China’s Role and Influence in the Incidents in Po-land and Hungary in 1956

在苏联处理波匈事件的初期,中国因情况不明未及参与。而在苏联决定从布达佩斯撤军和再次武装占领匈牙利的问题上,中国的意见起了主导作用。这就是说,在危机处理的后期,苏联听从了中国的建议和主张,其结果是毛泽东既批判了苏联的大国主义,又保证了社会主义阵营的团结。波匈事件标志着中共在国际共产主义运动中的地位和声望已经迈上了一个新台阶。     

Sino-US Cooperation Institute in Literatures and in History

The wartime transnational military intelligence cooperation organization, abbreviated as "Sino-US Cooperation Institute," has long been widely known as the synonym of "America and Jiang Jieshi's crimes." The "White Mansion" and "Dreg     

Disparities in Regional Development and Macro-Economic Management in China

Ⅰ.IntroductionWhendiscussingmacro-economicmanagementinChina,onecannotignoretheharshrealityofunevendevelopmentintheregionaleconomies.Anyaim,task,principleorpolicyofmacro-economicmanagementmustbeformulatedonthebasisofnarrowingthisgapbetweenregions.Thisisaparticularrequirementformacro-economicmanagementbasedonChina'sspecialnationalconditions.Percapitanationalincomeistheindexmostfrequentlyusedtogaugethelevelofeconomicdevelopmentofacountryorregion.Thepercapitanationalincomeoftheregionsbetweenthe…     

“Chinese Values” and Innovation in Philosophy and Social Sciences in Present Day China

“中国价值观” 是相对于 “美国价值观” , “亚洲价值观” , “华盛顿共识” 等 而言的, 是中国社会价值体系长期发展演变的结果, 是当代中国价值复杂性的观念表 现和理论提升。在历史与时代, 中国与世界的多维背景中分析中国当前复杂价值状况 的历史生成, 演进逻辑, 多元构架, 深层原因与内在依据,透视西方几百年现代化进 程中的历时性矛盾在当代中国的共时性并存, 我们主张以复杂性的思维与方法来看待 当前中国的复杂价值现实和价值观念, 在多重线索汇聚和多元变化整合的动态过程中 积极守护 “中国利益” , 合理履行 “中国责任” , 自觉探寻 “中国道路” , 清醒回应 “中国期盼” , 自觉化解 “中国难题” , 恰当彰显 “中国信心” , 更好地发挥出哲学 社会科学在解读与引领社会发展的积极功能。

关键词: 中国价值观 多元价值 核心价值 复杂性思维

“Chinese values” is a concept defined in relation to “American values,” “Asian values” and the “Washington Consensus.” It is a product of the long-term development and evol ut ion of Chi nese soci et y’s val ue syst em and const it ute s the c onc ept ua l representation and theoretical enhancement of the complexity of current Chinese values. We analyze the historical formation, evolutionary logic, pluralistic framework, underlying reasons, and inner grounds of present day China’s complex values in a multi- dimensional context that involves history and the present as well as China and the world, looking at the synchronous coexistence in modern China of diachronic conflicts that unfolded over several hundred years in the course of Western modernization. Our contention is that present day China’s complex value reality and value concepts should be approached by using complex ideas and techniques. In the dynamic process of integrating manifold clues and multiple changes, we will vigorously safeguard “Chinese interests,” reasonably fulfill “China’s responsibilities,” consciously seek a “Chinese path,” soberly respond to “expectations of China,” consciously break down “China’s problems” and appropriately demonstrate “China’s confidence,” in order to better perform the positive function of philosophy and social sciences in interpreting and guiding the development of society.     

Timing contradictions in von Neumann and Morgenstern's axioms and in savage's ‘sure-thing’ proof

At the point of choice, let N be the delay in learning the outcome. Then von Neumann and Morgenstern's postulates contradictorily imply that N = 0 and N > 0. As a consequence, Savage's sure-thing proof, which has bestowed on expected utility theory most of its normative appeal, depends on inconsistent assumptions. Further, the validity of Savage's proof cannot be retrieved by minimizing N > 0, by making the delay a mere moment or so. The historical origins of these contradictions are traced to (i) von Neumann and Morgenstern inadvertently limiting their risk model to the certain period, that is the period after gamblers learn the outcome(s), and (ii) Savage's use of the sure-thing principle for analysing atemporally but also quite formally compound gambles [Savage, 1954, p. 23].     

Melanchthon and Religious Re-form in Germany

Phillip Melanchthon (originally, P.Schwartzerd, 1497-1560) was an eminentfigure in the 16th century European move-ment of religious reform, whose historicalposition in the Reformation was only next toMartin Luther (1483-1546) and John Calvin(1509-1564). From his teens, he had beengroomed by humanist Johannes Rauchlin(1455-1522) and had come under the influ-ence of Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536), sothat he grew up to be a humanistic scholar.He was active in the movement, doing hisutmost to…     

Conflicts and Options in a Composite Criminal and Civil Case

Trial regulations and conflicts of a com-posite criminal and civil case in judicial practice In judicial practice, when a composite criminal and civil case is dealt with, the court usually follows “criminal before civil” trial regulations. However, the application of these regulations should be confined to cases where the same legal fact makes the same     

Changes in Land Cultivation in China in Recent Years and Medium-term Development Trends

I.ThePresentConditionofFarmlandResourcesinChina1.CurrentlandcultivationconditionsAccordingtotheinitialconsolidateddatafromadetailednationalsurveyofthecurrentstatusoflandnationwide(hereafter,"detailedsurvey"),Chinahad2.O16billionmu(atraditionalChineseunitofarea,15mu=1hectare)ofcultivatedlandattheend0f1990.Thisfigurewasobtainedbypoolingtheinformationavailablefromdetailedsurveysconductedineveryc0untyinChinaovertheprevious10years.Furtherinvestigations,acensusandananalysisofchangesinlallduseacr…     

Dual conditionality in welfare and housing for lone parents in Ireland: Change and continuity?

This article focuses on multiple conditionalities in benefits and housing from the perspective of lone parents in Ireland. The Irish case echoes historical experiences elsewhere and is offered not as an exceptional or extreme case but as an in-depth single case study and a lens for comparison. Although contemporary forms and combinations of conditionalities are new to Ireland, the experience of multiple conditionalities in benefits and housing is not new. Hence, a historical perspective is used to examine contemporary multiple conditionalities in benefits and housing. In the past, conditional regimes for lone parents were justified in terms of moral reformation for first time mothers and avoiding moral contagion of mothers with subsequent pregnancies. In contemporary times, in the case of employment, lone parents are problematised as working part-time and “nesting” on in-work-benefits, and in the case of homelessness, lone parents who prioritise the security of tenure embedded in social housing are accused of “gaming” the system. While acknowledging ambiguities, the paper finds the overlap of welfare and housing discourses contribute, intentionally or unintentionally, to epistemological foundations or understandings of lone parents, shifting public perceptions, and framing them as “problems” to be solved. They simultaneously temper lone parents' expectations. Increased precarity and disempowerment is associated with dual conditionality, and ontological uncertainty is multiplied when experienced cumulatively across employment, social protection, and housing regimes in a context of generally poor public services and labour market precarity and in the historical context of stigmatisation. Nonetheless, lone parents demonstrate considerable agency.     

An Analysis of Enforcement and Persuasion and Education in Civil Justice

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Expressionism in Music—Real and Imagined

At the Congress of Soviet Musicians in April, 1960, there was considerable heated debate on modernist—and more specifically expressionist—tendencies in Soviet music. The debate was sparked by critical discussion of the recently published Volumes II and III of A History of Russian Soviet Music. During the debate Iosif Ryzhkin, musician, critic and musicologist, took sharp issue with the author of this article over the latter's defense of Prokofiev, whose work at one time was under indictment as "Western-influenced" and "decadent." Specifically the clash centered around the last opera written by the dean of Soviet composers, the monumental War and Peace. Ryzhkin and Danilevich disagreed sharply on the way this work was evaluated in Volume III of the History.     

The education of children in care and children in need: Who falls behind and when?

We seek to explain the development of the educational gap between children in “out‐of‐home care” (CLA), children deemed in social need (CIN), and other pupils. A cohort of 642,805 pupils aged 16 in 2013 was used to chart the educational progress of the full cohort, the CLA (n = 6,236), the CIN in 2012 or 2013 but not CLA (n = 20,384), and a sample individually matched with the CLA (n = 11,084). At age 7, attainment of the CLA and CIN was approximately 1 standard deviation lower than the cohort average and predicted attainment at 16. At this point, the persistent “CIN” (those with earlier and persistent needs) had the lowest attainment relative to others, and this declined further during secondary school. Those entering care before or during primary school had very low attainment at age 7, but their relative attainment did not decline. Attainment of CLA and CIN at age 16 likely reflects early environment, special educational needs, and poor relationships with secondary school. Policy, research, and intervention should focus on CIN as well as CLA, do so before entry to care, and take account of the onset of, and probable reasons for, educational difficulties.     

Changes in Urban Residents' Personal Incomes in China and Regulatory Measures

TheResearchTeamoftheSocialDevelopmentResearchInstituteStatePtanningCommissionResearchteamleaderandauthorGuoJiyan.Ⅰ.MajorChangesandTrendsinIncomeDistributionSinceChina'sreformandoPeningtotheoutsideworld,whilethegeneral1evelofurbanresidents'incomeshasrisen…     

The relevance of institutions and people’s preferences in the PSNP and IN-SCT programmes in Ethiopia

The effective implementation of social protection interventions is key for achieving positive change. The existing literature mainly focuses on issues related to programme design and impact, rather than the factors that influence the emergence, expansion and provision of these programmes. This article builds on the recent literature that indicates that the quality of institutions and people’s preferences play an important role in the implementation of social protection. It does so by using Ethiopia and its Productive Safety Net Programme – one of the largest social protection programmes in sub-Saharan Africa – as a case study, thereby contributing to debates on how to implement social protection more effectively, particularly in settings of widespread poverty and relatively low levels of institutional capacity. Based on primary qualitative data, the article finds that greater institutional quality at the local level is associated with the more effective provision of social protection. The ability of community members and social protection clients to voice preferences can lead to adaptations in implementation, although the extent to which this occurs is highly gendered.     

NAIRU in China:Measurement and Analyses

作为商业周期理论的重要组成部分,NAIRU是一个有价值的分析概念,它简化了宏观经济政策的讨论和选择。在回顾国外测量模型的基础上,本文基于可变参数的假设,构建包含NAIRU变动过程和菲利普斯曲线关系的状态空间模型,应用卡尔曼滤波方法估算出1992-2004年随时间变动的NAIRU曲线。结果显示,自1992年以来,中国具有不断升高的NAIRU,并在2002年达到最大值。其后,NAIRU一直在4.8%￣5.6%的范围内波动,相对稳定。通过回顾近十年来劳动力市场的主要变化,本文从几个方面对NAIRU的上升做出了解释,结构转变的加快和青年就业问题的突出为其主要原因。因此,加强失业者培训体系建设,完善劳动力中介服务体系,对青年就业予以重点关注应成为促进就业的政策取向。     

Kinship and Legal Duties in Ancient China

KinshipwasextremelyimportantinancientChinesesociety,andareIation-shipofrightsanddutiesexistedbetweenthoseconnectedbybloodormarriage.Anindividuals'rightsanddutiesweredefinedbytheirpositionwithinthekinshipnetwork,andethicalstandardshelpedtomaintainthespecif…     

Liang Shiqiu and Liberal Literature in China

"Human literature" and "free literature" are two basic ideas advocated repeatedly by liberal Chinese writers from Hu Shi to Zhu Guangqian. They are also two key propositions in Chinese liberal literature. In the chaotic and complex environment of the 1930s and 1940s, in joint efforts with Hu Shi and Zhou Zuoren from the 1920s on, with the Crescent School, the Beijing School and the Analects School in this period, and with Zhu Guangqian and Xiao Qian in the 1940s, Liang Shiqiu spared no efforts to defend and deepen these two basic propositions.     

Man's Qualities and Current Development in China

Thequestionofman'squalitiesisbothacomplextheoreticaltopicinthefieldofthestudyofman,andanextremelyimp0rtantissueinsocialreality.Firstly,man'squalitiesasbasicqualificationsforhisparticipationinsocialactivitiesareformedanddeveloped0nthebasis0fhispractice.Theyarethebasisofman'sabilities,whatMarxcalledthe"basicforceofman,"thatis,theskillorstrengthneededforthecompletionofcertainactivities.Theyalsoinfluencethesubjectivityofhumanactivities.Subjectivitymeanstheinitiative,creativityandautonomyofmanasth…     

Emancipation of Women and the Equality of Obligations for Men and Women in China in the 1950s

Interviews with 80 old married people in the area of Beijing show that the emancipation of urban women in China in the 1950s was multi-layered and limited. In the wake of national liberation the broad masses of laboring women achieved, to some extent, class emancipation and cast off, in part, the domination of the authority of the husband and the yoke of traditional gender-based roles. They were inspired by a sense of being masters of the country and marched a step further along the road of individual freedom and development. However, like the women's liberation movement in modern times the emancipation of urban women in