HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY,MANUFACTURING, AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: AN ALTERNATE PERSPECTIVE ON SCHMENNER'S HYPOTHESES

Two simultaneous developments took place during the so‐called Industrial Revolution (1760–1830): the industrialization of Britain and other countries in Europe and the deindustrialization of a number of non‐European countries, including India. I identify international relations as a major driver of the three components—demand, innovations, and capital formation—of the Industrial Revolution. I also offer an alternate perspective on hypotheses proposed by Schmenner in the preceding article in this issue.     

员工目标内容对突破性创造力和渐进性创造力的影响:基于代际比较视角

基于目标内容理论的观点,探讨了企业员工的内部目标和外部目标追求对突破性创造力和渐进性创造力的影响,并检验了代际差异对上述路径的调节效应。基于不同企业的247对上下级匹配数据的研究结果表明,外部目标促进员工的渐进性创造力,内部目标促进员工的突破性创造力;员工的目标内容对突破性和渐进性创造力的影响存在代际差异,相比新生代员工,外部目标对老一代员工的渐进性创造力产生更显著的影响,相比新生代员工,内部目标对老一代员工的突破性创造力产生更显著的影响。针对上述结论,进一步讨论了本文的理论与实践意义。     

The Long‐term Impacts of the Cultural Revolution: A Micro‐Analysis

This paper provides a micro‐analysis of the long‐term impacts of a particular historical event: the Cultural Revolution in urban labor market of China. Using the life‐cycle models and synthetic cohort approach, I demonstrate that the Cultural Revolution produced a lasting negative effect on permanent income for the subjected birth cohorts and this effect was amplified from the middle 1990s to the early 2000s as the Chinese market economy increasingly evolved. Channels in the mechanism of the impact includes productivity determinants (educational attainment, work experience, and health), marriage, and personality. The conclusions are robust to a variety of controls for family background as well as contamination factors, examinations with various control groups, contemporaneous comparisons, and placebo tests.     

The information revolution: opportunities and pitfalls for patients and providers

The Information Revolution is changing everything in our world. Although this era is developing and evolving, some have described networks, globalization, diffusion of power away from professionals, and information overload as direct results of the Information Revolution. These megatrends are affecting every person and every organization in the world, and this article examines them to see how they might affect medicine and the delivery of health care in the millennium. What is truly significant about the changes brought about by the creation of cyberspace is that through computers, digitized information can be inexpensively and quickly transmitted anywhere in the world. Many of the traditional ethical and professional standards of medicine are feeling the strain of being applied to the strange, unfamiliar world-cyberconsultations and other virtual medical applications are explored. Physicians who understand this revolution will have a far better chance of controlling their destinies--and more importantly, aiding their patients in the quest for good health.     

The systems revolution

In this paper the author brings together a number of ideas which are presented more fully in his forthcoming book—Redesigning the Future (John Wiley and Sons, New York): This synthesis amounts to a digest of Part 1 of that book. The article is organized into 5 parts: The Systems Revolution; The Self-Control Problem; The Humanization Problem; The Environmentalization Problem and Science in the Systems Age.     

The industrial engineer- caught between two revolutions?

The industrial engineer is caught between the Industrial Revolution and the Information Revolution. He is confronted with choosing between pragmatic improvements in productivity and efficiency of a single operation and the opportunistic modelling and reshaping of the networked 'virtual enterprise' and 'extended enterprise' to become more competitive in a global marketplace. The different extreme of the industrial engineering timeline is depicted in Diagram 1. It implies that the two societies industrial and information might have conflicting characteristics which require careful repositioning of the industrial engineer to ensure that the benefits that can be obtained from the two societies are maximized. The development of industrial engineering is presented. An evaluation of the nature of the much publicized information revolution and its impact on society is made. The trend of industrial engineering research based on publications in four journals and the Internet is reported. From these results the similarities and differences of the two revolutions and the characteristics of the two societies are compared. The authors identify some opportunities and some threats for the industrial engineer and conclude that a combined approach is applicable and necessary. The industrial engineer cannot afford to ignore the key concepts of either of the two societies.     

中国消费者世代及其民族中心主义轮廓研究

在探索性研究基础上,运用聚类分析及独立样本单因子变异分析将中国消费者划分为“文革”世代、婴儿潮世代和X世代等三个主流世代,三个世代在消费者民族中心主义倾向上差异显著.论文证实可运用民族中心主义倾向、集体主义、家庭观念等价值观因素,教育、收入等人口统计变量,中欧手机形象等行为变量来描绘各个世代的轮廓.论文最后讨论了研究发现对企业营销战略及政府公共政策的借鉴,提出未来研究方向.数据来自京、沪、穗、渝1 005个成人消费者样本.     

大武汉躁动

策划人语武汉正在发生大变化。大建设、治庸风暴、打造最优投资环境、推出城市英雄、建设概念性城市新区、城市功能转型升级、纪念辛亥革命百年……一连串看似不相及的事情,如果鱼贯而出,以某种姿态接踵而至,就会令人别有一番联想。     

LOOKING AHEAD BY LOOKING BACK: SWIFT,EVEN FLOW IN THE HISTORY OF MANUFACTURING

Manufacturing history is too often neglected in operations management and its lessons lost. Its usefulness for testing theory is under-appreciated. This paper uses critical aspects of the history of manufacturing to provide support for the Theory of Swift, Even Flow as an explanation of productivity gain. The rise of Britain in the Industrial Revolution and the rapid overtaking of Britain by the United States and Germany are argued to be thoroughly consistent with Swift, Even Flow, thereby vindicating both theory and the usefulness of history.     

The importance of recognizing generational differences in HRD policy and practices: a study of workers in Qinhuangdao,China

Amid the success of becoming a market economy and a member of the World Trade Organization, the response to China's economic reform is not the same across generational cohorts. The Cultural Revolution (CR) cohort, a by-product of the history of contemporary China, has been left behind. Based on the results of 384 highly structured interviews, this study found that the CR cohort sampled was the least satisfied with China's recent economic reform. The study calls for future research and collaboration among HRD scholars and practitioners to address generational differences and specifically the needs of the CR cohort.     

FORRIDGE - Principles of good practice in material flow

The post World War II Industrial Revolution has driven production away from the old 'economies of scale' to the new 'economies of scope'. Apparently Japanese led, the associated roots of present good practice on material flow can be traced back in the USA to Jay Forrester and in the UK to Jack Burbidge. Specifically, in the supply chain scenario, Forrester exposed the importance of system structure in relating and integrating information flow with material flow. Similarly Burbidge led the way in exploiting cycle time reduction, synchronization of orders throughout the chain, simplified product structures, and streamlined component flows. This paper unites their contributions to material flow engineering and shows how present day system design methodologies incorporate their ideas on best practice. These principles are particularly relevant to the product delivery process (PDP) which governs material flow in supply chains.     

Central State Steering of Local Collaboration: Assessing the Impact of Tools of Meta-governance in Homelessness Services in England

Much of the discussion of state steering of service delivery networks to encourage collaboration at the local level has been theoretical. This study builds on this analysis systematically to assess the relationship between meta-governance tools of central government steering and the extent of local collaboration, using the case of homelessness services in England. Contrary to the pessimist expectations of some contemporary theory, central government funding tools and facilitating the transfer of best practice encourages collaboration. However, simple information provision and authority based tools are only partially effective, risking tokenistic compliance. Authority tools are more effective when combined with other tools.

跨国公司在华子公司角色演化:理论及案例分析

本文根据影响子公司角色转变的因素,将子公司的角色根据每种因素的强弱不同分为八种类型,即起步者、淘汰者、办事员、支持者、小诸侯、贡献者、直辖领袖和自由领袖.根据该子公司角色划分方法和演化路径分析方法,本文深入研究了一家跨国公司在华子公司-BEC公司的角色演化情况,研究证实了本文得出的角色划分方法和演化路径分析框架的适用性,也得到了跨国公司在华子公司的一个具体演化路径.     

股权结构的适度性与公司治理效率

股权结构与公司治理效率存在着密切的关系,在一定条件下,股权结构决定着公司治理结构,适度的股权结构又是影响公司治理效率的决定因素之一。本文从股权结构的适度性角度来考察德美日公司的治理效率,并在此基础上提出了建立有效的公司治理的股权结构适度性模型,从而对转轨时期的中国企业公司治理改革具有一定的参考价值。     

考虑参照依赖的企业合作创新演化博弈分析

合作创新具有实现资源互补,降低创新风险,提高创新成功可能性的优势,但是在实践中企业间的合作关系却难以保持稳定性。本文基于有限理性假设,改变传统的期望效用理论,引入前景理论中的参照点概念,分析创新主体的效用,构建合作创新博弈收益感知矩阵,并基于该矩阵对合作创新博弈双方的行为进行演化博弈分析,为保持合作创新的持续性提出建议。研究表明,企业对创新收益的感知价值、合作创新成本、收益分配和成本分担等因素是合作稳定性的重要影响因素,增强企业对长期的战略性合作创新收益的感知,引导企业建立正确的创新风险认知,控制合作创新的交易成本等措施将有利于增强合作创新的稳定性。     

基于Frank-Copula贝叶斯估计的系统性风险对样本标度的敏感性分析

研究表明数据样本标度的选取对系统性风险估计结果具有直接影响,本文基于150只A股样本数据构建25组投资组合,通过Copula贝叶斯估计方法获得系统风险β与投资标度比λ无信息先验的联合后验分布,对系统风险β与投资标度比λ的影响效应进行了分析。研究表明,样本标度对我国A股市场的系统性风险值估计存在误差性影响,且该影响随着公司规模的增加而不断上升,即样本标度的选取对于大额机构投资者影响较大,但数据对于账面市值比不敏感。以月度数据为基础数据,我国市场系统性风险值与样本标度比存在弱负相关关系,相比较以机构投资者占据资本市场主流的美国数据,我国市场真实投资标度存在明显差异。     

Selection of Probability Distributions in Characterizing Risk of Extreme Events

Use of probability distributions by regulatory agencies often focuses on the extreme events and scenarios that correspond to the tail of probability distributions. This paper makes the case that assessment of the tail of the distribution can and often should be performed separately from assessment of the central values. Factors to consider when developing distributions that account for tail behavior include (a) the availability of data, (b) characteristics of the tail of the distribution, and (c) the value of additional information in assessment. The integration of these elements will improve the modeling of extreme events by the tail of distributions, thereby providing policy makers with critical information on the risk of extreme events. Two examples provide insight into the theme of the paper. The first demonstrates the need for a parallel analysis that separates the extreme events from the central values. The second shows a link between the selection of the tail distribution and a decision criterion. In addition, the phenomenon of breaking records in time-series data gives insight to the information that characterizes extreme values. One methodology for treating risk of extreme events explicitly adopts the conditional expected value as a measure of risk. Theoretical results concerning this measure are given to clarify some of the concepts of the risk of extreme events.     

Analysing the information embedded in the optimal mean–variance weights: CAPM versus Bamberg and Dorfleitner model

This paper is centred on the analysis of the information embedded in the optimal weights of the assets in the CAPM and the Bamberg–Dorfleitner model. On this basis, first we find a functional relationship between the optimal weights of both models. Next, we find a set of performance indicators that express the contribution of each asset to the reward/volatility ratio measured as the Sharpe ratio or through a utility function. For the Bamberg–Dorfleitner model these indicators also lead to identify the contribution of each independent variable to the reward/volatility ratio. Technically, these connections are obtained through the covariance-normalized portfolio that consists of a transformation of the inverted covariance matrix. The additive property of covariances is transmitted to the indicators. These results enable investors and portfolio managers to obtain a precise knowledge of the causes of the value of the reward/volatility ratio. From the corporate point of view, this approach contributes to a better identification of the features of the different types of investors to whom to focus the corporate financial policy.     

需求不确定下企业生产规模选择及影响因素研究

基于企业生产规模的不同情况,讨论了需求不确定下企业生产规模决策问题,构建了企业生产规模决策模型并得出了不同条件下的表达式。分析表明：需求不确定下企业存在生产最优规模,随着成本的增加,企业最优生产规模临界值将增大,利率、市场力量与企业最优生产规模负相关;企业生产规模为Q时,企业最优生产规模与单位时间收益流的波动率和期望增长率正相关,而与单位成本无关;在区间0≤q（t）≤Q,企业最优生产规模与企业单位时间收益流的波动率负相关,随着企业单位时间收益流的期望增长率的增加先降低后增加,且随着企业单位成本C的增加先不变后增加。这为需求不确定下企业生产规模决策提供了一种解释。     

Coaching auf dem Weg zur Profession? Eine professionssoziologische Einordnung

Following a historical and sociological introduction into the special subject of profession the contribution discusses the niveau of the professionalization of coaching. While the development of the expertise and the organisational level has achieved obvious progress the definition of jurisdiction remains still unclear. A look at the development of coaching in the context of the New Capitalisms shows a connection between the de-professionalization in many working areas and a complementary differentiation and professionalization of extra-functional competences. The professionalization of Coaching and other new forms of reflexive counselling are linked to this development. Although the classical model of profession has become weaker the clarifying of jurisdiction and the autonomy are still remaining the decisive challenges of professional work. As to both aspects the contribution provides an outlook.