基于公司治理视角的中小投资者保护

中小投资者是证券市场最重要的组成部分,保护其利益才能让其更有信心更积极参与证券市场活动。本文基于公司治理中控股股东侵害中小投资者利益这一普遍问题,通过阅读相关文献,总结归纳了大股东威胁小股东利益的形式,从而提出对中小投资者保护的对策。     

“深康佳”中小股东维权:“庶民的胜利”抑或“百日维新”?——一个中小股东参与治理的分析框架

本文以我国资本市场上中小股东首次在董事会选举中击败控股股东并成功控制董事会的上市公司"深康佳"为例,探讨中小股东参与公司治理的动因、途径及局限性。主要发现和结论是:首先,互联网时代下,随着法制环境的改善和信息渠道的日益畅通,中小股东的维权意识更强,更容易了解和辨识控股股东对上市公司利益的侵害行为,也更可能借助网络等新媒体渠道沟通协作并联合制衡大股东;其次,股东网络投票制度降低了中小股东投票的成本,而累积投票制则大大提高了中小股东选派董事代表的可能性,成为中小股东制约控股股东、参与公司治理的有效渠道;最后,由于中小股东利益联盟脆弱、治理角色定位不当、短期偏好等局限,中小股东掌握控制权可能造成公司在治理和经营管理等方面的混乱。因此,我们需要客观全面地评价中小股东参与公司治理的积极意义及其局限性。本文提供了一个中小股东参与治理的完整分析框架,丰富了现有中小股东治理的相关文献,也对有关当局完善投资者保护制度尤其是股东投票机制有一定的借鉴意义。     

公司治理模式对企业绩效的影响

狭义的公司治理是指企业内部界定、调节股东与管理层关系的一套规则和机构,主要是股东大会、董事会、经理层及界定它们相互关系的一套运行规则。公司治理的基本内容是保护投资者的利益,包括股东尤其是中小股东的利益,在广义上也包括债权人。企业要在融资市场上获得优势,在很大程度上取决于投资者对企业公司治理运行情况的判断。     

中小股东投票权、公司决策与公司治理——来自一项自然试验的证据

基于深交所的一个自然试验,本文考察中小股东参与公司治理程度的提升是否影响公司盈余行为,并尝试回答以下问题:中小股东参与在公司治理中扮演何种角色?对公司而言,中小股东参与扮演了外部监督角色?还是给管理层带来压力而扭曲了公司行为?研究发现,中小股东参与度高的公司更倾向操纵盈余。我们利用滞后变量回归、PSM以及IV回归控制内生性,结论不变;进一步,当企业存在融资或内部交易需求、信息不对称程度较高、投资者整体教育水平较低时,公司更有可能通过操纵盈余来迎合中小股东。本文研究结论具有明晰的政策含义,即在赋予中小投资者参与公司治理的权利的同时,必须提升投资者保护,否则可能会引致适得其反的效果。     

利益相关者权益保护与公司价值——来自中国上市公司的证据

本文从利益相关者参与治理和利益相关者关系管理两方面构建了利益相关者权益保护指数。以此为依托,实证分析了中国上市公司利益相关者权益保护与公司价值之间的关系。研究表明,利益相关者权益的有效保护有利于公司价值的提升,并且,在利益相关者权益保护的各层次评价指标中,利益相关者关系管理、中小股东参与治理、投资者关系管理以及其他利益相关者关系管理均表现出了对公司价值的正向影响。但是,利益相关者参与治理、债权人参与治理与公司价值的关系却不显著。而且,在人力资本参与治理上,不但没有表现出对公司价值的正向影响,反而出现了显著的负相关关系。本文在解释出现上述结果的原因基础上,指出中国上市公司利益相关者权益得不到有效保护的根源在于"立法水平的相对滞后"以及"对现有法律法规的执行力不足"。因此,在公司治理复杂性日益增强的情况下,利益相关者权益得以保护的关键,一方面取决于对现有立法的执行力度,另一方面则在于尽快实现"立法与实践"的对接。     

媒体治理与中小投资者保护

本文考察媒体在股权分置改革及流通股股东分类表决的制度安排下所发挥的治理职能.研究表明,作为宏观治理环境的一个重要组成部分,媒体在股权分置改革中发挥着非常重要的治理作用.在控制其它影响因素的前提下,媒体关注程度越高,治理环境越好,“公司治理溢价”越高,信息环境和信息质量越有保证,非流通股股东的私有利益越小,中小流通股股东所面临的信息风险越低,相应地,其所要求的实际对价也会相对较低.反之,中小流通股股东会向那些媒体关注程度较低公司的非流通股股东要求更高的对价.同时,密集的媒体披露水平可以明显影响甚至强化非流通股持股对实际对价所产生的正向相关关系.分组回归分析的结果表明,这些媒体的公司治理职能仅在中小流通股股东对实际对价高度满意的研究样本中存在.进一步,媒体的这些公司治理职能的发挥主要是通过提高中小流通股股东参与股改投票的热情、进而使其自身意见更有可能在分类表决中得到体现来实现的.     

论我国中小投资者利益保护

投资者保护不仅关系资本市场的规范和发展,而且也关系到整个经济的稳定增长。中小投资者作为资本市场的主力军,由于公司内外部治理环境的制度性缺陷,其权益得不到有效保护。本文分析了中小投资者利益保护的现状及受损根源,并提出了相关建议。     

以股抵债:大股东动了谁的奶酪?--电广传媒大股东以股抵债案例研究

本文以电广传媒大股东以股票抵偿占用上市公司资金为例,研究了在以股抵债方案设计中的定价问题、对流通股股东和债权人利益的影响、对流通股股东保护措施的有效性以及以股抵债目标的可信性。研究的结果表明,在以股抵债方案中,过高的定价损害了流通股股东和债权人利益,方案中的保护性安排并未起到保护流通股股东利益的作用。以股抵债目标也缺乏理论基础和实证支持。以股抵债不仅不能改善公司治理,还可能成为大股东套现的合法途径。     

百股义士:投服中心行权与中小投资者保护——基于投服中心参与股东大会的研究

2014年证监会牵头成立中证中小投资者服务中心,是我国资本市场投资者保护的重大制度创新.研究投服中心对中小投资者保护的切实所用在理论和实践层面具有重大意义.鉴于此,本文使用手工整理的投服中心数据,系统分析投服中心的行权方式和运行规律,以及投服中心持股行权在中小投资者保护中的作用.研究结果显示:1)投服中心倾向关注财务状况较差、内部治理质量低、大股东和内部人控制程度低的民营企业;2)投服中心持股行权能够降低大股东和中小投资者间的信息不对称,且带动更多的中小投资者积极参与公司治理;3)投服中心关注某上市公司的公告能引起显著的市场反应,体现为被关注的公司受到更低的累计市场异常回报率.上述结果表明投服中心持股行权能够显著提高中小投资者保护.本研究首次系统地检验了投服中心持股行权的影响因素和经济后果,丰富了中小投资者保护的相关研究,对相关政策制定者未来的政策研究与制定提供参考.     

机构投资者行为——“用手投票”还是“用脚投票”

在我国资本市场上,机构投资者的公司治理作用日渐明显。由于存在制度障碍和内部人控制,机构投资者利益遭受控股大股东侵占。机构投资者在利益冲突面前的行为选择是,短期内采取"用脚投票"策略,长期内则会积极介入上市公司治理、"用手投票",我国的机构投资者正在从价差创造阶段到价值发现、价值创造阶段过渡。最后提出政策建议。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.