计划生育对中国妇女的双面影响研究

计划生育加速了妇女生命周期的转变，使生育健康知识迅速普及，在新生育文化占主导的家庭，给女孩创造了较好的发展条件。同时，也使因生女儿而承受生理和心理压力的妇女队伍扩大，使妇女承受了节育手术的副作用，形成了偏高的出生性别比和０—４岁女孩死亡率。这些负面影响，是中国妇女为计划生育付出的代价，是难以避免的。但绝大多数负面影响可以通过我们的工作而减轻其作用的范围和程度，因为形成负面影响的最重要的原因是人，是人的认识、人的工作、人的服务、人与人关系形成的社区环境。计划生育工作正在努力实现工作思路和工作方法的两个转变，这对发挥计划生育对妇女的正面影响，减弱负面影响将起十分重要的作用     

富裕农村社区的贫困问题研究

贫困问题已经越来越成为中国社会发展所面临的一个突出问题,并引起人们的广泛关注。但是,富裕农村社区贫困问题研究往往容易被忽视。从贫困负面影响而言,富裕社区的贫困问题,对社会所构成的负面影响和压力更大。本文利用苏南农村调查资料,探讨了富裕农村社区贫困问题,包括测量标准和家庭特征两方面内容。     

中国人口老龄化对经济发展的影响分析

目前我国正处于人口老龄化的初期阶段,人口老龄化给我国的劳动力、消费、储蓄和其他社会问题带来很多负面影响。随着老龄化峰值的到来,其对社会经济的负面影响将进一步显露,我国应该在人口老龄化的初期阶段抓住劳动力资源丰富、社会负担较轻的黄金时期,在人口老龄化峰值来临之前,扬长避短,促进经济的长期增长。     

与优生优育有关的六大因素

科技的进步,给人类带来了丰足的物质享受,同时又给我们的生存环境造成了多方面的负面影响。娇嫩的胎儿和婴幼儿是首当其冲的受害者。     

改革我国公务员的养老保险制度

中国公务员的养老保险制度至今未作改革,存在较大的负面影响。提出改革公务员养老保险制度的总体目标和基本思路。     

农村成年子女外出务工对留守父母健康的影响研究

本文利用中国健康与营养调查(China Health and Nutrition Survey)1997-2015年数据,采用倾向值匹配分析方法(Propensity Score Matching)评估农村地区成年子女外出务工对留守家乡父母的健康造成的影响。研究发现相对于没有成年子女外出务工的对照组,农村成年子女外出务工会使留守父母过去四周患病的概率显著增加2.7%,65岁及以上的留守父母IADL受损概率显著增加6.1%。这种负面影响也显著地体现在对留守父母心理健康的影响上。研究发现留守父母的生活满意程度显著低于非留守父母。在此基础上,文章进一步从性别差异角度进行分析,研究发现子女外出务工对留守父亲的身心健康产生的负面影响比母亲更大;和女儿相比,儿子外出务工对留守父母身心健康的负面影响更大。文章的研究结果表明,在我国实现"健康老龄化"的道路上,农村地区留守父母的健康状况令人担忧。因此,政府部门应出台支持家庭老年照料的政策,加强对农村地区社区和机构照料的投入,减少子女外出务工引发照料缺失给父母健康带来的负面影响。     

夫妻收入差别和年龄差距会影响幸福感吗?——来自微观数据的经验证据

家庭内部结构会对夫妻双方主观幸福感产生影响,本文利用CGSS2013数据检验了夫妻相对收入地位和年龄差别对幸福感的影响.研究发现,在控制家庭总收入的情况下,妻子收入比重提高会显著降低丈夫幸福感,丈夫本人收入增长会显著提高自身幸福感,但妻子收入对丈夫幸福感没有显著影响;夫妻之间相对收入地位对妻子幸福感没有显著影响,丈夫收入增长能够显著提高妻子幸福感,妻子本人收入对幸福感也存在显著正面影响,但影响程度和显著度较低.年龄差别对丈夫幸福感没有显著影响,夫妻年龄差距对妻子幸福感有负面影响,传统上认为"男大女小"家庭关系更幸福可能这类家庭拥有较高的收入水平.进一步研究认为,妻子相对收入提高对丈夫幸福感的负面影响取决于主观观念,越认同"男主内、 女主外"观念的男性,妻子收入比重提高对其幸福感的负面影响越大.研究采用OLS和有序probit模型,通过增减变量观察回归系数和显著程度变化,发现结果是稳健的.     

房价对家庭生育决策的作用机制——基于中国家庭追踪调查数据的实证研究

在中国近些年房价不断上涨而生育率持续走低的背景下,着重考察房价对家庭生育决策的作用机制。首先,通过构建模型,从理论角度阐述房价与家庭生育决策的关系。然后,在实证角度上,基于2010～2018年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)面板数据,借助Probit回归模型分析发现,家庭所在区县的城镇房价会对其当期的生育决策产生显著的负面影响,且该影响在不同人群中存在明显的异质性。在政府实施两孩政策后,该负面影响也较生育政策调整前更为强烈。在影响机制方面,高房价对生育决策的影响存在消费挤出效应。高房价对生育的影响还存在着降低妇女自我认同、变相增加养育子女成本等其他机制。此外,高房价还对婚姻有抑制作用,会进一步加剧房价对生育水平的负面影响。     

退休对中老年人健康的影响研究

近几年我国政府不断释放延迟退休的政策意向,但该政策对健康的影响往往被忽略。本文利用中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,采用法定退休年龄作为工具变量,研究退休(指需要办理退休手续)对中老年人健康的影响。研究显示,退休对自评健康、抑郁和认知均产生了负面影响且对女性、教育程度较低、45⁵4岁的人群影响更为显著。此外,对影响路径的分析表明,退休会通过显著减少人们的社交活动和休息时间来危害健康。本文的基本结论是退休对健康有负面影响,延迟退休有助于优化人们整个生命周期的健康水平。这从健康角度为延迟退休政策提供了实证依据。     

关于发展我国老龄产业的建议

人口不断趋于老龄化,尽管对社会会产生一些负面影响,但从本质上说,这是社会进步的一个重要标志.     

低生育率水平下人口发展的经济后果分析

本文分析了低生育率水平下人口发展对未来我国经济发展的积极影响 ,同时指出它是一把双刃剑 ,同样也有不利于经济发展的后果。为了既充分发挥低生育水平的积极作用 ,又逐步消除或缓解其不良后果 ,一方面要适时地调整现行生育政策 ,选择适当的总和生育率水平 ,另一方面要构建相应的政策支持体系予以支撑。     

老年人生活满意度年龄差异研究

用2002、2005、2008年中国高龄老人健康长寿调查数据,考察了年龄对老年人生活满意度的影响。研究发现,年龄因素影响老年人的生活满意度自评。年岁的上升对老年人的生活满意度既有积极影响也有消极影响。对于老年人来说,年龄对生活满意度的正向作用超过了负向作用,因此,老人的年龄越大,生活满意度评价越积极。进一步考察了年龄积极作用三个可能的来源,包括年龄成熟效应、同期群正效应、存活效应,发现年龄的积极作用主要是由年龄的成熟效应引致的。     

我国人口城镇化动因分析及效应评估

城镇化水平是衡量一个国家经济发展水平的重要指标。近年来我国的城镇化水平得到了较大提高,为我国的经济发展做出了一定的贡献。本文重点分析了人口城镇化对我国经济发展的积极影响,同时也意识到人口城镇化对我国经济发展的消极影响。因此,文章最后提出消除人口城镇化消极影响的建议和措施。     

Confucianism,Chinese culture,and reproductive behavior

Confucianism is not a religion but plays a religious role in Chinese life and society. The tendency to encourage reproduction exists throughout the Confucian system, including the cosmology, ontology, value system, and ethics, and therefore greatly helps to formulate the strongly pronatalist culture. This analysis examines the impacts of Confucianism on Chinese reproductive behavior, and shows that there is an obvious relationship between China's large population and Confucianism.     

Puzzles and further explorations in the interrelationships of successive births with husband’s income,spouses’ education and race

When fertility is examined in the detail of individual parity progressions and birth-order transitions, important interactions between the effects of income and education are seen. Among the findings are: the negative effect of education on fertility is stronger at all parities for less educated compared to more highly educated women. Additional income has a more positive effect for more highly educated than for less educated women. For women with 0-8 years of education the effect of more income is positive when the family has no children but negative thereafter, but for college-educated women the effect of more income is positive. And additional income has a less positive (more negative) effect on fertility among nonwhites than among whites.     

Affective Mediators of the Influence of Gratitude on Life Satisfaction in Late Adolescence

The aim of this study is to examine the mediation effects of positive affect and negative affect on the link between gratitude and life satisfaction in late adolescence. Three hundred and fifty-four Chinese university students were asked to conduct the Gratitude Questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Structural equation modeling analyses supported fully mediators of positive affect and negative affect of the association between gratitude and life satisfaction. Furthermore, a multi-group analysis found that females with low negative affect scores were more likely to get greater life satisfaction than males, whereas males with high gratitude scores were more likely to get more positive affect than females. The significance and limitations of the present findings are discussed.     

农村老年人老化态度变动轨迹:基于积极老龄化框架的实证考察

基于积极老龄化理论框架和“中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查”面板数据,文章从积极和消极两个维度对农村老年人老化态度问题进行实证考察。研究发现,两种老化态度均以2008年为重要转折点,女性老化态度比男性更具多样性和多变性。健康、社会参与和保障都能引起老化态度的积极变动,但社会适应、子女经济支持和社区照料三个因素对消极老化态度有正向影响,而生产活动降低了积极老化态度水平。从贡献率看,健康因素对老化态度差异贡献最大,其次是保障因素、社会参与因素,健康因素更能解释积极老化态度的变化,社会参与因素对消极老化态度的贡献率更高,二者分别在女性和男性老年人群体中表现得更为明显。贡献率排在前四位的因素是精神健康、子女经济支持、医疗可及性和身体健康。用积极老龄化的观点帮助庞大的农村老年人口建立正确的老化态度将有益于养老问题的解决。     

Remembering gay/lesbian media characters: can Ellen and Will improve attitudes toward homosexuals?

The purpose of the current research was twofold. First, a pilot study was conducted in which participants were asked to recall any memorable gay or lesbian television or film character and complete a survey about their perceptions of the character. Results indicated that over two-thirds of heterosexual participants recalled either Ellen or Will, and evaluative ratings for these characters were generally positive. The second purpose of this research was to examine the priming effects of remembering portrayals of homosexual characters in the media. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to directly assess the effects of thinking about either a positive or negative homosexual character on general heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Results indicated that those recalling a positive portrayal later showed a more positive attitude toward gay men than those recalling a negative portrayal, and women had a more positive attitude overall than men toward gay men and lesbians. Such findings illustrate the importance of positive role models in entertainment media as potential primes of social attitudes.     

Ethnic variations in the relationship between income and fertility

The effects of husband'spotential andrelative incomes on completed fertility, as well as their effects on certain parity progression probabilities, are examined within samples of Anglos, Blacks and Mexican Americans. Relationships are estimated using data from the one-percent 1960 and 1970 U.S. Public Use Samples. The results reveal different patterns of relationship by ethnicity between the measures of income and the measures of fertility. The effects on completed fertility of the income measures are positive for Anglos and negative for Blacks, while in the case of Mexican Americans the effect ofpotential income is negative and that ofrelative income is positive. Income effects on the parity progression probabilities are similar in pattern to those from the analyses using completed fertility, although somewhat different patterns tend to appear at different birth orders, especially among Anglos.     

Does migration pay? Earnings effects of geographic mobility following job displacement

It has been well established that involuntary job displacement has strong negative effects on earnings. Utilising a large dataset, containing all workers in Sweden who were involuntarily displaced from work through closures or substantial cutbacks occurring in 1987 or 1988, this paper studies whether migration helps mitigate these negative effects. Substantial gender differences in earnings effects of internal migration are found: men generally have positive effects, while the consequences for women are negative.