of the electorate. The strongest reason is that employees protected by right-to-work legislation
can quit a union without quitting their job. This should make collective job actions more difficult and prompt local union
leaders to strive more for consensus among members. If so, unions in right-to-work states should negotiate less pay for seniority
than do unions in non-right-to-work states. PSID wage data generally confirm this prediction.
The authors thank James Bennett, Art Blakemore, Dan Heldman, Barry Hirsch, Stuart Low, and an anonymous referee for comments
on an earlier draft. 相似文献
5.
The authors reexamine the role of open shop legislation in affecting union outcomes. New indices of union success are employed
which include election voting behavior, the size of newly certified units, and the rate of union decertification. Three competing
hypotheses are empirically tested: (1) the free rider argument predicting lower membership levels in right-to-work (RTW) areas;
(2) the saturationist hypothesis predicting a higher level of organizing activity in RTW areas as a result of large concentrations
of unorganized workers; and, (3) the hypothesis that legislation is vitiated by distinct organizing behaviors in RTW and nonRTW
areas. Empirical results, based on SMSA data from 35 states, tend to provide support for hypotheses (2) and (3). Recently,
RTW areas have experienced more prounion outcomes, and the union returns to regional attributes (measured by Chow tests) are
found to be distinct in the two areas. 相似文献
6.
This study examines the effect of unionization, right-to-work laws, and participation of women in the labor force on income
inequality. Two distinct models are developed using 1970 and 1980 census data on the 50 states in the U.S. First, an income
inequality model is specified as a beta distribution of the second kind to estimate Gini measures of income inequality. Second,
these Gini estimates are used in a simultaneous equations model. The 1970 results indicate that higher unionization rates
decreased inequality while right-to-work laws increased inequality. In 1980, the measure of inequality was lower in states
with higher female labor force participation.
We thank an unknown referee and the editor for comments and criticisms that greatly improved the paper. The usual caveat applies. 相似文献
7.
Of the 39 states that permit some form of public sector collective bargaining, union security agreements are prohibited in
19. Employees may join and pay dues to the union representing them in these states but they are not required to do so. This
study of 372 state government workers compares union dues-payers and non-dues-payers on a variety of personal, positional,
economic, and noneconomic variables. Workers who were exposed to more physical danger and less noise were more likely to be
dues-payers; higher seniority workers and skilled craftworkers were more likely to pay dues. Results suggest that union voting
and union dues-paying have different antecedents. They also raise questions about the generalizability of previous dues-paying
research to blue-collar settings. Holding a union card in a right-to-work environment seems to have little to do with the
traditional collective pursuit of economic power. 相似文献
8.
Everett M. Kassalow 《Journal of Labor Research》1980,1(2):323-339
Conclusion But in the final analysis the cases cited above in Switzerland, Belgium, or the Netherlands are only modest exceptions or
glosses on the general absence of formal union or closed-shop arrangements continental or Western Europe, and this contrasts,
of course, with the United States. Whether or not this particular divergence may be reduced in the future remains to be seen.
Certainly, in the U.S. with the union movement increasingly aware of its relative (to the labor force) decline in numbers,
if anything one could anticipate even greater determination to insist on strong union-security arrangements in the future.
(Whether this might be offest by some growth in state right-to-work laws, is problematical). Forecasting the future of the
closed or union shop, or other forms of union security in Western Europe is hazardous, although this paper does suggest some
grounds for development of a trend in the direction of such developments in several countries.
How then in retrospect does the West European experience relate to the broader theme of the conference, the free rider issue?
Trade unionism in European history has been at least as much a social and political collective phenomenon, as it has been
an economic phenomenon. Economists must be able to understand workers’ relationships to unions in terms of these collective
realities, if their explanations of why workers do or do not join unions, or why unions may or may not feel compelled to seek
the closed or union shop are to achieve a similar reality.
This paper is submitted by the author in his private capacity. It is not intended to represent the position of the Library
of Congress, where he is currently serving as a senior specialist, nor the University of Wisconsin. The paper has benefited
from the comments of Morris Weisz, University of Wisconsin and Bruce Millen of the U.S. Department of Labor. 相似文献
9.
We test the hypothesis that in an economic recovery, unionization negatively affects job creation. We examine state-level
job growth following two recent recessions, those with troughs in November 1982 and March 1991. In the five years following
the troughs, we assess whether variations across states in union membership and right-to-work laws affect the rate of job
growth. We find evidence that links union influence to slower job growth during an economic recovery, a finding consistent
with previous studies reporting that unions negatively affect average employment and employment growth.
相似文献
Robert KrolEmail: |
10.
C. Timothy Koeller 《Journal of Labor Research》1985,6(2):147-165
This paper develops a simultaneous equation model examining interrelationships among measures of union activity, the political
environment of unionism, and relative real earnings across the continental United States in 1970. Its findings generally confirm
the model’s theoretical rationale, particularly the hypothesized influence of the political environment on union activity,
a conclusion which reverses other research findings. Similar results were obtained for the influence of union activity on
relative real earnings. The model was also estimated over the subsamples of right-to-work and non-right-to-work states, and
the structural variations so estimated were generally significant.
The author appreciates the helpful comments of John W. Ballantine, Jack Blicksilver, and an anonymous referee, and he is indebted
to Ralph Elliott for providing some of the data used in this study. The usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
11.
Although union density is much lower in Right-to-Work (RTW) states than in states permitting union shops, most studies have
found that after correcting for omitted-variable and simultaneity biases, RTW laws do not have independent impact on union
density. However, these studies typically use data sets which include certain government, agricultural, supervisory and transportation
workers who are not subject to RTW legislation thus diluting the effect of RTW laws. When these employees are excluded from
the data set, we find that RTW laws do significantly affect union density in the private sector. 相似文献
12.
《Journal of Socio》2004,33(4):395-408
We ask whether conformity, copying the most observed behavior in a population, affects free riding. Our model suggests that, if sufficiently frequent at the start of a public goods game, conformity will increase the growth rate of free riding. We confirm this prediction in an experiment by showing that free riding grows faster when players have the information necessary to conform. As a stricter test, we econometrically estimate the dynamic on which the model is based and find that, controlling for the payoff incentive to free ride, players react significantly to the number of free riders in their groups. 相似文献
13.
J. F. Shogren 《Social Choice and Welfare》1990,7(3):221-229
This paper examines the impacts of increased risk on the voluntary provision of public goods. I strengthen the view that uncertainty ameliorates free riding even given negative non-Nash conjectures. This result holds since the change in the perceived free riding (i.e., the magnitude of the conjecture) drives voluntary contribution to public good supply. The result has two main implications. First, the traditional model of the rational self-interested individual can explain voluntary contributions. Second, a public policy to encourage volunteerism would maintain private information of private contributions to the supply of public goods. However, risk as a public policy instrument is limited by ethical concerns and behavioral responses to risk.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provided support for this research. Garey Durden, Todd Sandler, Fred Sterbenz, Robert Sugden, and Joe Kerkvliet provided useful comments. I owe tanks to Peter Bohm, Hans Wijkander, and Charles Mason for encouraging my work in this area. Two referees provided detailed suggestions that greatly improved the paper. 相似文献
14.
William J. Moore 《Journal of Labor Research》1980,1(2):349-368
This paper examines the effects of “Right-to-Work” laws on union membership and on the earnings of union and nonunion members.
Using regression analysis, we find that once the simultaneous equations bias between the degree of unionization and RTW laws
is eliminated, RTW laws have no statistically significant influence on union membership. Similarly, using a human-capital
earnings model, we find that RTW laws have no significant influence on the wages of all workers, union workers, or nonunion
workers. However, we did find evidence that such laws may promote aggressive union wage policies resulting in a larger union/nonunion
relative wages advantage in RTW states than in non-RTW states. 相似文献
15.
Free riders are employees who are covered by collective bargaining agreements but are not union members. This article examines
the choice between free-rider status and union membership. A discriminant analysis of data from the 1988Current Population Survey identifies employee characteristics that distinguish free riders from union members. Factors influencing the decision to
be a free rider, including the knowledge of available options, the preferential treatment of union members, the value of reputation,
and union consciousness are discussed. A probit analysis determines the extent to which earnings and proxy measures for the
value of reputation and union consciousness affect free-rider status. Suggestions are made for extending the study of the
free riders and for the design of internal organizing campaigns.
The authors thank an anonymous referee for helpful comments. 相似文献
16.
Farrell E. Bloch 《Journal of Labor Research》1980,1(2):245-253
Conclusion Even if minimum wage laws reduce employment opportunities for some workers, other individuals may benefit from their enactment.
In particular, union members and residents of states with high wage levels would be expected to encourage their senators to
vote in favor of minimum wage legislation. Examination of senators’ votes on the 1966 and 1974 minimum wage bills indicates
that senators favoring passage of these bills are likely to come from states with high union membership and, to a lesser extent,
high wage levels.
The equations explaining senators’ votes on these bills were disaggregated by political party affiliation and length of membership
in the Senate. Democrats were more likely than Republicans to support minimum wage bills. Virtually no difference was observed
between senators who voted on both the 1966 and 1974 measures and those who voted on only one.
Perhaps the most encouraging result reported is the similarity of coefficients generally observed for corresponding 1966 and
1974 equations. This similarity suggests that the equations reported herein could be used to predict votes on future minimum
wage bills. The results suggest also that the general mode of analysis can be fruitfully applied to other economic legislation. 相似文献
17.
This study derives an empirical model which simultaneously traces the effect of Right-to-Work laws on the worker’s decision
to join the union, the union’s decision to set the wage rate, and the firm’s decision to employ inputs. The model identifies
two channels through which Right-to-Work laws affect these decisions: the wage effect and the productivity effect. Our results
show that RTW laws tend to affect economic decisions through the wage effect, because the effect of RTW laws on productivity
is small in most states.
We thank an anonymous referee for helpful comments. Any errors that remain are the responsibility of the authors. 相似文献
18.
《Sociological inquiry》2018,88(3):494-509
This study investigates the effect of status on perceptions of and reactions to free riders. Extrapolating from expectation states theory, I posit that higher status actors are granted a greater degree of social leniency than lower status actors when it comes to free riding. Specifically, I hypothesize that higher status actors are less likely to evoke the same negative emotional and behavioral responses elicited by lower status free riders. Using gender as an indicator of status, I employ a simple vignette to examine this relationship. Results validate previous findings related to the negative emotional and affective responses individuals have toward free riders. Furthermore, while findings fail to support the stated hypotheses, additional results demonstrate the subtle complexity of the relationship between gender, status, and free riding as well as its effect on the emotional and behavioral responses of individuals within small groups. As a result, I suggest that an outright rejection of the stated hypotheses may be premature and that further research in this area is warranted. 相似文献
19.
A congressional subcommittee held “union democracy” hearings in 1998 and 1999 to debate the impact and effectiveness of the
union-democracy protections provided by the Land rum-Griffin Act which provides union members in the private sector and U.S.
Postal Service certain democratic rights and protections. What was not resolved at that hearing was whether state sector or
public employee union members should also enjoy the same democracy protections. We survey the existing 28 state sector collective
bargaining laws and find that the majority of state legislation falls considerably short of the protections provided by the
Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act. Moreover the consequences of limited state-enacted union-democracy protections
are discussed and assessed to determine whether LMRDA jurisdiction should also cover public sector union members. 相似文献
20.
Mark Partridge 《Journal of Labor Research》1993,14(2):131-149
Union opposition to a free trade agreement with Mexico affirms the conventional wisdom that international trade damages the
union movement. This study uses data from the March and May CPS for 1984 to 1987 to investigate this issue for production
workers. The results indicate that union wages are not influenced by greater trade at medium union densities. However, at
low union densities, greater imports (exports) reduce (increase) wages with the opposite pattern occurring at high union densities.
The union wage pattern is consistent with product market considerations playing a strong role at low union densities and end
game considerations playing a strong role at high union densities. In general, nonunion wages are not significantly impacted
by greater trade. After controlling for imports and exports, nonunion wages are much greater in internationally competitive
industries while union wages are not significantly greater in competitive industries. Nonunion wages appear to be more influenced
by efficiency wage considerations. Thus, a Mexican free trade agreement will have little influence on union wages and should
increase nonunion wages.
I thank Wally Hendricks, Larry Kahn, Dan Rickman, and Doug Dalenberg for their very useful comments. All remaining errors
are my own. 相似文献