新型农村社会养老保险替代率的实证研究

文章依据2009年国务院发布的《关于开展新型农村社会养老保险试点的指导意见》,运用保险精算的方法,构建出新农保替代率精算模型,并依据该模型对新农保替代率进行实证分析。通过分析提出以下建议：以农民人均纯收入作为缴费基数,实行比例费率制;鼓励农民尽早开始参保并保持长期缴费;鼓励参保农民选择较高的档次标准缴费;新农保个人账户基金应当适时进行市场化投资运营;继续强化土地保障和家庭保障的作用。     

新农保个人账户财政补贴激励效应研究

新农保试点的跟踪调查数据显示,与"一刀切"财政补贴方式相比,"差别化"财政补贴方式并未能比"一刀切"补贴方式更有效激励参保农民提高缴费档次选择,试点地区的多数参保农民都选择了个人账户最低缴费档次。本文利用引入新农保制度和政策信任程度的代际交叠模型,分析了个人账户"差别化"财政补贴提高参保缴费档次选择的激励效应及实现条件,并使用有序Probit模型和辽宁省调研数据对理论分析结果进行实证检验。研究发现,"差别化"财政补贴方式的激励效应以参保农民对新农保制度的信任程度和财政补贴的边际补贴水平为条件,只有在较高的政策信任程度或较高的边际补贴水平条件下,"差别化"财政补贴方式才可能有效激励参保农民提高缴费档次选择。     

新农保的储蓄挤出效应及其影响因素分析——基于两期代际扩展模型的应用

新型农村养老保险制度的实施和持续发展,不仅具有维护农村居民社会养老保险权益公平性的社会作用．还能起到刺激农村消费需求增加从而促进农村经济发展的经济作用。通过两期代际扩展模型的应用．证明了新农保的实施对个体农户终身效用最大化下的最优储蓄存在挤出效应,其主要影响因素有：缴费年限、缴费比率、养老保险账户收益率和收入替代率等,并以此为基础,提出了完善新农保制度、促进其可持续发展的政策建议。     

新疆农村社会养老保险精算模型及实证研究

缴费问题是新疆农村社会养老保险的核心问题,关系到新疆农村养老保险制度的成败。本文运用社会保险精算理论构造了农村社会养老保险的缴费模型,结合新疆实际对新疆农村社会养老保险的缴费率、政府补贴比例、养老金替代率进行测算并为具体制度设计提出针对性的政策建议,以期对新疆农村养老保险制度的建设有所借鏊和参考。     

新农保农户参保缴费意愿及其影响因素研究

本文在问卷调查与数据统计分析基础上,分析了当前新农保农户参保缴费档次的选择意愿,建立了其影响因素的有序Probit模型。计量分析结果表明:农户的年龄越大、婚姻状况越稳定、健康状况越佳,农户越倾向于选择较高的缴费档次;农户收入来源多样化、家庭收入水平较高,农户越倾向于选择较高的缴费档次;农户对新农保的了解程度越高、了解途径的权威性越强,对新农保的信任程度越高,农户选择较高缴费档次的概率越大。在此基础上,进一步分析了农户选择参保缴费档次的原因,其中重点分析了大多数农户选择最低参保缴费档次的原因,最后提出了相关的政策建议。     

新型农村社会养老保险农民缴费意愿的可持续性分析

拥有财政补助政策是新农保制度最有吸引力的地方。选取养老金净转入额、农民参保缴费的机会成本来分析农民缴费意愿的可持续性,发现新农保是一项纯受益赚钱的制度,出于安全性、稳健性和收益性等方面的考虑,一个理性的农民是不会随便放弃参加新农保的。利用对湖北省仙桃市的实地调研数据进行分析发现：72．4％的农民有缴费意愿;性别、是否了解新农保政策、对自己未来老年生活的担心程度等变量,对农民的缴费意愿有显著的影响。为实现农民缴费意愿的可持续性,建议加强新农保的宣传。实现政府政务公开;落实好“长缴多补”政策;加强新农保的行政推动．适时改为强制参保。     

新型农村社会养老保险可能面临的主要问题与政策建议

新型农村社会养老保险经过多年的各地积极探索之后,2009年国务院决定在全国开展新型农村社会养老保险试点．这意味着全国统一的新农保制度即将建立。新农保具有鲜明的特征,如强调政府责任、基础养老金的普惠性、个人账户积累等。但同时,新农保在试点过程中也可能遇到一些问题,如如何落实集体补助、如何实现个人账户基金保值增值、如何体现社会统筹等。解决新农保试点中可能遇到的问题,应考虑对相关政策安排作出适当调整。     

河北省新农保制度的激励机制研究

河北省于2009年建立了新农保制度,对于农村居民的养老保障有着决定性的意义。但是目前中青年农民对新农保制度的参与积极性却不高,如何建立激励模型提高农民的参与度成为当前制度设计的难点之一。本文介绍了河北省新农保当前激励制度的现状,即变相地促使参保人选择低档次的缴费标准和对青年农民的参保吸引力偏弱。设计了河北省新农保制度的激励模型,包括缴费期的激励模型和领取期的激励模型,最后通过秦皇岛市青龙县新农保的发展状况对模型进行了实证分析。     

收益率波动与基本养老保险替代率结构调整

文章运用精算模型比较了收益率波动条件下,基础养老金和个人账户对参与者的经济影响差异,并对我国基本养老保险替代率现行政策进行了实证检验,发现:(1)由不同收益率,可确定不同收入群体对基础养老金和个人账户的偏好差异,从而为不同收入水平人群实施替代率结构调整提出分类标准。(2)收益率较低时提高退休年龄,个人账户激励效果强于基础养老金,因此在收益率波动状况下,提高退休年龄并增加个人账户份额不失为恰当选择。     

中国养老保险新制度与社会统筹养老金和个人账户本金

文章用交叠世代模型分析中国2005年修订的部分积累制养老保险的缴费办法。具体考察企业缴费率、个人缴费率、人口增长率和预期寿命对单位劳动资本、社会统筹养老金和个人账户本金的影响。结果显示,企业缴费率的提高,会使单位劳动资本和个人账户本金减少、社会统筹养老金增加;个人缴费率的提高会使个人账户本金增加;人口增长率下降与预期寿命延长都会使单位劳动资本和个人账户本金增加、社会统筹养老金减少。     

家庭子女养老与个人养老“互补替代”效应：理论与实证

依据生命周期均衡收入分配原理,构建家庭子女养老和个人养老收入分配适度水平及其"互补替代"数理模型,从理论和实证角度研究家庭子女养老和个人养老经济结构优化。研究发现:(1)家庭子女养老和个人养老收入分配存在"替代"关系,而在退休年龄延长的条件下,二者存在"互补"关系;(2)家庭子女养老和个人养老替代的均衡点是家庭有2个子女,随着子女数量的增加,家庭子女养老与个人养老边际替代率递减;(3)伴随老年人寿命的延长,家庭子女养老收入再分配系数下降,个人养老收入分配系数上升且上升幅度大于前者下降幅度;(4)家庭子女养老与个人养老之间的"互补替代"效应呈现为"倒V形"曲线,且其替代的均衡点与总和生育率2.1的更替水平存在契合效应。     

经济增长、生育政策与生育率——基于跨国面板数据的实证研究

文章基于不同发展水平、采取不同生育政策分布在不同地区的十个国家1970—2009年的面板数据对经济增长、生育政策与生育率之间的关系进行实证分析,对近年来部分学者提出的经济增长与生育率之间的U形关系,采取选择不同样本、加入政策变量和其他与生育率相关的重要经济指标如妇女的教育程度、城镇化率、工业化率等进行再检验,结果支持该假说,经济增长在经济发展程度整体较低的阶段与生育率呈现较高的负相关,但当经济增长达到一定程度时,收入效应取代替代效应对生育率起主要推动作用,如果再辅之以相关的激励政策和措施,生育率会出现轻微的反弹。因此,对于已采取生育控制政策的国家,可以结合经济社会发展指标权衡利弊,适时调整政策。     

On high fertility rates in developing countries: birth limits, birth taxes, or education subsidies?

In this paper, we consider two types of population policies observed in practice: birth limits and birth taxes. We find that both achieve very similar equilibrium solutions if tax revenue finances lump-sum transfers. By reducing fertility and promoting growth, both birth policies may achieve higher welfare than conventional education subsidies financed by income taxes. A birth tax for education subsidies can achieve the first-best solution. The welfare gain of the first-best policy may be equivalent to a massive 10–50% rise in income, depending on the degree of human capital externalities and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution.      

Does rapid economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence

Politicians and decision-makers in both developed and developing countries have sought to maximize economic growth on the basis of the belief that this leads to advances in the quality of life. This paper seeks to test whether this belief is well-founded. An application of the Diffusion Index to time-series data collected from a rapidly growing, low income country demonstrates that while higher national income makes for greater welfare the rate of welfare enhancement is almost independent of the rate of national income growth. On the basis of these findings, it is argued that the Gross National Product by itself may not be used as a reliable measure of human welfare. Finally, this paper suggests that in order to provide the maximum quality of life for the members of a given society, its national policy should be based on a much broader conception of welfare than is currently implied by the idea of GNP growthmanship.     

Financing rural health services in Kenya

The paper analyzes household expenditure on medical care and the willingness to contribute towards service improvements at government health facilities. The analysis is based on survey data from two rural districts in Kenya situated approximately four hundred miles apart. The main finding is that medical care expenditure rises as household income increases, but the probability of willingness to pay fees for service improvement at government clinics declines with income. Income is an important determinant of the willingness to participate in a hypothetical government insurance scheme, with the probability of participation falling as income rises. These results should be interpreted with caution because of the potential for incorrect reporting of the willingness to pay for services that have an element of a social good. The policy implications of the results are briefly discussed.     

Physical capital taxation and labor income taxation in an endogenous growth model with new generations

This paper examines the growth and welfare effects of physical capital taxation and labor income taxation. It is found that the impact of a rise in the physical capital tax rate on the balanced growth rate is crucially related to the birth rate, but a rise in the labor income tax rate definitely reduces the balanced growth rate regardless of the birth rate. It is also found that an increase in the physical capital income tax rate will harm the older but will benefit the younger, while an increase in the labor income tax rate will benefit the older but will harm the younger.

An objective criterion of coordination of population growth with economic development]

Coordination of population growth with economic development is the fundamental element for the development of society. Based on China's present condition and our future goal--to be a communistic society--per capita income was suggested to be the most important criterion. Because the primary requirements of a communistic society and the goal of our socialistic production are material abundance and a highly developed civilization, per capita income is also the best criterion to measure the level of our "Four Modernizations" program and the coordination of population with the economy. The economic development based on per capita income also has international significance, for it will indicate the excellence of our system and contribute our strength to world peace in the future. In order to continue increasing per capita income the primary goal is increased production. On the other hand, a rapid population growth delays economic development. A comparatively small difference in population growth rate (a decrease from 1.5% to .5%) leads to a large difference in total population and the investment in the population after many years (e.g. 20 to 40 years). For China's present condition the slower the population growth rate the better for our economic development and the faster the per capita income will increase.     

Poverty and Income Replacement Profile Among EPF Retiree in Malaysia

Social security policies often focus on replacement rates, which indicate retirement income or social security benefits in relation to preretirement income. The higher replacement rate among the pensioners would ensure that the ageing society would have sufficient income to lead a normal life after retirement. This study examined factors that influencing the income replacement rate of Malaysian Employee Provident Fund (EPF) retirees. The analysis was based on a nationwide survey conducted in 2013–2014 among EPF retiree. A logit model was used to evaluate the likelihood of selected socio-demographic and economic factors contributing to income of the retirees. The results indicated that around 62 % of elderly has lower retirement income compared to their preretirement income and it makes them more vulnerable to unpredictable events and financial conditions. The study suggested that the income replacement rate of elderly could be strengthened by investing in ageing workforce, raising retirement age, enhancing educational achievements of low income groups and restructuring employment. These may in turn increase the availability of skilled workers, enhancing the national productivity, increase the income security of retirees, reduce poverty, and develop economic growth of the country.     

结婚、生育对工资的影响研究——基于性别工资差距角度

随着技术进步和女性人力资本水平的提高,男性和女性的劳动生产率差异逐渐缩小,但性别工资差距在我国是否缩小?全面开放的"二胎政策"又是否加深了女性就业困境?本文使用CGSS 2015数据,从结婚、生育角度出发,运用工具变量法、分位数回归、Oaxaca-blinder分解等方法考察婚育事件对劳动力工资的影响及其作用机制,探讨婚育视角下的性别工资差距问题,提出相应对策建议以促进性别公平。研究首先通过对城镇劳动力的婚姻状态和生育情况与工资性收入进行实证分析,发现在控制了个人特征、人力资本、职业性质和地区等因素后,性别工资差距仍显著存在且婚育事件拉大了该差距。其中结婚使男女劳动力的工资水平均有所提高,但由于原始工资水平的差异和溢价大小的不同,性别工资差距被拉大;生育使男性工资增长,女性工资缩水,这同样加大了性别工资差距。其次基于分位数回归结果进行Oaxaca-blinder平均工资差异分解,结果显示随着收入的增加,性别工资差距在缩小,但婚姻和生育对此差距的解释力度却越来越大且相对稳定。即低收入群体的工资差距较大,但婚育对该差距的解释力度较小,相反高收入群体的性别工资差距较小,但婚育对该差距的贡献却...